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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks Tae-bo exercise and combined exercise on body composition, serum lipids, growth mediators and adipocytokine in obese middle aged women. Thus, this study divided research participants into two different groups and carried out Tae-bo exercise program (n＝6) and combined exercise program for 60 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. During the exercise period, body weight (p＝.021), BMI (p＝.009) and body fat (p＝.003) significantly decreased through both the Tae-bo exercise program and the combined exercise program. As for the serum lipid components such as TG and TC, this study found no statistically significant difference found in the participants after conducting the Tae-bo exercise program and the combined exercise program, but there was a tendence of decrease found in the components, while HDL-Chol showed a tendency of increase. As for LDL-Chol, there was a significant difference found in the Tae-bo exercise program group by the exercise period. During the exercise period, adiponectin (p＝.010), GH (p＝.009) and IGF-1 (p＝.023) significantly increased through both the Tae-bo exercise program and the combined exercise program. Furthermore, IL-6 (p＝.018) significantly decreased, but there was no difference found between the two groups. As for TNF-α, there was no statistically significant difference found, but it showed a tendency of decrease. With all the results of this study, it was found that a Tae-bo exercise program is effective in improving middle-aged obese women’s weight management and obesity index as much as other combined exercise programs, and this study also found out that it has positive effect on their growth mediators and adipocytokine as well.

The purpose of this study was investigate effects of caffeine intake with aerobic exercise on body composition and triglyceride, LDL-C for obese female. The subjects were divided into caffeine intake and aerobic exercise group(n=10) & aerobic exercise group(n=10) for 10 weeks. The changes of body composition, triglyceride, LDL-C have been measured before and after 10 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The body weight and %Body fat were significantly decreased within both in caffeine group(caffeine intake and aerobic exercise group) and control group(aerobic exercise group) after 10 weeks. But there were no significantly difference between two groups. 2. The triglyceride was no significantly difference within both in caffeine group(caffeine intake and aerobic exercise group) and control group(aerobic exercise group) after 10 weeks. And there was no significantly different between two groups. 3. The LDL-Cholesterol was significantly decreased within in caffeine group(caffeine intake and aerobic exercise group) but control group(aerobic exercise group) was no significantly different within in after 10 weeks. And there were significantly difference between two groups.

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of low-intense combined exercise on body composition, serum lipids, Leptin and hormone in post-menopausal obese middle-aged women. The study was conducted for 16 weeks and the values were monitored before and after the combined exercise program to provide scientific data for development of effective exercise prescription for obesity treatment. Produced results are processed by SPSS 15 for Windows to calculate average and standard deviation, repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to measure the change in experimental group and control group during the exercise period, and (p<.05) standard was used to verify later. By analyzing results, doing low-intense and combined exercise program at least 5 days a week, more than 1 hour per day is recommended to effectively increase abdominal strength, balance and to decrease weight, waist, TC, the level of Leptin, and Insulin (p<.05, p<.001). For post-menopausal middle-aged women, additional analysis through long-term exercise is required.

목적: 본 연구는 쌍별귀뚜라미가 혈당, 혈중지질 및 간 기능 관련 지표 관련 지표에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위하여 메타분석을 수행하였다. 2015년부터 2025년까지 발표된 연구문헌을 PICOS 기준에 따라 선정하였으며, 최종적으로 6편의 연구와 69개의 효과 크기 사례를 분석에 포함하였다. 방법: 메타분석은 CMA 4 프로그램(Comprehensive Meta-analysis 4)을 이용하였고, 표준화 된 평균차(standardized mean difference, SMD)가 있는 사전-사후 데이터로 분석하였다. 각 연구물 간의 이질성은 Cochran’s Q-value 와 Higgins의 I2로 검증한 후 랜덤효과모형(random-effects model)을 적용한 자료를 사용하였으며, 출판편향은 깔때기 도표(funnel plot)와 trim-and-fill 기법으로 검증하였다. 결과: 전체 효과 크기는 0.898로 큰 효과 크기였으며, 95% 신뢰구간은 0을 포함하지 않아 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.001). 출판편향은 처음 관측 값과 보정된 관측 값이 동일하여 출판편향은 없었다. 중재변인에 따른 분석은 혈당과 혈중지질이 중간 효과 크기, 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤 및 간 기능 관련 지표(AST/GOT)는 큰 효과 크기를 보였다. 또한 실험 기간에 따른 분석 결과, 12주 이상, 50 mg/kg 이상으로 섭취한 경우 높은 효과 크기를 보였으나, 섭취량의 경우 안정성과 신뢰성를 고려하면 50 mg/kg 이하로 섭취하는 것이 더 효과적이라 판단된다. 결론: 쌍별귀뚜라미는 혈당 조절, 혈중지질 개선 및 간 기능 관련 지표 보호에 긍정적인 생리활성을 나타내는 것으로 판단되며, 기능성 식품, 뉴트리코스메틱 및 화장품 바이오소재로서의 활용 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose: To perform a meta-analysis of the effect size of the two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus ) as a functional food ingredient on blood glucose, serum lipids, and liver enzyme levels. Methods: Based on the PICOS criteria, studies published between 2015 and 2025 were screened. The final analysis included six studies reporting 69 effect sizes. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA 4) and the data were analyzed using standardized mean differences. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q-value and Higgins’ I² statistic, and a random-effects model was applied. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and the trim-and-fill method. Results: The overall effect size was 0.898, reflecting a large effect. The 95% confidence interval did not include zero, indicating statistical significance (p <0.001). No publication bias was detected, as the observed and adjusted effect sizes were identical. Subgroup analyses revealed medium effect sizes on blood glucose and serum lipid levels and large effect sizes on total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and AST/ GOT. Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced effect sizes in studies utilizing intervention durations exceeding 12 weeks and dosages greater than 50 mg/kg. Nonetheless, when balancing therapeutic efficacy, safety profiles, and the consistency of the current evidence, a dosage of 50 mg/kg or less emerges as the most appropriate and reliable intake level. Conclusion: The findings of this meta-analysis support beneficial bioactive effects of the two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus ) on blood glucose regulation, serum lipid levels, and liver function, supporting its potential as a functional food ingredient as well as a nutricosmetic and cosmetic biomaterial.

目的: 本研究旨在探讨双斑蟋蟀(Gryllus bimaculatus )对血糖、血脂及肝功能相关指标(AST、ALT)的影响，并对 其进行了荟萃分析(Meta分析)。根据PICOS标准筛选了2015年至2025年间发表的研究文献，最终将6篇研究论文 及69个效应量案例纳入分析。方法: 荟萃分析采用CMA 4软件(Comprehensive Meta-analysis 4)进行，并对具 有标准化均数差(SMD)的前后对照数据进行了分析。各研究间的异质性通过Cochran’s Q值和Higgins的 I2进行 检验，随后采用了随机效应模型(random-effects model)进行数据分析。发表偏倚则通过漏斗图(funnel plot)和 剪补法(trim-and-fill)进行检验。结果: 总体效应量为0.898，属于大效应量，且95%置信区间不包含0，具有显 著的统计学意义(p <0.001)。在发表偏倚方面，初始观测值与修正后的观测值完全一致，表明不存在发表偏倚。 调节变量分析结果显示，血糖和血脂呈现中等效应量；总胆固醇、HDL-胆固醇、LDL-胆固醇及肝功能相关指标 (AST、ALT/GOT)则呈现大效应量。此外，摄入期间的分析结果表明，摄入时间在12周以上、剂量在 50 mg/kg 以上时表现出较高的效应量；但从安全性和可靠性角度考量，建议摄入量控制在 50 mg/kg 以下更为有效。结 论: 结果表明，双斑蟋蟀在调节血糖、改善血脂及保护肝功能相关指标方面具有积极的生物活性，未来作为功能 性食品、口服美容产品(nutricosmetics)及化妆品生物原料具有极高的应用潜力。

Purpose: Dyslipidemia is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors. The purpose of this study is to compare serum lipid levels in college students and pre-graduates. Methods: Data were obtained from student health examination in one university located in Kyunggi-province. Participants were 440 college students and 1973 pre-graduates. The data were collected in May of 2010. T-test, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and multiple regression with dummy variables using SAS version 9.1 were performed. Results: Pre-graduates showed significantly higher level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL than college students. There was no significant difference in alcohol drinking between college students and pre-graduates. However, smoking and diet behavior were significantly different; pre-graduates were more likely being current smoker and recommended to change diet behavior. When adjusting covariates including general and behavioral characteristic, pre-graduates had significantly higher total cholesterol (p<.001), triglyceride (p=.003), and LDL (p=.003). Among covariates, smoking was significantly related to triglyceride, particularly past smokers. Conclusion: There is a need to develop lipid-reducing program targeting pre-graduates. This program should be considered behavioral factors, particularly smoking. In addition, given the fact that pre-graduates had unhealthy habits compared with college students, interventions for correcting health behaviors in this population are required.

Purpose: This study was to identify the difference of hostility, life style, and serum lipids according to recurrent cardiac events in CAD patients. Method: The subjects were 84 patients(recurrence=16, no recurrence=68) from 30s to 80s who admitted in A hospital. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys using a convenience sampling. Hostility was measured “cynical hostility” developed by Costa et al(1986). The measure of life style were included smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and caffeine intake. Measurements of physiologic factors were included levels of serum lipids, BP, and BMI. Results: Mean scores for hostility of the recurrent patients(Mean: 67.25, SD: 8.44) were higher than no recurrent group(Mean: 59.12 SD: 8.16). The difference of hostility according to recurrent cardiac events was significant(p<.05). The difference of total cholesterol according to recurrent cardiac events was significant(p<.05). Furthermore, controlling for cardiac recurrence, the diffenence of total cholesterol according to hostility was significant in recurred group(p<.05). Conclusion: This study presented baseline data to imply that the hostility and total cholesterol will be associated with the recurrence of CAD. Accordingly, various programs for psychological intervention are required to diminish hostility. Henceforth, further studies should be conducted on a larger patient population.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on serum lipids, body weight, and body mass indexin adults with hypertension using a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the effects of an exercise program on body composition, serum lipids, and menopausal symptoms in Korean menopausal women. Methods: This research used nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 30 middle-aged women who were divided into two groups, an experimental group (n=16) who participated in the exercise program and a control group (n=14). The exercise program was composed of gymnastic- ball exercises with RPE 12~13 intensity, 50 minutes’ duration and three times a week for 12 weeks from April 1 to June 30, 2008. The dependent variables (body composition, serum lipids, menopause symptoms, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction) were measured before and after exercise program. Results: There were statistically significant difference in weight (F=2.92, p= .049), percent body fat (F=4.22, p=.040), total cholesterol (F=2.63, p=.017) and high density lipoprotein (F=6.74, p=.015) between the two groups. Psychological menopausal symptoms also decreased significantly (F=7.01, p=.014) after the exercise in the experimental group. Conclusions: Regular gymnastic-ball exercises are helpful for menopausal women. They have positive effects not only on body composition and serum lipids but also on the decrease of menopausal symptoms. The results of this study suggest that gymnastic-ball exercise programs are effective in health promotion of Korean middle-aged women, and thus it is necessary to develop exercise programs for women.

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of table tennis program on self efficacy, cardiopulmonary function, serum lipids, catalase activity in the physical disabilities. Method: Physical disabilities were allocated to one of two groups: control group (n=7), experiment group (n=8). The experiment group took table tennis program four times a week for 12 weeks. Self efficacy was measured by questionnaire. Serum lipid profiles, catalase and cardiopulmonary function were checked after the exercise program and compared with pre-exercise data. Result: Self efficacy was significantly higher in the table tennis group. Maximum oxygen consumption and forced vital capacity were significantly increased and heart rate at rest was decreased in the table tennis group. Total cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased in the table tennis group. There was no significant change in catalase activity between two groups. Conclusion: These results indicate that table tennis program has positive effects on the health of the physical disabilities by improving the self efficacy and cardiopulmonary function and serum cholesterol profile.

The purpose of this study was to conduct long-term and short-term walking exercise programs on obese college women, and provide scientific data obtained from the programs for the prevention and treatment of obesity through walking. The mean and standard deviation for each variable are calculated using SPSS 18. for Windows, and Repeated measures ANOVA was used to see the change between the experimental group (24-week) and control group (12-week). The results are as follows: First, 24-week walking exercise program was effective in managing weight, body mass index(BMI), fat mass, muscle mass, and belly for prevention of adult disease in obese college women. Second, there was an increase in HDL-C and a decrease in TC through walking exercise program, more than 3 months, 3 days per week, and 1 hour per day. Third, long-term walking exercise program yielded a positive result in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and Leptin in obese college women. However, there was no positive result from the control group in reducing Leptin after 12-week walking exercise program; Therefore, there is a need for more intense, more frequent, and longer program.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of abdominal manual therapy using stone on body composition and serum lipids in women in their 20s. The subjects of the study were twenty-eight adult women in their 20s living in Busan: seven people in a control group not seeking services (CG), seven people in a group using stones (SG), seven people in a group using Stones and Manual techniques (SMG), and seven people in a group using Manual techniques only (MG). During the research period, once a week for eight weeks, studies were performed from May 15, 2017 to July 3, 2017. First, in the case of changes in body composition, SG changed after the experiment. weight was reduced by 1.39 kg (p<.05), body fat was reduced by 1.12 kg and BMI was reduced by 0.33 kg/m2. SMG was reduced by 0.81kg in weight after the experiment while body fat was reduced by 0.9kg and BMI was reduced by 0.55 kg/m2. SG showed the most effective for weight and body fat reduction. Second, in the case of changes in serum lipids, SMG changed after the experiment. Triglycerides were reduced by 18.28 mg/dl (p<.05), total cholesterol was reduced by 5.29 mg/dl, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was reduced by 4.86 mg/dl, but high density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased by 3.29 mg/dl. SMG showed the most effective change in serum lipids. Thus, the study found that both Stone and Stone+Manual techniques had positive effects on body composition and serum lipid reduction in adult women.

本论文的目的是了解利用石头的腹部手气疗法对20多岁女性身体组成成分及血清脂质浓度产生的影响。研 究对象为居住在釜山广域市的28名20多岁女性。选定的28名女性划分未进行任何措施的CG对照组(Control Group: CG) 、利用石头实施石头疗法的SG组(Stone Group: SG)、石头和腹部手气疗法并用的SMG组 (Stone+Manual Technique Group: SMG)、实施腹部手气疗法的MG组(Manual Technique Group: MG)四个 实验组，每组由7人组成。另外，研究期间为2017年5月15日至2017年7月3日，为期八周，每周进行一次管理，管理 次数共计8次。经实验，得出如下实验结果。第一，在组成人体的成分方面， SG组实验后，体重减少 1.39kg(P<0.05)，体脂肪和BMI分别减少1.12kg和0.33kg/m²。而SMG组在实验后，体重减少0.81kg，体脂肪和 BMI则分别减少 0.9kg和0.55kg/m²。由此可见，利用石头的管理方法对减少体重和体脂肪有着更显著的效 果。第二，在血清脂质成分变化方面，SMG组实验后，中性脂肪减少18.28mg/dl(p<0.05)，胆固醇减少总量达到 5.29 mg/dl，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇增加3.29 mg/dl，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇则减少4.86 mg/dl。从上述实验结果 中可以看出，石头和手气疗法相结合的管理方法对血清脂质浓度变化最有效。另一方面，通过本研究印证了石 头疗法及石头和手气疗法并用的管理方法对成年女性身体组成成分及减少血清脂质有着显著的效果。

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of obesity on Exercise performance and serum lipids & enzymes level during increased exercise. The test subject were twenty obesity men(obesity group; OB) and twenty general men(general group; GB) enrolled at middle school student. The age of subjects were distributed between thirteen and fifteen. The man test items of this study were heart rate (HR), VO2max, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and serum lipids & CPK, LDH at before and after the ergometer exercise for 12 minutes. It took five months to measure and analyse according to the test items. All data were processed by IBM package SPSS-PC. The results through the statistical analysis of these data were summarized as follows; 1. The %fat were 13.9±1.86% in GB and 24.5±1.68% in OB. 2. The HR at resting were 75.4±7.02 bpm in GB and 85.8±5.53 bpm in OB. And the HR after 12 minutes ergometer exercise were 163.2±4.52 bpm in GB, 175.5±5.13 bpm in OB. 3. The SBP at resting were 117.0±7.32mmHg in GB and 121.0±6.41mmHg in OB. And the SBP after were 160.3±6.58mmHg in GB, 169.0±8.67mmHg in OB. 4. The VO2max were 45.38±6.22㎖/㎏/min in GB, 36.14±5.49㎖/㎏/min in OB. 5. The serum Total-Cholesterol level at resting were 133.3±16.01㎎/㎗ in GB and 179.9±30.82㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum Total-Cholesterol level after exercise were 136.5±15.04㎎/㎗ in GB and 184.5±33.14 ㎎/㎗ in OB. 6. The serum Triglyceride level at resting were 61.8±11.77㎎/㎗ in GB and 112.3±22.55㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum Triglyceride level after exercise were 69.7±12.08㎎/㎗ in GB and 120.9±20.09㎎/㎗ in OB. 7. The serum HDL-C level at resting were 48.4±4.97㎎/㎗ in GB and 36.9±4.69㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum HDL-C level after exercise were 49.2±4.49 ㎎/㎗ in GB and 38.9±5.79㎎/㎗ in OB. 8. The serum FFA level at resting were 565.1±125.09㎎/㎗ in GB and 679.2±179.76 ㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum FFA level after exercise were 720.1±131.59㎎/㎗ in GB and 882.9±191.57㎎/㎗ in OB. 9. The serum LDH level at resting were 390.7±53.96IU/L in GB and 374.9±23.69IU/L in OB. And the serum LDH level after exercise were 461.3±51.72IU/L in GB and 451.1±21.73IU/L in OB. 10. The serum CPK level at resting were 118.5±26.10IU/L in GB and 82.9±18.89IU/L in OB. And the serum CPK level after exercise were 137.7±29.62IU/L in GB and 108.9±29.72IU/L in OB.

The effects of the salts fortified with seaweed functional components on blood pressure, serum minerals, andhematochemicals in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrj) and normotensive rats (WKY/NCrj) were investigated. SHRand WKY rats were assigned to four groups, with 8 and 6 rats in each group: laver salt (A), fucoidan+laver high salt (B),fucoidan + laver low salt (C) and refined salt as a control (D). The final blood pressure (BP) of SHR and WKY species incontrast with reference BP were low in groups A and C as compared with control group. In terms of serum mineral content,Na+ levels were similar in SHR and WKY, but K+ levels were higher in the group B in SHR. Serum triglyceride levels werelower in groups A and C, but the levels of HDL- and LDL- cholesterol were significantly higher and lower in group A thanthose of controls, respectively (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that the salts fortified with laver might suppress bloodpressure in rats, and also may improve mineral and lipid metabolism.

Serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids(PL) were investigated in 24 healthy male subjects who consumed either corn oil(CO) rich in linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) rich in ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid($\alpha-LNA$), or canola oil acid(OA) as a major. fat source for 5 weeks. The PO and the CNO groups showed significant(P<0.05) increases in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) levels and in ratios of HDL-C/total cholesterol(TC) compared with initial values measured at the beginning of the study. Significantly(p<0.05) increased concentrations of serum triglycerides(TG) ware observed after 5 weeks of the CO-based diet compared with both its intial value and the concentration observed after 5 weeks with the PO-based diet. Fatty acid composition of serum PL reflected changes in dietary fatty acid composition and metabolism. Compared with the initial levels, significantly increased contents of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) were observed in serum PL of the PO group and significantly increased contents of ${\alpha}-LNA$ and EPA were observed in the CNO group. Arachidonic acid(AA) content of serum PL did not change in the CO group during the study period, although, the increase in LA was significant(P<0.05). Compared with the CO-based diet, both the PO and the CNO-based diets seem to have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis by influencing the serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of serum PL.

Serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids(PL) were investigated in 24 healthy male subjects who consumed either corn oil(CO) rich In linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid($\alpha$-LNA), or canola oil acid(OA) as a major fat source fir 5 weeks. The PO and the CNO groups showed significant(P <0.05) increases in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) levels and in ratios of HDL- C/total cholesterol(TC) compared with initial values measured at the beginning of the study. Significantly(p <0.05) increased concentrations of serum triglycerides(TG) ware observed after 5 weeks of the CO based diet compared with both its intial value and the concentration observed after 5 weeks with the PO-based diet. fatty acid composition of serum PL reflected changes in dietary fatty acid composition and metabolism. Compared with the initial levels, significandy increased contents of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) were observed in serum PL of the PO group and significantly increased contents of $\alpha$-LNA and EPA were observed in the CNO group. Arachidonic acid(AA) content of serum PL did not change in the CO group during the study period, although, the increase in LA was significant(P <0.05). Compared with the CO-based diet, both the PO and the CNO-based diets seem to have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis by influencing the serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of serum PL.