Earticle

본 연구는 학교운영 방식에 대한 교장과 교사의 인식 차이에 영향을 미치는 교사, 교장, 학교특성을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 경기교육종단연구 2차년도 데이터의 중·고등학교 교사, 교장, 학교 설문 자료를 활용하여 2수준 다층분석 모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 교사특성에서는 남자교사, 수석·부장교사, 현 학교에 부임을 희망한 교사의 불일치 정도가 낮았으며, 교사효능감이 높을수록 교장과 교사의 인식 불일치가 낮았다. 교장 및 학교특성에서는 교장의 교육정책인지도가 높을수록 불일치가 높았으며, 학교의 조직풍토가 개방적일수록 불일치 정도는 낮았다. 또한, 혁신학교가 일반학교에 비해 불일치가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구는 학교운영 방식에 대한 교장과 교사의 인식 불일치를 줄이기 위해 교사의 자율성과 전문성을 보장하는 방향으로의 학교운영 전환, 학교조직문화 진단도구의 개발과 보급, 단위학교에서 교육정책 도입 시 학교구성원간 논의와 협의 과정 의무화 등을 제안하였다.

The purpose of the study was to explore school characteristics that affect a difference in perceptions toward school management practices between principals and teachers. In doing so, the study utilized secondary teacher-, principal-, and school survey data from the second year of 2012 Gyeonggi Education Panel Study and applied to a two-level Hierarchical Linear Model. Among teacher characteristics, the study found that male teachers, head and master teachers, and teachers who wanted to work at the present school were more likely to agree with principals on school management practices. In addition, teacher efficacy were positively associated with agreement between teachers and principals. Among school characteristics, principals who knew well local and national educational policies and innovation-oriented schools were less likely to be in an agreement with their teachers on school management, while openness of school climate was positively related to teacher-principal agreement. Based on these findings, the study suggested that school management practices should be transformed in a way to enhance autonomy and professionalism of teachers, diagnostic tools of school organizational culture should be developed and disseminated, and further principals should hold consultations with teachers before introducing and implementing school policies.

본 논문의 목적은 우리나라 학교현장에서의 사례관리 실천 현황을 알아보고 개선 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하고자 서울, 경기도, 부산에서 사례관리 실천 경험이 풍부한 11명의 실천가를 연구참여자로 선정하여 초점집단을 운영하였다. 연구결과 우리나라 학교현장에서의 사례관리 실천은 첫째, 교육복지전문가들은 학교현장에서 사례관리 실천 필요성을 중요하게 인식하고 있으며. 둘째, 교육복지전문가들은 교육의 부재, 업무의 과중, 운영시스템의 미구축, 사례관리에 대한 이해부족, 슈퍼비전의 부족 등 사례관리 실천에 어려움을 경험하고 있으며, 셋째, 사례관리실천 과정이 잘 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이러한 현황을 개선하기 위하여 다음의 개선 방안을 제안하였다. 첫째, 대학에서의 사례관리 교육을 강화하고. 둘째, 학교현장의 교육복지전문가들에게 사례관리 보수교육체계가 마련되어야 하며. 셋째, 사례관리 운영체계를 마련해야 하며. 넷째, 우리나라 학교현장에서의 사례관리 표준 지침을 마련해야 한다.

The purpose of this study was to grasp the current status of case management practices in school settings and to explore improvement plans. In order to accomplish the study’s purpose, we collected qualitative data from 11 practitioners in Seoul metropolitan area, Busan metropolitan area, and Kyungki province. The results of the study were as follows: Firstly, most of the practitioners admitted that it was necessary to implement case management services in school settings. Secondly, the practitioners had difficulties implementing case management services due to lack of education, excessive workload, lack of a comprehensive operational system, lack of understanding about case management theory, and lack of supervision system. Lastly, case management process was not systematically implemented. Based on the study results we proposed the following improvement plans: Primarily, at the university level, it is important to enhance educational curriculum on case management, it is also necessary to implement further development courses that practitioners can attend after graduating from university. Additionally, at the school level, a case management operational system needs to be developed. Finally, standard guidelines on case management services should be developed soon.

This study aims to clarify the difference between scores for time management practice and the self-evaluation of time use according to time rules in families. This study used data obtained from the first survey on after-school activities in 2008, conducted by the Benesse Educational Research and Development Institute in Japan. The study sample consists of 3,372 middle school students. First, scores for independence and planning were highest in third grade, yet the score for regularity was also lowest in third grade. There will be different lifestyles even among middle school students of the same grade, so it is necessary to consider their characteristics and family rules. Second, the scores for independence, regularity and planning were lowest in groups whose families had rules about time (time rules for curfew, time rules for watching television, time rules for playing games), but in which those rules were not kept. These results were similar for both boys and girls and show that it is more important keep rules rather than to make rules.

교육을 인간행동의 계획적인 변화라고 볼 때 학생들의 학력이나 변화의 질은 교육과정에 투입한 노력 그 이상으로 향상될 수 없다. 학급은 학교생활에서 가장 중요한 장소이며 학교교육이 일어나는 실질적인 장소이기 때문이다. 이런 면에서 연구자는 ‘학급’ 자체에 연구적 관심을 갖게 되었다. 연구의 대상은 초등학교 교사 223명이며 측정 도구는 학급경영의 각 영역을 45문항의 5점 척도로 구성하였다. 수집된 자료의 분석은 SPSSWIN 12.0 프로그램을 사용하였고, t검증 및 F검증을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 초등학교 교사는 교사 배경 변인에 따라 여교사, 4․50대 연령의 교사, 21년 이상의 경력을 가진 교사가 학급경영에 더 적극적이며 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 학급경영은 풍부한 교육적 경험과 수많은 연수, 자기연단을 통하여 학급의 교육 목표가 효율적으로 달성된다고 볼 수 있다. 저경력 교사들의 학급경영능력을 키우기 위해 동료교사의 도움이나 연수의 기회가 많아져야 하겠다. 또, 수업시수가 적은 저학년을 담임한 교사들이 학급경영에 효과적인 것으로 보아 교사들의 업무 경감과 수업시수의 경감이 이루어져야 할 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 초등학교 교사는 학교 배경변인에 따라 37학급 이상의 교사, 학급 학생 수 31명 이상의 교사, 저학년을 담임하는 교사들이 세심하고 높은 수준의 학급경영을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 학교 규모가 클수록 개인적으로 맡은 업무의 양이 적어 학급경영에 더 많은 열의를 기울일 수 있는 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study is to offer the fundamental data to improve the elementary school teachers' classroom management competence through investigation on actual conditions. The research questions are as follows: 1. How are the actual conditions of the elementary school teachers' classroom management in it's seven areas: classroom management goal and plan, teaching and learning plan, extra-curricula activity, guidance, facility and environmental management, office management, external relations, depend on teachers' background variables? 2. How are the actual conditions of the elementary school teachers' classroom management in it's seven areas: classroom management goal and plan, teaching and learning plan, extra-curricula activity, guidance, facility and environmental management, office management, external relations, depend on schools' background variables? This study conducted on 250 elementary school teachers in Kang Won Province for two weeks. The data analyzed by paired samples t-tests and F-tests using SPSSWIN 12.0. At the analysis, significant difference was observed. The actual conditions of the classroom management were differ according to the teachers' background variables and school background variables. This study showed that elementary school teachers who are female, in their forty and fifty, and over twenty one year working experiences were more enthusiastic and effective. Effective classroom management would be reached through abundant educational experiences, numerous training, and continuous self-studies. In this respect, a systematic approach is necessary such as peer encouragement, and training programs to increase the classroom management competence of low-careered teachers. In addition, it is strongly asserted to reduce teachers' works and teaching hours on the grounds that teachers who are in charge of lower classes were more effective in classroom management. Secondly, elementary school teachers who are working at a school over 37 classes, in charge of lower classes, and a classroom over 31 students showed more careful and high level of classroom management performances. In conclusion, reducing the amount of works and teaching hours is the first step to make the elementary school teachers focus on their classroom management with enthusiasm.

이 연구는 단위학교 책임경영제에 관한 국내외 선행연구들과 한국의 학교운영위원회 정책과 실제 운영 사례에 관한 선행연구들을 활용하여 단위학교 책임경영제에 내재된 정치학을 제시해보는데 목적이 있다. 단위학교 책임경영제는 교육공동체 이해관계자들의 광범위한 참여, 중앙 및 지방행정기관으로부터의 권력 및 권한의 이양, 학교장의 변혁적 리더십의 발휘 등 많은 과제를 안겨주고 있다. 단위학교 책임경영제에 관한 높은 국제적 관심과 실제정책 사례와 다양하고도 매력적인 주장 논거에도 불구하고 많은 비판과 문제점도 함께 제기되고 있다. 한국의 학교운영위원회에 관한 선행연구를 분석한 결과 다음의 문제점들이 제기되었다. 양적, 질적 연구방법에 따른 연구결과의 차이, 대표성과 전문성의 약화로 인한구성원 참여의 제한, 행정적 통제위주의 운영과 집권적 운영시스템에서 비롯되는 제반 여건의 약화, 학교운영위원회 내 미시정치의 약화, 불충분한 학교장의 리더십 등이다. 이명박정부가 2009년 6월 발표한 '학교단위 책임경영을 위한 학교자율화 추진 방안'의 성공적 추진과 이를 통한 학교 자율화 과업의 달성을 위해서는 단위학교 책임경영제에 관한 본질과 내재된 정치역학을 이해하고 이를 집중 연구할 필요가 있으며, 보다 효과적인 장치로서의 학교운영위원회의 작동을 위해 구성원의 역량 강화, 의사결정기관으로서의 학교운영위원회의 위상 확립, 충분한 권한 이양과 행․재정적 지원 등 실질적 개선 노력이 따라야 할 것이다.

This paper purports to discuss the political aspects of school-based management(SBM), drawing upon a literature review of the theories and practices of the approach, with a look into the experience of Korean school councils in particular. Although the SBM approach implies the broad participation of stake holders, decentralization of power and transformational leadership of principals, school councils in Korea have not seen much success in these aspects as compared to the outcomes of other countries. Despite the strong rationales and internationally growing popularity of the approach, a review of studies on Korean school councils has revealed a number of interesting findings, including contradicting research results according to different methodologies, limited participation in council activities, disfavored conditions, eschewed politics, and insufficient principal leadership. Measures identified for the improved implementation of SBM are capacity building, restoration of the school council as a basic decision-making body, an efficient administrative system, and sufficient support for schools.

본 연구는 청소년들의 두발에 대한 학교 교칙과 생활 규제가 과거보다 완화됨에 따라, 변화하는 사회 구조 속 에서 청소년들이 학업 등 일상생활에서 받는 스트레스를 해소하기 위한 수단으로, 외적으로 가장 쉽게 자신을 표현할 수 있는 헤어스타일을 통해 아름다워지고자 하는 욕구를 드러내고 있다는 점에 주목하였다. 성별이 다른 일반 고등학생들을 대상으로 손상된 두피와 모발이 원하는 헤어스타일 연출에 제약을 줄 수 있다는 점에 착안하여, 두피 및 모발 관리의 중요성을 인식시키고, 향후 체계적인 교육 프로그램 개발에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 연구 대상자의 다양한 미용 시술 경험에 따른 모발의 직경과 밀도를 측정하고, 이를 바탕으로 본인의 두피 및 모발 건강 상태를 상호 비교·분석하는 과정을 통해 보다 정확한 모발 진단이 가능하다고 본다. 향후 건강한 모발 관리를 위한 올바른 습관 형성과 그에 대한 지속적인 연구의 필요성을 제언하고자 한다.

This study focuses on the increasing desire of adolescents to express themselves through hairstyles as a way to relieve stress from daily life and academics. This trend has gained prominence in the context of a changing social structure, where school regulations and lifestyle restrictions on students' hairstyles have been relaxed compared to the past. Targeting male and female high school students, this research highlights how damaged scalps and hair can pose limitations in achieving desired hairstyles. The primary aim is to raise awareness about the importance of scalp and hair care, while also providing foundational data necessary for developing systematic educational programs in the future. To achieve this, the study measures the diameter and density of hair based on the participants’ various beauty treatment experiences. Through a comparative analysis of each individual’s scalp and hair condition, the study aims to facilitate more accurate hair diagnoses. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to form healthy hair care habits and calls for continuous research in this field.

본 연구에서는 서울 소재 초등학교와 고등학교 급식의 위생관리 실태를 분석하므로 학교급식의 안전성을 확보하여 식중독 사고예방 및 급식품질 개선을 이루고자 하였다. 이를 위해 HACCP에 기준한 위생관리 평가도구를 설문지로 개발하여 관리자들이 자가 평가하게 하고,그 결과를 분석하여 위생관리 실태를 파악하고 취약한 부분을 규명하였다. 위생관리 평가도구는 온도 소요시간, 개인위생 및 기기 설비위생의 3영역으로 구분 하여 33문항, 5문항, 15문항씩 총 53문항으로 구성하였다. 평가문항에 대해서는 5점척도를 이용하여 표시하도록 하였다. 조사된 학교는 초등학교 98.4%(253개교), 고등학교 1.6%(19개교)였다. 세 영역중 개인위생에 관한 수행수준은 평균 4.06$\pm$0.57로 나타나 가장 잘 수행되는 것으로 조사되었다. 기기.설비위생의 수행수준은 평균 3.84$\pm$0.53로 나타났고, 온도.소요시간은 평균 3.45$\pm$0.46으로 나타나 보통정도의 수행수준으로 조사되었다. 특히 전체 문항중 수행수준이 가장 낮은 것으로 조사된 ‘조리 후 보관(2.03$\pm$0.94)’의 경우는 현행 학교급식업체들이 조리가 끝난 식품을 취급할 열장 또는 보온 기기, 냉장고를 거의 구비하지 못하고 있으며, 조리된 음식이나 차게 배식하는 음식의 적정 온도유지를 위한 온도계 사용이 전혀 이루어지지 않고 있기 때문인 것으로 사료 된다. 기기 설비위생영역에서 가장 낮은 수행정도를 보인 ‘싱크대의 용도별로 분리사용 여부(3.03$\pm$1.10)’와 ‘손 씻는 시설의 적절한 장소 위치 여부(3.07$\pm$1.13)’의 수행수준을 향상시키려면 적절한 개수의 싱크대를 구비해야 하며, 조리실내에 손 씻는 시설을 갖추어야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 학교급식 안전성 확보를 위한 위생관리 업무 향상을 위해서는 본 연구에서 가장 취약한 부분으로 드러난 시설 및 기기들을 우선 보완해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Sanitary management practices were assessed to insure the safety of school foodservice, to prevent the outbreak of foodborne illness, and to improve the quality of school foodservice. To accomplish these objectives, a survey was conducted and analyzed on elementary and high school foodservice operations located in Seoul area. A Questionnaire from based on HACCP standards was developed and used for self-reported evaluation of the school foodservice managers on their sanitary management practices. The results were analysed by examining their activities and identifying weaknesses in those activities. The questionnaire was composed of three sectors with all 53 questions; 33 questions for time-temperature management, 5 for personal hygiene and 15 for equipment/facility sanitation. Five-point-scale was used on the questionnaire answers. Among the schools responded,253 (98.4% of the total) were elementary schools and 19 (1.6%) were high schools. Among the three sectors, personal hygiene performance was mostly well conducted by marking average 4.06$\pm$0.57. Equipment/facility sanitation came next by marking average 3.84$\pm$0.53. Time-temperature marked average 3.45$\pm$0.46. “Storage after cooking (2.03$\pm$0.94)”was identified as the least managed activities because the school foodservice operations were not equipped well with hot holding and/or cold holding. “Separate use of sink per usage (3.03$\pm$1.10)” and “proper location of hand washing facility (3.07$\pm$1.13))” were identified as the least practiced activities in equipment/facility sanitation sector. To enhance these practices, proper number of sinks and hand washing facilities should be equipped first within the kitchen area.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the foodservice management practices and productivity in elementary schools in order to provide basic information for an efficient food service management. This approach was achieved using a variety quantitative and qualitative information including general foodservice management, managerial and operational factors, and the productivity in elementary school foodservice systems. The labor productivity in 28 school foodservice system was assessed and related to a number of influencing variables within the system. The productivity measurement was based upon the total meal equivalents as a ratio of the total direct and non-direct labor hours required to prepare these meals. Twenty-eight elementary schools located in Seoul and Kangnung were surveyed to get data for the variables. Questionnaire and a survey form were mailed. Statistical methods used in this study were descriptive analysis, $\chi$$^2$-test, 1-test and one-way ANOVA analysis. Elementary schools in Seoul were all located in urban areas, whereas elementary schools in Kangnung were in urban areas (40.0%), provincial areas (40.0%) and in isolated areas (20.0%). Total average number of meals including children and staff was 928.2${\pm}$ 650.0 with a yery significant difference (p<0.001) between Seoul and Kangnung. The average cost of school meal in Seoul and Kangnung were 1191.0 won and 1526.2 won, respectively. The result of Pearson Correlation analysis indicated that labor cost per meal, 1-week meal equivalents and meal equivalents per labor were significantly correlated with the productivity.

본 연구는 학교급식 식재료의 위생관리 실태를 파악하기 위하여 식재료 유통업체 38곳을 대상으로 위생관리 수행수준과 위생관리 현황을 조사하였다. 학교급식 식재료 공급과 관련된 업체 위생관리 수행수준은 5점 척도의 자가평가로 실시되었으며, 식재료관리와 배송직원 관리영역은 4.47/5(89.4/100)점, 배송차량 관리영역은 4.38/5(87.6/100)점이었고, 총 수행점수는 4.45/5(89/100)점이었다. 대리점형태의 유통업체의 위생관리 점수가 가장 높았고, 개인위생 영역의 점수가 유의하게 높았다. 또한 83%의 유통업체가 납품의 투명성을 확보하기 위해 식재료 품질 규격서가 필요하며, 유통단계에서의 위생인증제도가 필요하다고 하였다.

We evaluated the sanitation management practices in food delivery companies that supply food and food ingredients to school food-service establishments. We examined the practices 38 food delivery companies located in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas of Korea. Sanitation management practices were self-evaluated using a Likert 5-point scale. The total mean score for delivery company sanitation performance was 4.45. Scores for perceived sanitation management performance of the delivery companies were: food ingredient storage and management (4.47); delivery worker (4.47); and management of delivery van (4.38). The personal hygiene score was significantly higher than those of other sanitation inspection items evaluated (p<0.05). Delivery company managers believed that their sanitation management programs kept food hygienically and that the food was delivered to a high level of safety and at optimal quality. However, the managers thought that food quality standardization was needed to ensure transparency in delivery. Food delivery companies wish to obtain sanitation and supply certifications if they meet certain criteria.

The purpose of this study is to identify the guideline's contents for dietitians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) for the sustainability management at school foodservice. The contents for the guideline were determined by the Delphi technique of two rounds. The Delphi panels of experts were consisted of sixteen school dietitians and fourteen professors of food and nutrition with more than 10 years of experiences by convenience sampling method. Based on the literature, knowledge, attitudes, and practices required for dieticians were classified into menu management, procurement, food production, facility and energy management, waste management, personnel management, and nutrition education. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 24 and EXCEL to calculate descriptive statistics, content validity ratio, degree of agreement, and degree of convergence. As a result of the second round, the validity scores of 'knows eco-friendly certification standards and labeling systems (4.53 point)' in the knowledge category, and 'tries to purchase local agricultural products (4.87 point)' in the attitude category were the highest. From that round in the practice category, the validity scores of 'plan menus for students' health', 'purchases eco-friendly food', and 'conserves energy in pre-processing and cooking process' were the highest with 4.73 point. Applying the criteria for securing the validity of the contents, the contents of 25 knowledge items, 20 attitude items and 30 practice items were confirmed. The findings of the study can be used to develop the guideline for dietitians required for the sustainability management.