Earticle

본 연구는 대학생을 위해 개발된 통합형 학습 참여 척도를 타당화하고 측정 영역의 순 차성(sequence)을 검증하는 것이 목적이다. 아시아 지역 대학생을 대상으로 개발된 척도 를 한국 대학생에게 타당화 하였고 선행 연구를 바탕으로 대학생의 수업 경험과 지각된 학습 성과가 학습참여행동에 순차적으로 영향을 줄 것으로 가정하였다. 대학생 14명을 대상으로 심층 면담을 실시하여 문항이 한국 대학교육 상황에 적절한지 내용타당도를 검토하였고, 최종 문항에 대해 대학생 515명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 구인 타당도를 분석한 결과, 학습 참여를 측정하는 53개 문항에는 3개의 영역(수업 경험, 지각 된 학습 성과, 학습참여행동)과 13개의 구인이 존재하고, 수렴타당도와 변별타당도를 지 니고 있어 영역과 하위 요인을 충실하게 측정할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 신뢰도는 수업 경 험 척도 .935, 지각된 학습 성과 척도 .916, 학습참여행동 척도 .914로 높은 편이었다. 수업 경험-지각된 학습 성과-학습참여행동의 순차적 영향력을 구조방정식 모형 검증으로 분 석한 결과, 세 영역 간 구조적 관계가 입증되었다. 수업 경험이 지각된 학습성과를 매개 하여 학습참여행동에 미치는 영향력(표준화된 회귀계수)은 직접 효과 .166, 간접 효과 .476으로 총효과는 .642였으며, 수업 경험과 학습참여행동 간 매개변인인 지각된 학습 성과의 간접효과는 95% 신뢰수준에서 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 인지적 몰입과 노력결손신념(학습무동기) 척도를 준거로 공인타당도를 분석한 결과에서 인지 적 몰입은 세 영역과 유의미한 정적 관련성이 있었으며, 노력결손신념은 유의미한 부적 관련성이 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 한국 대학생의 학습 참여 측정과 대학생의 주체적 (agentic) 학습에 주는 시사점을 논의하였다.

This study aims to validate an integrated instrument designed to measure college student engagement in the Asia-Pacific region within the context of Korean higher education. Based on prior research, it was hypothesized that students’ course experiences (SCE) and perceived learning outcomes (PLO) would sequentially influence their engagement behaviors (SEB). The validation process included (1) in-depth interviews with 14 college students to assess content validity of the items, (2) a survey with 515 respondents to test construct and concurrent validity. The construct validity analysis revealed that the 53 items consist of three domains (SCE, PLO, SEB) and 13 constructs, demonstrating convergent validity and discriminant validity, thereby confirming that the domains and sub-factors are adequately measured. The reliability coefficients were as follows: SCE scale . 935, PLO scale .916, and SEB scale .914, indicating high reliability. The sequential influence of SCE, PLO, and SEB was analyzed using structural equation modeling, confirming the structural relationships among the three domains. The influence of SCE on SEB through PLO was a direct effect of .166, an indirect effect of .476, and a total effect of .642. The indirect effect of PLO was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. When analyzing concurrent validity using criterion scales (cognitive engagement and effort-disengagement beliefs), it showed a significant correlation with all three domains. Based on these research findings, the implications for measuring student engagement among Korean university students and for their agentic learning were discussed.

The legacy of translation on language teaching is not a very robust one. In fact, the use of translation has been largely prohibited in language teaching and second language acquisition, mostly due to its association with the Grammar-Translation Method. Recent studies, however, support a strong case for translation, claiming that it is an effective tool for language learning as well as a useful skill in itself. The advocates of translation are not only spearheading a revival of translation, but also exploring the possibility of applying professional translator training methods to language education. As part of that endeavor, this paper seeks to explore the interface between language proficiency and translation competence. And based on some of the identified common aspects, namely working memory and good language learner strategies, the paper goes on to explain how translator training methods can be used to enhance language proficiency, particularly with respect to adult language learners.

본 연구는 한국의 정신질환 범죄자를 대하는 기관의 분절적 접근의 한계를 공감하며, 미국의 순차개입모델을 분석을 통해 체 계적인 대상자 처우를 제언하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 미국 의 순차개입모델이 제시한 5단계 (지역사회, 경찰, 검찰, 교정시 설 및 법원, 출소 후 지역사회기관, 지역사회교정)를 각각 1) 개 념 및 목적, 2) 핵심 구성요소, 3) 사례연구로 나누어 분석하였 다. 또한, 순차개입모델을 통합적으로 분석하여 각 단계 간의 유 사점 및 차이점과 단계별 핵심 내용을 제시하였다. 또한, 한국의 정신질환 범죄자를 대하는 기관들을 순차개입모델의 틀을 사용 하여 비교 검토하였다. 정신질환 범죄자의 효과적인 관리를 위해 서 중요한 4가지 원칙은 1) 치료사법 기반의 서비스 제공, 2) 전문적 개입을 위한 실무자 교육 및 인력지원, 3) 다양한 기관과의 파트너십, 4) 동료지원 서비스이다. 정신질환 범죄자를 위한 순차적이고 통합적인 개입은 대상자뿐만 아니라 사회적 비용을 줄이고, 사회를 안정시키는 데 필요한 것이다.

This study aims to propose a systematic approach for offenders with mental illness through an analysis of the U.S. Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) and the limitations of fragmented approach toward offenders with mental illness in South Korea. This study analyzes Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) in U.S. (community, police, prosecution, correctional facilities and courts, post-release agency, and probation) into three parts: 1) concepts and objectives, 2) key components, and 3) case studies. In addition, the study highlights similarities, differences, and key contents between each stage in SIM. Moreover, there is comparison and evaluation of various agencies in South Korea dealing with mentally ill offenders using SIM framework. To manage mentally ill offenders effectively, there is 4 principles 1) service based on the therapeutic jurisprudence, 2) training for professional intervention, 3) partnerships with various agencies, 4) peer support. Sequential and comprehensive intervention for mentally ill offenders is not only beneficial for them, but also essential for minimizing social costs and increasing public safety.

Objective To investigate the glial cell and AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor activity after surgery for disc herniation pain model. Methods In total, 83 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control (n=16), sham-operated (n=4), rats for pain behavior evaluation (n=3), nucleus pulposus-exposed groups for AMPA receptors (n=30), and glial cell (n=30). The rats were tested for mechanical allodynia; immunohistochemical staining for AMPA receptors (GluA1 and GluA2) and glial cells (OX-42 and glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP]) in the spinal dorsal horn was performed on postoperative days 3, 7, and 14. Results Mechanical withdrawal thresholds decreased after surgery, and this effect was maintained for up to 14 days. Immunohistochemical expression of GluA1 and GluA2 in the spinal dorsal horn had increased quantitatively on postoperative days 3 and 7 (p<0.05) to levels similar to that of the controls on postoperative day 14. Moreover, immunohistochemical expression of OX-42 and GFAP showed similar changes to AMPA receptors after surgery. Although the activity of AMPA receptors and glial cells achieved normalcy, the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the hind paw remained decreased 38 days after surgery. Conclusion The rat model of lumbar disc herniation showed increased expression of AMPA receptor and glial cell activity in the spinal dorsal horn 3 and 7 days after surgery, which deceased to control levels at 14 days. The AMPA receptors and glial cell activations showed similar patterns after disc herniation surgery.

Objective To investigate the pain-related behaviors and the changes of CX3CR1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Method A total of 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A laminectomy was performed to expose left L5 nerve roots and corresponding DRG. Autologous nucleus puplosus was implanted on the left L5 nerve root proximal to the DRG without mechanical compression. Sham operation was also done with the same procedure as mentioned above. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were assessed at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after surgery. Real time PCR and immunohistochemistry after behavioral test were performed. Results In the lumbar disc herniation rats, significant reduction of thermal withdrawal latency indicating thermal hyperalgesia was shown on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p＜0.01) and peaked on day 10 (p＜0.05) and maintained throughout day 30 (p＜0.05). The reduction of mechanical allodynia threshold, indicating mechanical allodynia, was observed on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p＜0.01) and continued throughout day 30 (p＜0.01). Real time PCR showed the decrease in mRNA expression of CX3CR1 in the ipsilateral DRG on day 1 (p＜0.05) and the significant increase on day 20 (p＜0.05). The immunoreactivity for CX3CR1 was also increased in ipsilateral DRG on day 10 and 20. Conclusion These data suggest that lumbar disc herniation induces thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and upregulates the expression of CX3CR1 in dorsal root ganglion. Expression of CX3CR1 might be associated with subacute neuropathic pain after intervertebral disc herniation.

전방충돌 방지 보조 또는 지능형 주행 제어 기능 등이 현대의 자동차에 탑재됨에 따라 차에서 교환되는 데이터 양이 급증하고 있다. 따라서, 기존의 CAN 통신으로는 전송속도의 한계가 있어 넓은 대역폭과 양방향 통신을 지원하는 오토모티브 이더넷, 특히 SOME/IP가 널리 채택되고 있다. SOME/IP는 다양한 자동차 운영체제와 호환되는 표준 프로토콜로 차내 구성 요소간의 연결성을 높여준다. 하지만 SOME/IP 자체에는 암호화나 인증이 구현되어 있지 않아 악의적인 패킷 주입, 프로토콜 위반과 같은 공격에 취약한 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는, 이러한 공격들을 효과적으로 탐지하기 위해 SOME/IP에서 딥러닝 기반의 침입탐지 시스템을 제안하였다. 제안된 침입탐지시스템의 성능을 6가지 공격 패턴을 활용하여 테스트 하였고 정확도 94%, 6가지 공격의 평균 F1-score은 0.94로 높은 성능을 달성할 수 있었다.

Front Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) or Smart Cruise Control (SCC) is installed in a modern vehicle, and the amount of data exchange between ECUs increases rapidly. Therefore, Automotive Ethernet, especially SOME/IP, which supports wide bandwidth and two-way communication, is widely adopted to overcome the bandwidth limitation of traditional CAN communication. SOME/IP is a standard protocol compatible with various automobile operating systems, and improves connectivity between components in the vehicle. However, no encryption or authentication process is defined in the SOME/IP protocol itself. Therefore, there is a need for a security study on the SOME/IP protocol. This paper proposes a deep learning-based intrusion detection system in SOME/IP and performs six attacks to confirm the performance of the intrusion detection system.

본 연구는 20, 30대 성인초기 남성들을 대상으로 회피애착과 문제도박의 관계에서 감정표현불능증과 자기위로능력의 순차적 매개효과를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 20세 이상 39세 이하의 도박유경험자 149명을 대상으로 애착척도, 감정표현불능증척도, 자기위로능력척도 문제도박척도를 사용한 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS와 Process Macro model 6를 활용하여 순차매개모형을 분석하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 회피애착과 문제도박의 관계에서 감정표현불능증의 부분매개효과는 유의하였다. 둘째, 회피애착과 문제도박의 관계에서 자기위로능력의 부분매개효과가 나타났다. 셋째, 회피애착과 문제도박의 관계에서 감정표현불능증과 자기위로능력의 순차적 부분 이중매개효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 성인초기 남성의 회피애착이 감정표현불능증과 자기위로능력을 통해 문제도박에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the link between avoidant attachment and problem gambling in early adult males, focusing on the sequential mediation effects of alexithymia and self-soothing ability. Utilizing a sample of 149 male individuals aged 20-39 with gambling experiences, the study employed scales to measure attachment styles, alexithymia, self-soothing ability, and problem gambling. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Process Macro model 6. Findings revealed significant correlations among avoidant attachment, alexithymia, self-soothing ability, and problem gambling. Further, significant sequential dual mediating effects were observed, where alexithymia and self-soothing ability mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment and problem gambling. Implications and limitations of these findings were discussed.

경주지역에는 창림사지 석탑, 숭복사지 동서탑, 남산리사지 서탑 등 팔부중상이 부조된 석탑이 대략 10여 기 정도 확인된다. 팔부중상이 부조된 석탑은 지금까지 도상의 尊名 파악과 像의 배치 형식을 중심으로 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 부조상의 圖像本에 대한 試論을 발표, 담엄사지 塔材, 숭복사지 동탑, 남산 리사지 서탑, 창림사지 석탑이 동일한 도상본을 활용하여 제작했던 것으로 추정 되고 있다. 현재 이들 석탑의 제작 시기는 학자마다 다소의 異見이 있지만 담엄사 지의 탑재는 8세기, 창림사지 석탑은 8세기 중엽 또는 8세기 말기-9세기 초, 남산 리사지 서탑은 8세기 말기-9세기 초, 숭복사지 동탑은 9세기경으로 파악되고 있다. 그런데 도상의 손과 발의 방향과 위치를 비롯한 특징적인 양식적 요소의 변화, 석탑의 구조적 특징 및 문헌 기록 등을 통해 부조상을 살펴본 결과 기존과는 다소 다른 결과가 나타났다. 먼저 4기의 석탑은 동일한 도상본을 활용했지만, 아수라상, 건달바상 등에서 보이는 양식적 특징을 통해 담엄사지 탑재의 상과는 달리 3기의 석탑에 부조된 상이 다소 변화된 양식을 서로 공유했음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 이 3기의 석탑 즉, 숭복사지 동탑, 남산리사지 서탑, 창림사지 석탑 중에서는 숭복사지 동탑의 상이 담엄사지 탑재의 그것과 긴밀한 상관성을 지녔다. 남산리사지 서탑의 상은 담엄사지 탑재의 상보다는 숭복사지 동탑의 것과 보다 깊은 관련을 보였다. 더불어 남산리사지 서탑의 상은 일부 양식적 요소에서 변화가 나타났는데, 남산리사지 서탑에서의 새로운 변화는 창림사지 석탑과 밀접하게 연관되었음을 확인하였 다. 즉, 동일한 도상본을 바탕으로 각 상들의 양식적 특징 및 변화를 살펴본 결과 이들의 선후관계는 기존과 달리 담엄사지 탑재-숭복사지 동탑․남산리사지 서탑 -창림사지 석탑으로 판단되었다. 이와 함께 석탑의 형식과 구조적 특징, 관련 유물과의 관계, 기록 등을 근거로 8세기 중엽 혹은 8세기 말-9세기 초에 제작된 것으로 추정되는 창림사지 석탑의 조성 시기를 9세기 중엽 경으로로 추정하였다. 그리고 현재 봉안처의 논란이 있는 855년 제작의 <國王慶應造無垢淨塔願記>의 봉안처를 창림사지 석탑으로 유추하였다.

In the Gyeongju area, there are about 10 stone pagodas with relief of Eight Devas, such as, stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site, East-West Pagodas of Soongbok-sa temple site West Pagoda of Namsanri-temple site and others. Those stone pagodas with relief of Eight Devas have been studies around finding out the esteemed names on those pagodas and arrangement style of images up to this point. However, in the recent time, there are the study on the model drawing of the relief image with the assumption of facilitating the same model painting to produce parts of stone pagoda in Dameom-sa temple site, east pagoda of Soongbok-sa temple site, stone pagoda of Namsanri-temple site and stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site. The opinions as to the production period of those stone pagodas differ depending on respective scholar, but it is learned that the parts of stone pagoda in Dameom-sa temple site was made in the 8th century, the stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site in the middle of the 8th or end of the 8th century to early 9th century, the stone pagoda of Namsanri temple site at the end of the 8th century or early 9th century, and the east pagoda of Soongbok-sa temple site of the 9th century. Nonetheless, as a result of looking into the relief images through change of particular formative elements, including the direction and position of hands and feet on the image, structural characteristics of stone pagodas, document record and so forth, slightly different result from the previous studies is shown. The first 4 stone pagodas utilized the same model painting, but through the formative features displayed from relief of Asura image and Gandharra image and others, it is learned that slightly changed style for the images relief on the 3 stone pagodas are mutually shared that are different from the images on the parts of stone pagoda in Dameom-sa temple site. And, from these 3 stone pagodas, such as, east pagoda of Soongbok-saji, west pagoda of Namsanri-temple site and stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site, the shape of east pagoda of Soongbok-saji has close relativity with that of the parts of stone pagoda in Dameom-sa temple site. The image of the west pagoda of Namsanri-sa temple site displays more profound relativity of the east pagoda of Soongbok-sa temple site which is more than that of the parts of stone pagoda in Dameom-sa temple site. Along with that, the shape of the west pagoda of Namsanri temple site displays the change in certain formative element and the new change in the, west pagoda of Namsanri temple site is confirmed as having a close relativity with the stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site. In other words, as a result of taking a look at the formative characteristics and changes of each shape on the basis of the same model painting, the sequential relationship is determined as parts of stone pagoda in Dameom-sa temple site, east pagoda of Soongbok-saji, west pagoda of Namsanri temple site and stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site that is different from the past. At the same time, the construction period of the stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site presumed as produced in the middle of the 8th century or end of the 8th century to early 9th century based on the style of the stone pagoda, structural characteristics, relations with relevant relics, records and others is estimated to be the mid-ninth century. And, the place of enshrinement of <Ggukwanggyeongeungjomugujeongtapwongi> as produced in 855 that are disputed for the current place of enshrinement is presumed to be the stone pagoda of Changlim-sa temple site.

연구목적: 본 연구는 진로적응모형에 기반하여 대학생을 대상으로 정서․성격 관련 진로결정 어려움과 삶의 만족도 간의 관계에서 진로적응성과 진로관여행동 순차적 매개효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 부산 지역 소재 복수의 대학교에 재학 중인 대학생을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 진행하였고, 수집된 자료 중 366명의 자료를 분석하였다. SPSS 21.0과 PROCESS macro를 활용하여 주요 변인 간의 상관을 분석하고 순차적 매개효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 주요 변인 간의 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 대학생의 정서․성격 관련 진로결정 어려움과 삶의 만족도 간의 관계에서 진로적응성과 진로관여행동의 순차적 매개효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 정서․성격 관련 진로결정 어려움은 진로적응성을 통해서는 삶의 만족도에 유의한 간접효과를 보였으나, 진로관여행동을 통한 간접효과는 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 정서․성격 관련 진로결정 어려움을 겪는 대학생의 삶의 만족도를 높이기 위해서는 진로관여행동을 직접 촉진하기보다 진로적응성을 우선적으로 강화하는 단계적 개입이 중요함을 시사한다.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the sequential mediating effect of career adaptability and occupational engagement on the relationship between emotional and personality-related career decision making difficulties and life satisfaction in college students, based on the career adaptation model. Methods: An online survey was conducted with university students in Busan, South Korea. Data from 366 participants were analyzed using correlation and sequential mediation analyses. SPSS 21.0 and the PROCESS macro were used for the analysis. Results: First, the results showed a positive correlation among the variables. Second, career adaptability and occupational engagement had a significant sequential mediating effect on the relationship between career decision making difficulties and life satisfaction. Emotional and personality-related career decision making difficulties had a significant indirect effect on life satisfaction through career adaptability, whereas their indirect effect through occupational engagement alone was not significant. Conclusions: To enhance the life satisfaction of college students experiencing emotional and personality-related career decision making difficulties, it is important to implement a stepwise intervention that prioritizes strengthening career adaptability to directly promoting occupational engagement.

Purpose - This study is aimed to examine the features of SNSs (privacy concerns, reputation, and enjoyment) that influence SNSs users’ continuous intention to adopt SNSs users’ decisions. Design/Methodology/Approach - To this end, this paper theorizes and examines the effects of the features of SNSs with the role of mediating variables (social interaction and/or trust) that influence consumers’ behavioral intents to adopt SNSs activities. This research utilizes the uses and gratifications theory as a basic theoretical foundation. This study was conducted on a sample of 213 active SNSs users in South Korea. The sequential mediating analysis was conducted using the PROCESS Macro model 6. Findings - The empirical results show that the direct effects of both privacy concerns and enjoyment on users’ SNSs continuous intention were significant. The indirect of social interaction and/or trust between SNSs reputation and users’ SNSs continuous intention was proven significant as well. However, all other hypotheses were not significant. The findings of the study reveal that social interaction and/or trust in a social network community mediate the link between SNSs reputation and users’ SNSs continuous intention. Another important finding of this study indicates that both privacy concerns and enjoyment in a social network community significantly impact the users’ SNSs continuous intention. Research Implications - The major implication of this study is understanding the mediating role of users’ social needs. Although some studies have affirmed that fulfilling SNSs users’ social needs is a necessary antecedent to users’ adoption of such services, the current study reveals that social gratification alone is not sufficient to trigger users’ revisit behaviors.

Asynchronous sequential machines are referred to as finite state machines in which state changes are not governed by a global clock. This paper presents model matching for asynchronous sequential machines where an unobservable adversarial input can infiltrate and provoke unauthorized state transitions. The objective is to build an automatic state feedback controller so that the closed-loop system can match a prescribed model and all the unauthorized transitions by adversarial inputs can be invalidated. We address reachability and detectability properties of the asynchronous machine with adversarial intervention, and present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of appropriate controllers that realize model matching. Whenever controllers exist, algorithms for their design are outlined and an experimental verification is provided.

Distribution-free estimation methods are proposed for slope, $\beta$ in the simple linear regression model. In this paper, we suggest the point estimators using the sequential slope based on sign test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Also confidence intervals are presented for each estimation methods. Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to compare the efficiency of these methods with least square method and Theil´s method. Some properties for the proposed methods are discussed.

We allow sellers in Hotelling model to choose ``quality'' (referring to the gross surplus of product) before choosing prices and examine welfare implications of introducing a horizontally differentiated product into a monopoly market. Under certain parameter assumptions, we show that entry results in lower prices, lower qualities, (typically) lower consumers' surplus and lower social welfare. Our findings suggest that we should not regard the number of sellers in a differentiated market to be a simple measure of competitiveness.

This paper explores a rational investment decision model in sequential capital allocation process under capital rationing. A method is proposed for measuring the new investment decision factor which is the flexibility that describes the future availability of invested funds. This flexibility is important in sequential decision process. Also presented is a multiobjective (MO) decision model into which flexibility is incorporated with the profit and risk factors. The effectiveness of this criterion is compared with the expected present value and the mean-semivariance criteria through a simulation model.

We investigate the latent stage-sequential patterns of drinking behaviors of U.S. adolescents who have started to drink by age 14 years (seven years before the legal drinking age). A multiple-group latent transition analysis(LTA) with logistic regression is employed to identify the subsequent patterns of drinking behaviors among early-onset drinkers. A sample of 1407 early-onset adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth(NLSY97) is analyzed using maximum-likelihood estimation. The analysis demonstrates that early-onset adolescents' drinking behaviors can be represented by four latent classes and their prevalence and transition are influenced by demographic factors of gender, age, and race.

본 연구에서는 사질토 지반에서의 굴착단계별 연성 벽체의 거동분석을 수행하기 위해 흙막이벽의 모형실험을 실시하였다. 모형 흙막이벽 실험에서는 재료의 역학적 특성이 비교적 널리 알려진 주문진 표준사를 이용하여 상대밀도가 79%, 41%, 24%인 모형지반을 조성한 후 모형벽체의 연성지수를 변화시켜 각 굴착단계별로 배면지반과 연성 벽체의 거동특성을 규명하였다. 본 연구에서는 벽체의 수평변위, 벽체의 배면에 작용하는 수평토압, 굴착으로 인한 배면지반의 침하량 및 침하영향거리, 벽체에 작용하는 앵커의 하중, 그리고 벽체에 작용하는 휨모멘트와 축력에 대해 굴착단계에 따라 살펴보고 이를 토대로 지반과 벽체의 거동특성을 분석하였다.

In this study, a total of 12 types of sequential model tests were conducted at the laboratory for small scale anchored walls. The sequential behavior for flexible wall embedded in sand was investigated by varying degrees of relative density of Joomoonjin sand and flexibility number of model wall. The model tests were carried out in a 1000mm width, 1500mm length, and 1000mm high steel box. Load cells, pressure cells, displacement transducer and dial gauges were used to measure the anchor forces, lateral wall deflections, lateral earth pressures and vertical displacements of ground surface, respectively. Limited model tests were performed to examine the parameters for soil-wall interaction model and the formulation of analytical method was revised in order to predict the behavior of anchored wall in sand. Based on the model tests and proposed analytical method, model simulations were performed and the predictions by the present approach were compared with measurements by the model tests and predictions by other commercial programs. It is shown that the prediction by the present approach simulates qualitatively well the general trend observed for model test.

The present paper focuses on modeling and optimizing a four-echelon integrated supply chain, which consists of a supplier, a producer, a wholesaler and multiple retailers. These echelons interact and agree with each other on having the same period length and stockpiles for each product to make an integrated formation for minimizing the total cost of chain. Resources follow normal distributions with known means and variances. In this regard, stochastic constraints on costs of procurement or production, space and order quantity are considered, and in this, there are several single-stage products considered in shortage condition. The objectives set in this piece are to find both the number of agreed optimum stockpile and agreed optimum period length with the purpose of minimizing the total inventory cost of the chain while the stochastic constraints are met. The model used to clarify the problem is nonlinear and large, and so, the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) developed as more effective algorithm with less iteration adopted for solving the recent convex nonlinear model. A numerical example is also solved to demonstrate the application of this model and to evaluate optimum performance of the newly developed SQP algorithm. The results of the sensitivity analysis illustrate that the intended SQP algorithm has excellent performance in terms of optimality for solving research nonlinear model.