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This study explores how native English speakers, non-native English speakers, and bilingual speakers process formulaic phrases compared to non-formulaic phrases and investigates whether processing different types of formulaic sequences gives a comparative advantage or incurs processing costs. Three groups of speakers performed grammaticality judgment tasks: L1 native English speakers (ES), English bilingual speakers (EB), and Korean speakers learning English as an L2 (KS). For the type of stimuli under consideration, English idioms, phrasal verbs and collocations were used for psycholinguistic experiments. First, for all three groups, our results show that formulaic phrases are processed more rapidly and accurately than similar nonformulaic phrases. We suggest that for all three speaker groups, formulaic phrases are represented as whole units as if they are single lexical items and processed as holistically as other morphologically complex words. Second, each formula type is processed with different response times and accuracy for all three groups. This suggests that different formulas are stored, retrieved and organized in a distinct manner in each group’s mental lexicons, reflected in response latency, conceivably due to different formulaicity or semantic opacity. Furthermore, we show that conventionalized phrases, such as idioms and collocations, are processed more quickly and accurately by L1 English or English bilingual speakers, compared to Korean L2 English speakers. This implies that these formulas are problematic for L2 learners’ acquisition or vocabulary expansion. Finally, this study shows that the n-gram frequency or length of the formulas mediate the processing by all three groups, suggesting the possibility of frequency being encoded as part of lexicalized formulas.

“Processing” is one of the techniques to change the toxicity of medicinal herbs or its specific component. It is widely used in the clinical area, but there are arising problems that toxic substances are created during the processing. Moreover, there is not much standardization for the processing of Korean medicines. We collected research papers conducted research with processing using the CNKI website and made a database which composed the method of processing, the purpose of the experiment, and the result of the experiment. Using this database, we analyzed the articles according to the medicinal parts, the processing method, and additives. Researchers will be able to search for information of interest herbs about the application method and the effects.

This paper discusses certain restrictions on the adnominal Right Dislocation (RD) in Korean. I suggest that the adnominal appendix tends to be associated with an overt host NP in the host clause, and that the association process is a processing-related one in nature, operating on the overt, surface form. The association process is further restricted by some factors such as closeness. In certain contexts, the workings of the factors give rise to the embedding effect, and when the factors become ineffective, the embedding effect is obviated/weakened. I also suggest that the association process is compatible with the ellipsis analysis since it applies to the surface form that results from the application of ellipsis. Due to the general processing mechanism, the overt host NP in the host clause is chosen over the elided/null NP in the appendix clause to lessen the processing load. I demonstrate that the ellipsis effect is observable in certain contexts.

This paper is to investigate how the Korean EFL learners process syntactically topicalized objects or wh-phrases of English and whether it is possible to resolve their difficulties in processing the constructions with a focused program. To proceed this, we have examined how they process these constructions and whether they can change the way of processing by using the focused program. The results were checked by the ERP experiment. By doing this, we found the differences between the results of the pre- and post-education. In addition to the LAN found at the main verb and the subject position, the statistical significance appeared in the comparison of the pre- and post-education regarding the P600. These changes appeared at the main subject of the wh-phrase constructions and the main verb under the mono-clausal wh-questions. Based on these findings, we suggest that there might be a possibility that the focused program change the way the Korean EFL learners process the English topicalized constructions, even similarly just as the native speakers of English do.

This study is a corpus-based analysis of ordering patterns of adverbial and main clauses in written and spoken English. The previous studies indicated that conditional clauses tend to precede the main clause more frequently than temporal clauses, and that temporal clauses are more frequently in the sentence-initial position than causal clauses. This study aims to present a more comprehensive picture for the usages of 13 adverbial clauses. The data are from LOB representing written English and parts of BNC representing spoken English. The corpus analysis shows that till-, until-, and before-clauses representing Time before follow the main clause most frequently among temporal clauses, but that as-clauses representing Same time precede the main clause frequently. Because- clauses show a strong tendency to occur sentence-finally, and causal as-clauses follow the main verb much more frequently particularly in spoken English. If-clauses tend to occur in the sentence-initial position, whereas unless- and though-clauses tend to be in the final position. Considered an informal variant of although-clauses, though-clauses are used frequently in written English, showing a preference for the final position in both written and spoken English. The ordering patterns are explained in terms of the principles of iconicity, processing, and information structure. Pedagogically, this study suggests that teaching materials should be developed for Korean learners of English based on these objective results of the corpus data in order to enhance the correct use of adverbial and main clauses in complex sentences.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 국내에서 개발된 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)를 사용하여 일반발달 아동과 감각처리문제 아동의 감각처리 능력을 비교하여 판별타당도를 알아보고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 3-5세의 일반발달 아동 68명과 감각처리문제 아동 83명의 보호자로 총 151명 을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 참여에 동의한 아동의 보호자에게 연구의 목적과 방법을 설명한 후 연구목적, 동의서, 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children), 단축감각프로파일(Short Sensory Profile), 일반적 특성 문항을 포함한 설문지를 발송 또는 전달하여 자료를 수집하였다. 분석방법은 아동 감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 판별타당도를 알아보기 위해 성별을 공변량 으로 하여 공분산분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 일반발달 아동과 감각처리문제 아동의 감각처리능력의 차이는 공변량인 성별의 영향(F=6.663, p=.807, partial =η2.000)을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 두 군에서 감각처리능력에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(F=37.629, p=.000). 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 감각영역에 서 총점과 모든 감각 영역에서 감각처리문제 아동이 일반발달 아동보다 평균점수가 낮았으며, 고유감각 (p=.097) 영역을 제외하고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 감각 요소에서 감각과민반응, 감각저반응, 그리고 감각구별 요소에서 감각처리문제 아동과 일반발달 아동은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이(p=.000)가 있었으나 감각찾기 요소는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=.112). 결론 : 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)는 감각처리문제 아동을 선별할 수 있 는 판별타당도가 있는 도구로 제시할 수 있으며, 앞으로 임상 환경에서 감각처리의 문제를 선별하거나 분 석, 해석, 그리고 중재계획 시 사용할 수 있으리라 생각한다.

Objective : The objective of this study was to determine a discriminat validity of the Sensory Processing Scale-Children (SPS-C) for children with and without Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). Method : The SPS-C was completed by parents of 151 Korean children including 68 typically developing children (control group), 83 children with SPD (known group) in the age range 3–5 years, in South Korea. ANCOVA with sex as covariable was used to identified the difference between the children with typically development and SPD. Results : Sensory processing differences in sensory domains and sensory factors were detected and the gender differences were not effective between typically developing children and children with SPD. Significant differences were found in all sensory domain score and total score except proprioceptive processing in sensory domain. In sensory factors, significant differences were found in overrsensitivity, underresponsivity, and discrimination, but sensory seeking was not significant. SPS-C was a valid assessment tool to identify or screen of SPD in Korea. Conclusion : The psychometric characteristics for the standardization study of SPS-C were presented, and the discriminant validity to screen the children with sensory processing problems was presented as a verified evaluation tool. SPS-C will be helpful in screening, analyzing and interpreting characteristics of sensory processing, and establishing an intervention plan.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 만 3~5세 아동의 감각처리 문제를 선별할 수 있는 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children: SPS-C)를 개발하여 타당도를 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 아동감각처리척도를 개발한 뒤, 만 3~5세 아동 138명의 보호자를 대상으로 평가를 시행하였다. 평가도 구의 구성타당도를 검증하기 위해 수집된 자료를 대상으로 라쉬분석을 통해 단일차원모형의 적합성과 평정척도의 적합성을 분석하였다. 결과 : 라쉬분석 결과 총 56개 항목 중 6개 항목(10.7%)이 부적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 평정척도 분석 결과 5점 척도보다 3점 척도가 더 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 아동감각처리척도의 구성타당도를 검증하였으며, 추후 연구에서는 최종적으로 수정 보완된 한국형 감각처리척도를 대상으로 신뢰도와 기타 타당도 검증을 하여야 할 것이다.

Objective : Purpose of this study is to develop a Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) to screen sensory processing problems for children aged 3 to 5, and examine validity of the assessment. Method : A draft version of Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) has been developed and it was utilized to 138 caregivers of children who are 3 to 5 years old. Rasch analysis was used to test construct validity of SPS-C. Through the Rasch analysis, unidimensionality and adequacy of the rating scale were examined. Results : Based on the Rasch analysis, it was found that six items out of 56 items (10.7%) are misfits. And the results also showed that 3-points rating scale is more adequate than 5-points scale for SPC-C. Conclusion : The construct validity of a newly developed assessment, Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C), was established through this study. Further studies are needed to examine other psychometric properties of the assessment, using the one modified based on the results in this study.

The present study aimed to demonstrate the neural mechanisms that relate to the abnormal processing of facial expressions in individuals with post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSS). In particular, we investigated each processing stage's influence on facial expression recognition in individuals with PTSS. To investigate these mechanisms, we measured behavioral performances and event-related potentials (ERPs) as individuals performed a multi-morphed facial expression identification task. Participants were divided into two groups: those with PTSS and a control group without PTSS. Participants viewed representations of fearful, neutral, and happy facial expressions. ERP results revealed that, relative to the control group, the PTSS experience group experienced enhanced P1 amplitudes (reflecting rapid detection) and attenuated LPP amplitudes (reflecting later strategic processing) for all facial expressions. The behavioral data show that PTSS experience group committed more errors and were slower at detectingfacial expressions than were the controls. The difficulties individuals with PTSS face in recognizing facial expressions are explained by abnormal processing related to sustained attention or elaborating processing deficit.

Purpose: The open access (OA) movement has significantly improved access to academic content. However, the financial burden of article processing charges (APCs) and the lack of pricing transparency remain major concerns. This study aims to estimate APC costs by publisher and country, focusing on Korea, to inform policy decisions. Methods: We combined datasets from ScholCommLab (2019?2023), KESLI (2018?2024), and Web of Science (WoS). These sources were merged by aligning APC data with WoS-indexed articles, adjusting for missing values and currency differences. The final dataset included over 4.4 million records, enabling detailed analysis of APC expenditures by publisher and country. Results: From 2019 to 2023, global APC spending increased, with clear regional disparities. Italy showed the highest compound annual growth rate in APC costs at 34.17%, followed by moderate to high growth in Korea, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Korea and Italy allocated large proportions of APC spending to MDPI?38.71% and 37.53%, respectively?raising concerns about publisher dominance and potential quality issues. In contrast, Germany and the United Kingdom established national agreements aimed at controlling APC costs. Conclusion: This study underscores the growing global burden of APCs and the need for costmanagement strategies. Policymakers should consider targeted financial support and promote equitable publishing models. Adoption of the diamond OA model?which removes APCs for authors and provides free access to readers?offers a sustainable and inclusive path forward for academic publishing, addressing both financial and ethical challenges in the current OA landscape.

Lowenfeld developed sandplay therapy as a technique that allows children's multidimensional thoughts and emotions to be expressed more freely, while at the same time combining not only visual but also tactile and sensory factors. Since then, sandplay therapy has been used as a psychotherapy technique in various clinical settings around the world, but there has been no evidence-based research on sandplay therapy and sensory processing ability. This study investigated the clinical effects of school sandplay group counseling on sensory processing abilities in 20 sixth-grade elementary school students with suicide ideation. School sandplay group counseling was conducted for 8 sessions in 12 weeks, from March 2023, to June 2023. The subjects were sixth-grade students with suicide ideation from an elementary school in Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea, with a single group of 10 males (50%) and 10 females (50%) without a control group. The average age of the participants was 11.74, with a range of 11.25-12.15. The Korean version of the SIQ-JR and the Korean version of the AASP were used as pretest and posttest instruments. The data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0. the paired-sample t-tests indicated statistically significant changes in low registration (p = .025), and suicide ideation (p = 0.017). The results of this study suggest that school sandplay group counseling may have clinical effects on sensory processing abilities and suicide ideation in elementary school children with suicide ideation.

Objective To investigate the hemispheric contributions to prosody recognitions and interference effects of semantic processing on prosody for stroke patients by using the Korean language.Methods Ten right hemisphere damaged patients (RHD), nine left hemisphere damaged patients (LHD), and eleven healthy controls (HC) participated. In pure prosody recognition task, four semantically neutral sentences were selected and presented in both sad and happy prosodies. In interference task, participants listened to emotionally intoned sentences in which the semantic contents were congruent or incongruent with prosody. Participants were asked to rate the valence of prosody while ignoring the semantic contents, and thus, reaction time and accuracy were estimated.Results In pure prosody recognition task, RHD showed low accuracy as compared to HC (p=0.013), and the tendency of group response showed that RHD performed worse than HC and LHD with regards to accuracy and reaction time. In interference task, analysis of accuracy revealed a significant main effect of groups (p=0.04), and the tendency implied that RHD is less accurate as compared to LHD and HC. The RHD took longer reaction times than HC in congruent and incongruent items (p<0.001).Conclusion Right hemispheric laterality to prosody processing of Korean language in stroke patients was observed. Interference effects of semantic contents to prosody processing were not observed, which suggested unique characteristics of prosody for Korean language. These results could be referred as preliminary data for future researches on Korean languages.

Purpose: This study aims to compare the internal and marginal accuracy of provisional crowns fabricated using the digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing method, considering build directions of 0° and 90°, as well as layer thicknesses of 50 μm, 75 μm, and 100 μm. Methods: Provisional crowns were fabricated using a DLP 3D printer, and six experimental groups were created, each comprising 10 specimens. Provisional crowns were designed with computer-aided design software and printed using a liquid resin material. Internal and marginal accuracy were assessed using root mean square (RMS) values. Statistical analyses, including two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α=0.05), were conducted to evaluate the effects of build direction and layer thickness on RMS values. Results: For the trueness of the internal surface, the lowest RMS value (31.56±4.47 μm) was observed at a 0° build direction with a layer thickness of 100 μm. At 90° with 100 μm, the RMS value was 64.72±4.96 μm (p<0.05). Marginal trueness at a 0° build direction with 75 μm showed the lowest value of 31.88±6.89 μm, while at 90° with 75 μm it was 85.40±22.45 μm (p<0.001). Differences between build direction and layer thickness combinations were confirmed for both internal and marginal trueness (p<0.001). Conclusion: The effects of build directions (0°, 90°) and layer thicknesses (50 μm, 75 μm, 100 μm) on the internal and marginal accuracy of printed crowns were analyzed, revealing a significant interaction in both internal and marginal trueness.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the trueness of three-dimensional (3D) printed zirconia single crowns using digital light processing with different build angles. Methods: A prepped maxillary right first molar model was scanned using a dental laboratory scanner (E4, 3Shape A/S). The anatomically contoured crown was designed using computer- aided design software (Dental Designer, 3Shape A/S) and saved as a standard tessellation language file. Three build angles (0°, 30°, and 60°) were defined using the slicing software (Zipros, AON). The crowns were printed using a digital light-processing 3D printer (N=30), followed by debonding and sintering to achieve the final shape. The crowns were scanned postprocessing and analyzed for trueness using 3D inspection software. Data were statistically analyzed with the one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: The root mean square (RMS) values for the internal segments were 40.23 (0°), 53.01 (30°), and 82.49 (60°) μm. The marginal segments recorded RMS values of 34.63 (0°), 59.97 (30°), and 84.16 (60°) μm. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicate that a 0° build angle with uniform height support structures provides the highest accuracy in digital light processing of 3D printed zirconia crowns.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 아동의 감각처리능력을 확인하는데 사용하는 가정용 Sensory Processing Measure(SPM)을 우리나라에 적용하기 위해 번역과정을 거친 후 내용타당도를 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 : 내용타당도 연구를 위해 번역, 역번역 과정에서 항목을 수정하였고, 전문가 집단을 구성하여 내 용타당도를 검증하였다. 전문가 집단은 각 지역별 작업치료학과 교수 3명을 전문가 집단으로 구성하여 내용타당도를 확인하였다. 내용타당도는 각 항목에 대하여 의미성와 구조성으로 나누어 4점 척도로 실시 하였으며 1점은 매우 타당하지 않음, 2점은 타당하지 않음, 3점은 타당함, 4점은 매우 타당함으로 점수 화하였다. 역번역은 이중언어를 사용하는 2명이 참여하여 2개의 역번역본에서 일치하는 않는 부분을 확 인한 다음 전문가 집단에서 토의 후 보완하였다. 이렇게 번역된 한국어판은 작업치료를 받고 있는 아동 의 부모 13명을 대상으로 이해도 검증을 실시하였다. 결과 : 전문가 집단을 대상으로 원본 SPM과 한국어로 번역한 SPM을 비교한 결과 평균 3.54± .74(리커 트 4점 척도), 의미성에 대한 평균방식의 척도 내용타당도 지수(Scale-level Content Validity Index; S-CVI/Avg)는 .92, 구조성에 대한 평균방식의 척도 내용타당도 지수(S-CVI/Avg)는 .86이었다. 역번 역 결과, 내용 일치도는 평균 3.77± .47로 나타나 내용이 일치한다고 볼 수 있다. 역번역 및 수정을 거 친 SPM을 부모 집단을 대상으로 이해도 검증 결과 평균 3.48 ± .63(리커트 4점 척도)이었으며 평균방 식의 척도 내용타당도 지수(S-CVI/Avg)는 .94로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 타문화권에서 개발된 SPM을 번역 및 역번역 과정을 거쳐 내용타당도를 검증함으로써 한 국어판 가정용 SPM을 우리 문화권에 사용하기 위한 기초자료를 제시하는데 연구의 의의가 있다.

Purpose : This study aimed to conduct a translation, backtranslation, and content validity test of the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) for Korean children. Methods : The translation and content validation process involved direct and backward translation; a test of equivalence between the two versions (the original SPM and the Korean version SPM; K-SPM) was performed using content-related evidence collected by a group of experts and a group of parents. Data analysis was carried out using Excel Content validity indices (CVI), mean, and standard deviation were used for the analysis of content validity. Results : The result of the comparison between the original SPM and K-SPM in the group of experts was 3.54 ± .74, the S-CVI/Avg for semanticity was .92, and the S-CVI/Avg for structure was .86. The results for the mean of the understanding test and the S-CVI/Avg were 3.48 ± .63 and .94, respectively. Conclusion : K-SPM will considerately be used as an assessment to identify sensory processing, praxis, and social participation issues for children in Korea. Further studies are suggested to increase the age range and the sample size for a more comprehensive applicability of the K-SPM to Korean children.