Earticle

Background: Recently, a number of snowboarders and skiers have been increasing dramatically. The winter sports has several advantages such as maintaining or enhancing physical fitness as well as increasing psychological satisfaction. However, snowboarding and skiing related injuries are also increasing. Among these injuries, the frequency of concussion is increasing. Purposes: The purposes of this review are to provide updated information about sports related concussion in general including definitions of concussion, incidence rate of concussion in snowboarding and skiing, and methodological issues of the sport injury study in future research. Methods: To find literature, the following Electronical Data Base was searched(Medline, National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI), Koreastudies Information Service System(KISS), and theses. The searching terms were limited to either Korean language or English language and the published year from 1990 to 2006. Results: In results, there are not many research in snowboarding and skiing related concussion. Incidence rate of concussion in snowboarding was high(11 per 100 snowboarder-exposures). Overall, frequency of concussion injury occurred from 3~69%. However, the incidence rate of skiing related concussion could not calculate because there are several methodological problems with skiing related concussion research. Conclusion: In conclusions, there are few research in the winter sports related concussion. Incidence rate of snowboaring related concussion is high. By the way, due to methodological limitations, the incidence rate of skiing related concussion could not measure. Therefore, more research are required with appling appropriate methods in these two winter sports.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lumbar rehabilitation exercise based on scientific and effective training programs, and to contribute improvement of athletic competence for Taekwondo players. The subjects of the present study were five high school Taekwondo players(flat back group: M = 1, F = 1) who felt a lumbar pain. According to each posture, the subjects were performed lumbar rehabilitation training for eight week, and the effects of lumbar rehabilitation training analyzed lumbar extension strength, and change of lumbar pain were as follows: 1. The lumbar extension strength of All subjects increased during period of eight week rehabilitation training, especially the female flat back subjects found a high rate of improvement. The male flat back subject found the continuous rate of increase, on the other hand the male subject found a high rate of improvement at the early stage of training. In general. after rehabilitation training lumbar extension strength of whole subjects was increased at the level of p<.05. 2. After rehabilitation training the lumbar posture of whole subjects was returned to normal condition at the level of p<.01.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of obesity on Exercise performance and serum lipids & enzymes level during increased exercise. The test subject were twenty obesity men(obesity group; OB) and twenty general men(general group; GB) enrolled at middle school student. The age of subjects were distributed between thirteen and fifteen. The man test items of this study were heart rate (HR), VO2max, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and serum lipids & CPK, LDH at before and after the ergometer exercise for 12 minutes. It took five months to measure and analyse according to the test items. All data were processed by IBM package SPSS-PC. The results through the statistical analysis of these data were summarized as follows; 1. The %fat were 13.9±1.86% in GB and 24.5±1.68% in OB. 2. The HR at resting were 75.4±7.02 bpm in GB and 85.8±5.53 bpm in OB. And the HR after 12 minutes ergometer exercise were 163.2±4.52 bpm in GB, 175.5±5.13 bpm in OB. 3. The SBP at resting were 117.0±7.32mmHg in GB and 121.0±6.41mmHg in OB. And the SBP after were 160.3±6.58mmHg in GB, 169.0±8.67mmHg in OB. 4. The VO2max were 45.38±6.22㎖/㎏/min in GB, 36.14±5.49㎖/㎏/min in OB. 5. The serum Total-Cholesterol level at resting were 133.3±16.01㎎/㎗ in GB and 179.9±30.82㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum Total-Cholesterol level after exercise were 136.5±15.04㎎/㎗ in GB and 184.5±33.14 ㎎/㎗ in OB. 6. The serum Triglyceride level at resting were 61.8±11.77㎎/㎗ in GB and 112.3±22.55㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum Triglyceride level after exercise were 69.7±12.08㎎/㎗ in GB and 120.9±20.09㎎/㎗ in OB. 7. The serum HDL-C level at resting were 48.4±4.97㎎/㎗ in GB and 36.9±4.69㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum HDL-C level after exercise were 49.2±4.49 ㎎/㎗ in GB and 38.9±5.79㎎/㎗ in OB. 8. The serum FFA level at resting were 565.1±125.09㎎/㎗ in GB and 679.2±179.76 ㎎/㎗ in OB. And the serum FFA level after exercise were 720.1±131.59㎎/㎗ in GB and 882.9±191.57㎎/㎗ in OB. 9. The serum LDH level at resting were 390.7±53.96IU/L in GB and 374.9±23.69IU/L in OB. And the serum LDH level after exercise were 461.3±51.72IU/L in GB and 451.1±21.73IU/L in OB. 10. The serum CPK level at resting were 118.5±26.10IU/L in GB and 82.9±18.89IU/L in OB. And the serum CPK level after exercise were 137.7±29.62IU/L in GB and 108.9±29.72IU/L in OB.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare lower limb isokinetic muscular strength of <23㎏/m2 and >23㎏/m2 population at the same height and muscle mass. For this purpose, 20 subject(10 <23㎏/m2, 10 >23㎏/m2) were selected. The result were as following. The peak torque, average power, total work, maximal voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC) in time of flexion and extension 60°/S, 180°/S no significant difference, In conclusion the muscle mass seems to be a function of underlying muscle strength and contributing variables of isokinetic lower limb flexion and extension strength in men who are >23㎏/m2 are not body fat.

The purpose of this study was to analyses the effect of massage on total work during high intensity intermittent isokinetic exercise on taekwondo players' knee. The subjects were places in 2 groups: experimental group (n=11) continued massage and control group(n=10). Muscle strength was evaluated by total work of the knee using isokinetic exercise machine(Cybex NORMTM 770, USA). This result of the study are as follow; 1) Hamstrign and quadriceps of control group and massage group decrease significantly total work as set time passes(p<0.001). 2) There is no significant between a control group and a massage group, so after the fatigue of Hamstring and quadriceps, two minutes massage during set time is no significant of maintain endurance strength. 3) FT muscle fiber working is construed as a decrease of total work 3set and 4set. A local massage massages do not maintain to endurance strength as high intensity intermittent isokinetic exercise, but massages encourage to recover fatigue after exercise.