Earticle

La prédominance de l'interprétation consécutive à base de notes, développée et utilisée par la première génération d'interprètes de la Ligue des Nations en vue des longs discours prononcés à la tribune a été cruciale pour la professionalistion de l'interprétariat au 20e siècle. Cependant, ce mode a perdu sa prédominance face à l'interprétation simultanée assistée par la technologie. Suite à l'essort d'appareils d'enregistrement numérique au format de poche, la technique classique de l'interprétation consécutive doit peut être faire face à son plus grand défi. En effet, la combinaison entre la mémoire de l'interprète et ses notes est remplacée par un fichier audio qui sert de base à une interprétation simultanée rendue une fois que l'intervention source a été rendue. Lancé par l'interprète du SCIC, Michèle Ferrari en 2001, cette innovation technologique soulève un certain nombre de questions pour les practiciens et les chercheurs. Certaines questions ont été traitées à l'occasion de test initiaux. L'étude décrit ce nouveau mode hybride d'interprétation au vu de sa conception et des répercussion au niveau de la communication. De plus, l'article présente un projet de recherche de faible envergure conçu pour évaluer l'efficacité de cette technique. Sont également décrit l'équipement utilisé ainsi que le retour d'informaton de la part des interprètes professionnels ayant testé cette technique. Au vu des résultats de travaux sur le terrain menés à Bruxelles, cette étude se concentre sur la réception du rendu consécutif (simultané) perçu par le public.

Spontaneous opening and closing of both eyes usually occurs in the normal awake state, unless a deliberate and voluntary attempt is made to open only one eye. We present a rare case of a male patient who was unable to open both eyes simultaneously after bilateral posterior cerebral artery infarction. He was able to close both eyes voluntarily. However, he was unable to keep both eyes open simultaneously and either the right or left eye remained closed. Upon a verbal command to open both eyes, the opened eye closed and the contralateral eye opened. When the closed eye was forced open, the opened eye closed. We thus presented a case of right-left dissociation of voluntary eyelid opening following bilateral posterior cerebral artery infarction, which was treated with botulinum toxin type A injection. Differential diagnosis to other movement disorders of the eyelids was discussed.

This study examined the effects of simultaneous misinformation on eyewitness memory. Two hundred forty five college students participated. In one condition (Simultaneous condition), participants viewed a video of a simulated crime simultaneously presented with accurate, misinforming, or neutral audio narrations. In the other condition (Post-event condition), participants read accurate, misinforming, or or neutral narratives after viewing the video. One week later, participants had a recognition memory test. The results showed memory about misinforming information was significantly less accurate and less confident than the accurate or neutral information categories, for both conditions. Overall memory accuracy and confidence rate were lower for the simultaneous condition than the post-event condition, although the accuracy for the misinforming information were not different between two conditions. There was no difference on memory accuracy between perpetrator related and environment related items. The results indicated the negative effect of simultaneous misinformation on eyewitness memory when there were changes of timing, modality, and attention about the misinformation from the previous post-event misinformation research.

Objective : Conventional therapy approaches for stroke survivors have required considerable demands on therapist’s effort and patient’s expense. Thus, new robotics rehabilitation therapy technologies have been proposed but they have suffered from less than optimal control algorithms. This article presents a novel technical healthcare solution for the real-time, simultaneous and propositional myoelectric control for stroke survivors’ upper limb robotic rehabilitation therapy. Methods : To implement an appropriate computational algorithm for controlling a portable rehabilitative robot, a linear regression model was employed, and a simple game experiment was conducted to identify its potential of clinical utilization. Results : The results suggest that the proposed device and computational algorithm can be used for stroke robot rehabilitation. Conclusion : Moreover, we believe that these techniques will be used as a prominent tool in making a device or finding new therapy approaches in robot-assisted rehabilitation for stroke survivors.

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the effect of simultaneous application of peripheral nerve sensory stimulation and task-oriented training on the improvement of upper extremity motor function after stroke. Methods : This study included 29 patients with hemiplegia. The 14 subjects were in the peripheral nerve sensory stimulation and task-oriented training group for 4 weeks (30 min/d, 5 d/wk), while the 15 control group subjects underwent only task-oriented training for the same duration. The outcome measures were the percentage of voluntary baseline muscle contractions of the wrist and shoulder and Box and Block Test, grip and pinch strength, and Action Research Arm Test. Results : After 4 weeks, muscle activity of extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radialis and grip strength and Action Research Arm Test were significantly higher in the experimental group. Conclusion : Simultaneous application of the peripheral nerve sensory stimulation and task-oriented training was found to be superior to task-oriented training for improving upper extremity motor function of adults with stroke.

Objective To assess the effectiveness of our devised hybrid physiotherapy regime using an anti-gravity treadmill and a low-frequency electrical stimulation device, as measured in patients with hip osteoarthritis after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods The outcomes of the postoperative rehabilitation in 44 patients who underwent THA for hip osteoarthritis were retrospectively examined. The conventional group (n=22) underwent the postoperative rehabilitation according to our protocol, while the hybrid group (n=22) underwent the same training, along with training on an anti-gravity treadmill and training using a low-frequency therapeutic device. The outcome measures were recorded and reviewed with the Numerical Rating Scale for pain, which rates pain on an 11-point scale from 0 to 10, surgical side knee joint extension force, 10-m walking test, Timed Up and Go test, and the 6-minute walking distance (6MD). The outcome measurement was taken 2 weeks after conducting pre-operation and antigravity treadmill training and electrical muscle stimulation, and compared the respective results. Results At the timeframe of 2 weeks from the surgery after conducting a devised hybrid physiotherapy, the values of knee extension muscle strength and 6MD were not worse in the hybrid group than conventional group. In the evaluation at 2 weeks after surgery, the knee extension muscle strength and 6MD values significantly decreased compared with the preoperative values only in the conventional group. Conclusion Lower limb muscular strength and endurance were maintained in the hybrid group, which suggested that hybrid physiotherapy could maintain physical functions early after THA operation.

In a journey exploring the influence of two external zeitgebers and their interaction on the biophysiological and productive performance of goat kids exposed to heat stress, 15 healthy Aardi male kids (6 months of age and 22.56 ± 1.13 kg) individually housed in climatic chambers were allocated into three groups (5 kids/group). Kids in the first group (the control group, C) were placed under a normal light : dark (12L : 12D) cycle and fed in the morning. Kids in the second group (T1) were fed in the morning but placed under a reversed 12D : 12L cycle. Kids in the third group (T2) were placed under a reversed 12D : 12L cycle and fed in the evening. During the experimental period (~5 weeks), kids were exposed to a hot condition (as manifest by the temperature-humidity index) using a biometeorologically simulated environment with a daily ambient temperature cycle of 25℃ to 45℃, and multiple data (i.e., meteorology, biophysiology, and performance) were obtained. Reversing the lighting cycle alone (T1) and/ or the simultaneous shifting of both the lighting cycle and feeding time protocol (T2) under hot climatic conditions had no influence on body rectal and skin temperatures as well as plasma concentrations of albumin and glucose. Kids in both treatments showed (p < 0.05) higher coat temperature and respiratory rate as well as plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol compared to the C group kids. Moreover, it was clearly evident that kids in T2 had (p < 0.05) reduced kids daily feed intake (DFI), increased (p < 0.05) their average daily body gain (ADG), which subsequently had been reflected on having (p < 0.05) better feed conversion (FCR) compared to kids in other groups. Collectively, this would suggest that using such chrono-physiological management protocol had desynchronized the heat load emerging from the combined effects of both thermal stress and post-prandial metabolism. Compared to other protocols, our findings point out that simultaneous shifting of both lighting cycle and feeding time protocol might be suitable in enhancing the production performance of growing heat-stressed goats.

Background: In this study, a duplex probe-based reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was used to simultaneously detect Cycas necrotic stunt virus (CNSV) and Lychnis mottle virus (LycMoV) in Paeonia lactiflora (peony) collected from various locations in South Korea. Methods and Results: CNSV and LycMoV infections were verified by using conventional RT- PCR using gene-specific primers. A high-precision quantification duplex probe-based qPCR assay was conducted on plasmid DNAs of target viruses and optimized to select the best-performing primers characterized by their ability to yield high relative fluorescence units and low cycle thresh- old values. Stable and consistent amplification plots and standard curves were achieved with primer and probe concentration of 0.25 µM and 0.2 µM, respectively, and an annealing tempera- ture of 57℃. RT-qPCR was used with the selected primer sets and optimum conditions to detect the total RNA of peony leaves co-infected with CNSV and LycMoV. Successful detection occurred with a slightly weak sensitivity, having a detection limit of 10-3 ng/㎕. Conclusions: The duplex probe-based RT-qPCR assay demonstrated in this study can improve the screening process for CNSV and LycMoV, leading to a reduction in the spread of these two plant viruses.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of chin tuck maneuver on aspiration and pharyngeal residue using both videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Method: Subjects with dysphagia were trained by occupational therapists for chin tuck maneuver at least for a week. After training, all participants underwent VFSS and FEES simultaneously with each neutral and chin tuck posture with various tests diets. The modified penetration-aspiration scale (mPAS) and a new scale for pharyngeal residue were used for evaluation of aspiration and pharyngeal residue. Result: A total of 35 patients (mean age, 64.2±12.1 years) were included. A significant change in the mPAS was caused by chin tuck posture in thin liquid (P=0.02) only in the VFSS evaluation. The vallecular residues were decreased by chin tuck posture in rice porridge (right, P=0.01; left, P=0.009), and thin liquid (right, P=0.007; left, P=0.01). The pyriform sinus residues were also decreased by chin tuck posture in rice porridge (right: P=0.02; left: P=0.03), curd-type yogurt (right, P=0.02; left, P=0.005), and thin liquid (right, P=0.001; left, P=0.003). Conclusion: Chin tuck maneuver is effective in preventing penetration or aspiration and in decreasing pharyngeal residues when evaluated by simultaneous VFSS and FEES. (JKDS 2016;6:70-75)

In the elderly, myasthenia gravis (MG) can present with bulbar symptoms, which can be clinically difficult to diagnose from other neurological comorbid conditions. We describe a case of a 75-year-old man who had been previously diagnosed with dysphagia associated with medullary infarction but exhibited aggravation of the dysphagia later on due to a superimposed development of bulbar MG. After recovering from his initial swallowing difficulties, the patient suddenly developed ptosis, drooling, and generalized weakness with aggravated dysphagia. Two follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans displayed no new brain lesions. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptor and muscle-specific kinase were negative. Subsequent electrodiagnosis with repetitive nerve stimulation tests revealed unremarkable findings. A diagnosis of bulbar MG could only be established after fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) with simultaneous Tensilon application. After application of intravenous pyridostigmine, significant improvement in dysphagia and ptosis were observed both clinically and according to the FEES.

대청댐 유역 하수처리장의 인의 고도처리를 위해 포기조에 응집제를 투입하는 simultaneous precipitation 공정을 6개월 동안 시범운영하였다. 시범 하수처리장에 simultaneous precipitation 공정을 적용하기 위해 우선적으로 쟈테스트를 통한 최적응 집제 및 주입량 산정에 관한 연구를 수행하였고 이어 시범 하수처리장에 응집제를 제거 총인 대비 Al 몰비를 3단계를 선정하여 단계별로 각각 2개월씩 운전을 수행하여 총인, 총질소 및 유기물 제거율을 평가하였다. 평균 총인 및 용해성 인의 제거율은 각 각 97%와 92%이였고 처리수내 총인 농도는 0.19 mg/L까지 처리되었다. 처리수의 질산화는 주입 PAC 몰비가 4.5 mole Al/TP까지는 크게 저해되지 않았으나 6.0 mole Al/TP 이상에서는 명확한 저해 현상이 나타났으며 99% 질산화율이 69%까지 감소하였다. 또한 Alum, polyaluminum chloride(PAC) 그리고 철염의 생물학적 저해도를 평가하기 위해 산소소모율(oxygen uptake rate, OUR)을 이용하여 제거대상 TP를 1mg/L라고 가정하고 이에 상응하는 응집제 몰 비를 0 mole에서 10 mole까지 변화시키면서 활성슬러지 미생물의 저해도를 평가하였다. 이때 사용된 활성슬러지는 무기응집제에 적응되지 않은 새로운 슬러지를 사용하였으며 응집제가 미치는 저해도는 단위 미생물당 산소호흡율인 specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR)로 평가하였다.

A simultaneous precipitation studies in Daechungdam area have operated during 6 month including a winter season. First of all, jar tests were carried out for the determination of optimum coagulant and dosage into the sewage treatment facility. The simultaneous precipitation treatment with BNR process was carried out according to the effect of molar ratio of Al/P and the effect of cold season especially in nitrification capacity. Average phosphorus removals of soluble and total phosphorus were 97% and 92% and the secondary effluent phosphorus concentration were 0.04 mg O-P/L and 0.19 mg T-P/L respectively. Nitrification appeared to be inhibited by the addition of high doses of PAC ammonia removal was reduced to 99 % to 69 %. Finally, No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or No observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) were evaluated about nitrficaion and oxygen uptake rates. This paper also considers both the phosphorus removal by aluminium-based chemicals (ploy Aluminium Chloride) and biological inhibitions of nitrifier and heterotrophs in BNR sludge of POTWs.

Formerly, simultaneous interpreting was limited to guest interviews, breaking news situations, and live coverage of events in the Japanese media. However, due to the increase in demand for bilingual services and real time coverage, JCTV (Japan Cable Television, which is a distribution partner of CNN) decided to focus on simultaneous interpreting for the localization of CNN news. Before settling on simultaneous interpreting, CNN translating/interpreting experienced several transitions. At the very beginning, the requirement was to translate word for word. Then came the prepared interpreting stage. The current stage calls for simultaneous interpretation of all the materials including tightly edited packaged reports. Some of the main skills required for simultaneous interpreting for broadcast news are background knowledge, anticipation, and editing. The number of interpreting and translating courses offered at Japanese universities is on the rise, but traditional interpreting schools catering to the special needs for broadcast interpreting still plays an important role. These institutions offer the appropriate training for students aspiring to break into broadcast news simultaneous interpreting. Broadcast news interpreting in Japan is still evolving and faces the challenges of quality control.

Robust design is an approach to reduce the performance variation of mutiple responses in products and processes. In fact, in many experimental designs require the simultaneous optimization of multiple responses. In this paper, we propose how to simultaneously optimize multiple responses for robust design when data are collected from a combined array. The proposed method is based on the quadratic loss function. An example is illustrated to show the proposed method.

목적: 천연 화장품에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라 적절한 생산 관리 및 품질 관리가 우선 되어야 한다. Chlorogenic aicd (CGA), epicatechin gallate (ECG) 및 rosmarinic acid (RMA)을 지표성분으로 선택하여 Ligularia stenocephala (LS; 곤달비), Orostachys japonica (OJ; 와송) 및 Lavandula angustifolia (LA; 라벤더) 50 % EtOH 추출물이 함유 된 화장품 조성물 LOL을 검증했다. 방법: High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array (HPLC-DAD)를 사용하여 LOL (Ligularia stenofelphala, Orostachys japonica, Lavandula anfustifolia)의 세 가지 화합물을 동시에 분석했다. HPLC-DAD를 사용하여 선형성, 정확도 및 정밀도 분석 을 수행했다. 그리고 DPPH 라디칼 소거 분석을 통해 항산화 효과를 평가했다. 결과: 세 가지 추출물 모두 DPPH 라디칼 소거 효과 가 높았으며 검출 된 지표 성분은 유의 한 직선성을 나타냈다(R2≥0.9997). CGA, ECG 및 RMA의 검출 한계(LOD)는 각각 0.83 µg/ mL, 0.33 µg/mL 및 0.20 µg/mL이며, CGA, ECG 및 RMA의 정량 한계(LOQ)는 각각 2.51 µg/mL, 0.99 µg/mL 및 0.61 µg/mL이 다. 분석법 검증 결과, CGA, ECG 및 RMA의 허용 가능한 정밀도(일중 및 일간 정밀도)는 각각 1.77, 1.42, 0.80 % 및 1.09, 0.72, 1.42 %이고, 회수율은 각각 102.00 %-117.78 %, 94.40 %-108.06 % 및 93.79 %-107.05 %이다. 결론: 3 개의 지표 성분의 함량 은 각각 13.99 µg/mL CGA, 8.28 µg/m ECG 및 8.40 µg/mL RMA 이다. 또한 본 연구는 개발 된 방법이 LOL 화장품 조성물 품질 관리 프로세스를 검증 할 수 있음을 시사한다

Purpose: As the demand for natural cosmetics increases, properly managing production and quality control should be prioritized. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and rosmarinic acid (RMA) were selected to validate the cosmetic composite LOL, a mixture of 50% EtOH extract of Ligularia stenocephala (LS), Orostachys japonica (OJ), and Lavandula angustifolia (LA). Methods: Highperformance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used to simultaneously analyze the three LOL compounds from LOL (Ligularia stenocephala , Orostachys japonica , Lavandula angustifolia ). Linearity, accuracy, and precision analyses were performed using HPLC-DAD, and the anti-oxidative effects were evaluated through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay. Results: All three extracts showed a high DPPH radical-scavenging effect, and the detected marker compounds showed significant linearity (R2≥0.9997). The limit of detection (LOD) of CGA, ECG, and RMA was 0.83 μg/mL, 0.33 μg/mL, and 0.20 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the limit of quantification (LOQ) of CGA, ECG, and RMA was 2.51 μg/mL, 0.99 μg/mL, and 0.61 μg/mL, respectively. Method validation showed acceptable precision (intra-and inter-day precision, CGA, ECG, and RMA, 1.77, 1.42, 0.80% and 1.09, 0.72, 1.42%, respectively) and recovery (CGA, ECG, and RMA, 102.00%–117.78%, 94.40%-108.06%, and 93.79%–107.05%). Conclusion: The contents of the three markers were 13.99 μg/mL CGA, 8.28 μg/mL ECG, and 8.40 μg/mL of RMA, respectively. This study also suggests that the developed method can validate the LOL cosmetic composition quality control process.

目的: 随着对天然化妆品需求的增加，应优先考虑妥善管理生产和质量控制。选择绿原酸(CGA)、表儿茶素没食 子酸酯(ECG)和迷迭香酸(RMA)来验证化妆品复合物 LOL，这是一种由 50% 乙醇提取物的窄头胡瓜 (LS)、粳稻 (OJ) 和狭叶薰衣草的混合物（LA）。方法: 采用带二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱法（HPLC-DAD）同时分析 来自 LOL（Liguaria stenocephala 、Orostachys japonica 、Lavandula angustifolia ）的三种 LOL 化合物。使 用 HPLC-DAD 进行线性、准确度和精密度分析，并通过 DPPH 自由基清除试验评估抗氧化作用。结果: 三种提 取物均显示出较高的 DPPH 自由基清除作用，且检测到的标记化合物呈显着线性（R2≥0.9997）。CGA、ECG 和 RMA 的检测限 (LOD) 分别为 0.83 μg/mL、0.33 μg/mL 和 0.20 μg/mL。同时，CGA、ECG 和 RMA 的定量 限 (LOQ) 分别为 2.51 μg/mL、0.99 μg/mL 和 0.61 μg/mL。方法验证显示，CGA、ECG 和 RMA的可接受的精 密度（日内和日间精密度)分别为 1.77、1.42、0.80% 和 1.09、0.72、1.42%; CGA、ECG 和 RMA的回收率分别 为102.00%– 117.78%、94.40%-108.06% 和 93.79%–107.05%。结论: 三种标志物的含量分别为 13.99 μg/mL (CGA)、8.28 μg/mL (ECG) 和 8.40 μg/mL (RMA)。这项研究还表明，所开发的方法可以验证 LOL 化妆品成分的 质量控制过程。

Taguchi's robust parameter design is an approach to reduce the performance variation of quality characteristics in products and processes. In robust design, the signal-to-noise ratio (SN ratio) was used to find the optimum condition to minimize the variation of quality characteristics as much as possible and bring the average of quality characteristics closer to the target value. In this paper, we propose a simultaneous optimization method based on a linear model of the SN ratio as a method to find the optimal condition of the control factor in case of multi-characteristics. In addition, the proposed method and the existing method were compared and studied by taking actual cases.

편두통은 중등도 내지 중증의 두통이 재발하는 것을 특징으로 하는 두통 장애이다. 진단은 임상 징후 및 증상을 기반으로 하며, 약물 치료, 물리 치료, 신경 차단 및 신경 자극이 치료에 적용될 수 있다. 이 보고서는 59세 여성의 심각한 무전조성 편두통 사례에 대한 것이다. 환자는 정기적으로 두통이 14년 이상 지속되었으며, 약과 신경 차단제를 복용했지만 심한 통증 (VAS 7)이 지속되어 왔다. 우리는 척주 온열 마사지 기기(CGM MB-1401)를 편두통 환자에게 6주간 주 3회씩 40분간 처치하였다. 최초 4주간의 자동모드에서는 통증척도에 변화가 없었다. 이후 경추부 반자동 모드를 2주간 처치하여 통증척도가 완화되었으며, 두 달 동안 통증이 없는 상태로 유지되었음을 확인하였다. 본 사례는 무전조성 편두통을 관리하기 위해 척주 온열 마사지기 적용을 고려할 수 있음을 강조한다.

A migraine was a headache disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs and symptoms. Medication, physical therapy, nerve block, and nerve stimulation could be applied for treatment. This report described a case of severe migraine without aura that lasted several weeks periodically in a 59-year-old woman. Periodic headache had lasted for more than 14 years, and although she took medicines and nerve blocks, severe pain (VAS 7) was persisted. We recommended her to use the thermo-spinal massage device (CGM MB-1401, CERAGEM Inc., Cheonan, South Korea) continuously three times a week applying in semi-automatic mode around the neck for 40 minutes. There was no change in the pain scale in the automatic mode for the first 4 weeks. Subsequently, the semi-automatic mode of the cervical area was treated for 2 weeks to relieve the pain scale, and it was confirmed that the relieved state maintained for 2 months. This case highlighted the importance in considering thermo-spinal massage devices for managing migraine without aura.

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, cellulosic biomass has been focused on as an attractive resource. Cellulosic biomass, mainly composed of cellulose and hemicellulose, is enzymatically hydrolyzed to glucose and xylose, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the strain capable of utilizing both glucose and xylose efficiently for biofuel productions. However, glucose and xylose are consumed sequentially because of catabolite repression by glucose, which cause inefficient utilization of cellulosic biomass. In this study, we performed a directed evolutionary approach using 2-deoxyglucose, the analogue of glucose, to isolate the mutant K. marxianus SBK1 capable of cofermenting glucose and xylose simultaneously. K. marxianus SBK1 exibited improved xylose consumption rate (163%), ethanol yield (19%), and ethanol productivity (67%) as compared to the parental strain. Cofermentations were performed with various concentrations of glucose and 40 g/L of xylose to investigate the effect of catabolite repression by glucose. When the glucose concentrations were increased, the xylose consumption rates decreased gradually. It suggests that K. marxianus SBK1 still showed catabolite repression at high concentrations of glucose although catabolite repression was highly alleviated at low concentrations of glucose.