Earticle

본 연구는 특수교사를 대상으로 실시한 훈련을 통해, 문제행동을 보이는 발달장애인을 위하여 제작된 응용행동분석 기반 치료 매뉴얼의 효과성을 검증하고자 하였다. 훈련집단은 10주간의 훈련에 참여한 28명의 특수교사였으며. 비교집단은 온라인을 통해 모집된 29명의 특수교사였다. 본 연구에서는 훈련집단에게 훈련 전-후로 교사 보고 설문지(아동 문제행동 심각도, 행동상황 지식검사, 직무 소진 척도, 부모 양육스트레스 척도, 행동문제 대처관련 질문지)를 실시하였고, 10주간 일일 행동 측정표를 작성하도록 하였으며 비교집단은 훈련집단과 동일한 교사 보고 설문지를 작성하고 10주 후 재실시하였다. 그 결과, 훈련집단이 지도한 학생의 지시불순응 심각도, 훈련집단의 행동상황지식과 문제행동 대처확신이 비교집단에 비해 유의미하게 향상되었으며 직무소진 정도가 유의미하게 완화되었다. 이러한 결과는 특수교사를 대상으로 한 문제행동 치료 매뉴얼 훈련이 교사들이 지도하는 발달장애 학생의 문제행동 일부를 감소시킬 뿐 아니라 교사들의 문제행동에 대한 지식과 대처 확신을 증가키고 직무와 관련된 탈진을 완화시킬 수 있는 중재일 수 있음을 시사한다. 위 같은 결과의 연구적, 임상적 함의와 함께 본 연구의 한계 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의하겠다.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Problem Behavior Treatment Manual (PBTM), which is based on Applied Behavioral Analysis, by training the special education teacher. 28 special education teachers who participated in the 10 weeks manual training were compared with 29 special education teachers who did not. Special teachers who participated in the manual training answered teacher-report questionnaires before and after the training. In addition, they recorded Developmental Behavior Checklist Monitoring everyday for 10 weeks. Control group also completed the teacher-report questionnaires and re-answered them after 10 weeks. Results showed that the special education teachers who involved in the manual training reported alleviation of their students' noncompliance, as well as improvement in their knowledge of behavioral principles, coping problem behaviors efficacy and burnout. This study indicates not only that the PBTM training for special education teachers leads to alleviation of problem behaviors of the students with DD, but also that teachers possess better psychological adjustment such as confidence in coping with problem behaviors and exhaustions of the teachers. Implications and limitations of current study and direction for future research are further discussed.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Solution-Focused Family Counseling on a male adolescent client who was experiencing difficulties as a result of his behavioral problems. In this case, the parents of the client were allowed to participate in the therapy sessions, and the therapy was conducted over seven sessions. The results of the study were as follows: first, progress in the client's problem-solving ability was evidenced by a lower incidence of problematic behaviors. Second, the client's feelings of anxiety and frustration were decreased and his self-esteem was increased. Third, the client's communication skill with his parents was also improved. This indicates that Solution-Focused Family Counseling can help the client and his parents shift their focus from problem-oriented narratives to solution oriented focused thinking, resulting in an improved relationship. Last, as the therapy sessions went on a balanced parental role was defined which helped to change both the client's attitude and the family system. This study showed the benefits of Solution-Focused Family Counseling for adolescent client with behavioral problems and his parents.

The main purpose of the study was to examine the mediating effects of parent attachment and peer attachment on the relationship between negative life events and problem behavior among adolescents in institutional care. The subjects were 472 adolescents in 75 group homes and in 12 care institutions in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam province and G metropolitan city. The data were analyzed using SPSSWIN 27.0 program and SPSS Process macro program. In order to verify the significance of the mediation effect, bootstrapping was conducted. The results were as follows: First, life events of adolescents in institutional care were not significantly correlated to both internalizing and externalizing problems whereas violent events of adolescents in institutional care were positively correlated to both internalizing and externalizing problems. Moreover parents attachment, and peer attachment of adolescents in institutional care were negatively correlated to both internalizing and externalizing problems. Second, parent attachment and peer attachment of adolescents in institutional care had partial mediating effects between violent events and internalizing problems. However parent attachment of adolescents in institutional care had full mediating effects between violent events and externalizing problems whereas peer attachment had partial mediating effects.

본 연구는 학교부적응으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 자녀의 문제행동으로 어머니가 상담을 요청하여 개입한 사례연구이다. 본 연구에 참여한 가족은 부모와 자녀로 상담은 2022년 8월부터 12월까지 20회 진행되었다. 본 연구에서는 매트릭스 방법 을 사용하여 상담 중 기록된 메모와 20회 상담 내용을 분석하였으며, 분석 결과 학교부적응의 어려움에 영향을 미치는 요인은 부모의 부정적인 양육방식으로 나 타났다. 상담자는 부모에게 새로운 자녀양육방식을 제안하여 가족관계를 개선하 기 위해 개입하였다. 이러한 상담자의 개입방법을 바탕으로 자녀의 학교부적응 문제행동을 완화하고 가족관계 변화를 끌어낼 수 있는 실천적 함의와 후속 연구 를 위한 제언을 하였다.

This study is a case study in which a mother requested counseling for her child who was struggling with school maladjustment and intervened. The families who participated in this study were parents and children, and counseling was conducted 20 times from August to December 2022. In this study, the matrix method was used to analyze the notes recorded during counseling and the contents of 20 counseling sessions. As a result of the analysis, the factor affecting difficulties in school maladjustment was found to be parents' negative parenting style. The counselor intervened to improve family relationships by suggesting new child-rearing methods to the parents. Based on these counselor intervention methods, practical implications and suggestions for follow-up research were made to alleviate children's school maladaptive problem behavior and lead to changes in family relationships.

본 연구는 국내 애착 연구에서 청소년 비행을 다룬 연구들의 동향을 살펴보고, 향후연구 방향을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 기존 선행연구들에서 사용된 분석기준을바탕으로 본 연구 목적에 맞게 수정하였으며, 연구발표 경향, 연구방법, 연구내용 경향을살펴보았다. 이를 위해 2001년부터 2017년까지 국내 학술지에 발표된 연구 논문 43편을분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 연구대상은 중고등학교 재학생 청소년을 대상으로 한 연구가 대다수를 차지하였다. 실제 비행에 노출된 비행 청소년 집단, 잠재 비행 청소년 집단의 연구 수가 적었다. 애착 변인으로는 부모애착과 비행을 살펴본 연구가 가장 많았다. 자료수집방법은 질문지를 사용한 양적 연구가 대부분이었으며 질적 연구는 한 편도 없어 자기보고식 척도 외에 심층면접 등의 질적 연구가 요구된다. 연구내용 경향에서 연구결과들은 애착관련 변인과 청소년 비행에서 애착 유형, 애착 대상, 성별, 학년에 따라 비행에 미치는 영향력에서 다른 결과들이 있었다. 또한 비행에 대한 주요한 애착 변인의 상대적 영향력의 차이는 청소년 비행에 대한 예방교육과 치료적 개입이 이러한 특성을 고려하여 차별적으로 접근되어야 함을 시사해주고 있다. 후속연구에선 애착관계의 질, 애착 유형, 비행 수준과 하위영역 등을 세분화하여, 폭넓은 대상을 통해 다각적인 연구를수행할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this research is to explore trends of research on juvenile delinquency among Korean attachment studies and develop future research directions. Research presentation, research methods, and research contents were explored. For this, 43 research papers published in Korean academic journals from 2001 to 2017 were analyzed. The result is as follows: As for research subjects, most studies were conducted with adolescents who were enrolled in middle and high school. There was little research on a juvenile delinquent group that is actually exposed to delinquency and a potential juvenile delinquent group. The most number of studies established parents’ attachment and delinquency for the attachment variables. When it comes to data collection, most studies were quantitative research using questionnaires, and there was not a single qualitative study; it is thus required to conduct qualitative research including self-report scales and in-depth interviews. In the trend of research, the study results about attachment-related variables and juvenile delinquency revealed that attachment type, attachment target, gender and grade had different levels of effects. Following research needs to segment the quality of attachment relationships, attachment types and delinquency levels and subareas to conduct multi-angled research with an extensive range of targets.

본 연구의 목적은 여자비행청소년의 문제 행동, 즉 위축, 신체화, 우울 및 불안의 내재 화 문제행동과 비행, 공격성의 외현화 문제행동에 미치는 통합예술치료의 영향을 알아 보는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 위해 본 연구에서는 S시의 H중학교에서 비행문제로 선별 된 14세 여자청소년 7명을 대상으로 8회기동안 통합예술치료 프로그램을 실시하였다. 사전-사후검사로서 K-YSR을 실시하여 비모수검증을 통해 문제행동에 대한 통합예술치 료의 효과를 확인하였고, 참여관찰행동평가를 통해 프로그램 과정에서 나타난 문제행 동의 변화를 탐색하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 첫째, 통합예술치료가 여자비행청소년 의 내재적 문제행동과 외현적 문제행동을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 통합예 술치료 단계에서 여자비행청소년의 긍정적인 문제행동변화가 관찰되었다. 본 연구는 실제적인 여자비행청소년을 대상으로 통합예술치료의 문제행동에 대한 영향을 경험적 으로 밝혔다는 것과 통합예술치료의 적용 가능성을 확대하였다는데 의의가 있다.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of integrative arts therapy on female juvenile delinquents’ problem behaviors, namely, the internalization of withdrawal, somatization, depression and anxiety and the externalization of delinquency and aggression. For this purpose, an integrative arts therapy program consisting of 8 sessions was applied to seven 14‐year‐old female adolescents selected for delinquency problems at H Middle School in S City. K‐YSR was used for a pretest and a posttest, and the effects of integrative arts therapy on problem behaviors were examined through nonparametric tests. In addition, changes in the subjects’ problem behaviors observed during the program were explored through behavioral assessment through participant observation. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, integrative arts therapy was found to reduce the female juvenile delinquents’ internal problem behaviors and external problem behaviors. Second, positive changes in the female juvenile delinquents’ problem behaviors were observed during the integrative arts therapy program. This study is meaningful in that it explained empirically how integrative arts therapy would affect female juvenile delinquents’ problem behaviors and that it expanded the applicability of integrative arts therapy.

Pearlin 등(1990)은 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스를 일차적 스트레스와 이로 인한 이차적 스트레스로 구분했으며, 일차적 스트레스를 또 다시 객관적 스트레스요인과 주관적 스트레스 요인으로 구분하였다. 기억 및 행동문제점검-개정판(Revised-Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist: R-MBPC)은 환자 보호자의 객관적 스트레스를, 부담조사(Burden Interview: BI)는 주관적 스트레스를 평가하는 척도이다. 본 연구에서는 두 척도를 한국 상황에 맞게 번안하여, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 검증하였으며, 이를 위해 치매 진단이 확정된 환자의 보호자 128명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 결과, R-MBPC:빈도 및 반응, BI의 내적 일치도는 .90에서 .93까지 나타났고, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 .91에서 .97로 양호하였으며, 환자의 인지 기능, 일상생활 기능, 보호자의 정서 등을 측정하는 척도들과의 수렴 타당도 및 변별 타당도도 대체로 우수하였다. 또한 R-MBPC:빈도의 요인분석을 통하여 원논문에서 제시된 3개의 요인 구조와 일치하는 결과를 얻었으나, BI의 경우에는 2개의 요인 구조를 확인하는데 제한점이 있었다. 이와 함께, 환자의 치매 정도에 따라 보호자의 객관적 스트레스와 주관적 스트레스를 분석한 결과, 경도 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스는 중등도 이상의 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스와 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 연구 결과 확인된 연구대상의 특성, 문화적 차이 등에 대해 논의하였으며, 본 연구를 기초로 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스 과정에 대한 포괄적인 평가 모델에 대한 검증이 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

Primary stressors, core variable in the model of the stress process in dementia patients' caregivers that Pearlin et al.(1990) proposed, are divided into objective stressors and subjective stressors, which are distinct and hypothesized to be differently related to patients and/or caregivers variables. The Revised-Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist(R-MBPC) measures objective stressors and the Burden Interview(BI) evaluates subjective stressors in dementia patients' caregivers. In this study, we translated the R-MBPC and the BI according to the Korean situation and tested the reliability and validity of the two scales. For this, two scales were administered to 128 dementia patients' caregivers. As a result, the internal consistencies of the R-MBPC:Frequency, the R-MBPC:Reaction and the BI were from .90 to .93, and the test-retest reliability were from .91 to .97. In addition, the correlations between the two scales and scales that assess patients' cognitive abilities, daily living abilities, and caregivers' emotions were suitable. Through factor analysis, it was confirmed that the R-MBPC is composed of three factors as presented in the original article, but it was suggested that the two factors of the BI in the original article has limitations in the Korean situation. Lastly, in the analysis for the caregivers' objective and subjective stress according to dementia severity, the significant difference between the mild dementia patient group and the moderate or severe dementia patient group was remarkable. The influence between the caregivers' characteristics and cultural background was discussed, and in the future, a comprehensive model for the stress process in the caregivers of dementia patients should be investigated.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of training using the slime on the hand function and problem behavior in adults with intellectual disabilities. Methods: Five adults with intellectual disabilities who were judged as Level 1 or Level 2 were selected. The training consisted of one session (50 min)/day, one day/week for 10 weeks (preparatory activities: 5 min, slime activities: 40 min, finishing activities: 5 min) The functions of the hand (Purdue Pegboard Test [PPT], grip strength test [GST]) and problem behavior (Korean Behavior Problems Inventory [KBPI]) were assessed three times (first assessment; pre, second assessment; post-5 weeks, third assessment; post-10 weeks). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyze changes in the subjects' performance before and after the intervention. Results: In the PPT, the use of the non-dominant hand was increased significantly (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the remaining results, but the mean value increased. In addition, although the problem behavior was not statistically significant, an increase in the problem behavior score was noted. Conclusion: The training using the slime for adults with intellectual disabilities is effective in hand function improvement and reducing problem behavior.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of intervention using the therapeutic robot, PARO, on the cognition, emotion, problem behavior, and social interaction of elderly people with dementia. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. A total of 33 elderly people with dementia living in a nursing home facility participated in the study, with 17 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The intervention program with PARO was administered twice a week for 6 weeks, for a total of 12 sessions. Data were collected before and after intervention, using a questionnaire, direct observation, and video recording. Results: There were statistically significant differences in positive emotions and problem behaviors between the groups. The experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in social interaction. Conclusion: PARO intervention can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention to increase positive emotions and social interaction, as well as decrease problem behaviors, in elderly people with dementia living in nursing home facilities.

This study investigates the longitudinal bidirectional process between interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality, and examines whether they predict children’s later problem behaviors. The participants were 2,150 children (1,091 boys; 1,059 girls) and their parents who participated in a large longitudinal panel study on Korean families, the Panel Survey on Korean Children of the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. In this study, data from children aged 0?9 years were included in the analysis, and the bidirectional process between interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality was explored from 0 to 4 years of age. Statistical analysis was conducted using a non-recursive model within a structural equation modeling framework. Both interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality positively predicted problem behaviors at nine years of age. However, the bidirectional relationship between interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality appeared in the opposite direction to the hypothesis at age one and was not significant thereafter. In the Discussion section, suggestions for future studies along with the clinical significance of parental conflict as a target to consider in children’s interventions are addressed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the construct equivalence of the general five factors of healthbehavior and to compare the latent means between adolescents with a health problem and those without in Korea. Methods: The 2009 KYRBS (Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey) data were used for the analysis. Multi-groupconfirmatory factor analysis was performed to test whether the scale had configural, metric, and scalar invariancesacross the existence of health problems in adolescents. Results: Configural, metric, and factor invariances weresatisfied for the latent mean analysis (LMA) between adolescents with health problem and those without. Adolescents with health problem and those without were not different in the LMA of all factors. Conclusion: Healthproviders should give more interest to the group of adolescents with health problems and consider prudentialschool life to the same group.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association among various adolescent prob- lem behaviors in South Korea, focusing on gender differences. Methods: This secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2023 which included 52,880 mid- dle and high school students in South Korea. They completed an anonymous self-admin- istered survey regarding problem behaviors (drinking alcohol, smoking, drugs use, and sexual experiences). Data were analyzed using complex-samples chi-square and multiple logistic regression models. Results: Among the 52,880 adolescents, the prevalence rates of alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences were 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Gender differences were observed in alcohol use complex-samples multiple logistic regression models. However, no significant gender difference was found in drug use (p=.250). Four problem behaviors were significantly associated with one other when analyzed as inde- pendent variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.33?10.85). The strongest associations were found between alcohol use and smoking (OR, 10.49?10.85), and between smoking and sexual experiences (OR, 4.91?4.96). Conclusion: This study found significant gender differences in adolescent problem be- haviors, with male adolescents exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use, smoking, and sexu- al experience. Strong associations were observed between alcohol use and smoking, as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings suggest the need for in- tegrated intervention strategies that target multiple co-occurring problem behaviors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the problem drinking status of college students, and to verify the effect of the experience of school violence victimization on the suicidal behavior of college students and the moderating effect of problem drinking in the process Method: In order to achieve the purpose of the study, 338 college students were surveyed online and data of 330 researchers were analyzed. Results: The main results of this study are as follows. First, when examining the problem drinking status of college students, 72.0%(236) of normal drinking group and 28.0% (92) of problem drinking group showed. Second, the experience of school violence victimization had a positively significant effect on suicide behavior. Third, problem drinking, a moderator variable, was found to have a significant positive effect on suicidal behavior. Fourth, it was found that experience of school violence affected the problem drinking in the process of positively affecting suicidal behavior. Based on these results, we suggest practical and policy implications for enhancing suicide problems of college students and improving mental health.

연구목적: 본 연구는 유아교사의 문제행동지도전략에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인을 이해하기 위해, 유아교사의 문제행동지도 자신감과 그릿 및 소진감이 문제행동지도전략에 어떠한 방식으로 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 구체적으로 문제행동지도 자신감, 그릿이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 영향에 대하여 소진감 변인이 조절 및 매개 역할을 하는지 살펴보았다. 연구방법: B지역의 유치원․어린이집 22곳에 근무하는 유아교사 223명을 대상으로 질문지 조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS-WIN 25.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, Cronbach’s α, 적률상관분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 유아교사의 문제행동지도전략에 대해 문제행동지도 자신감 및 그릿은 정적 상관관계를, 소진감은 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 둘째, 유아교사의 소진감은 문제행동지도 자신감이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 영향을 조절하였다. 즉, 유아의 문제행동지도 자신감이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 긍정적 영향력은 소진감이 낮은 경우에만 유의하였다. 마지막으로 유아교사의 그릿이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 영향은 소진감 변인이 부분 매개하였다. 결론: 유아교사의 문제행동지도 자신감 및 그릿과 같은 심리적 요인은 문제행동지도전략에 긍정적 영향을 미치나, 이러한 영향력은 소진감 변인의 조절 및 매개적 역할을 통해 완화된다. 유아교사의 바람직한 문제행동지도전략 사용을 위해서 이들의 소진감을 줄이기 위한 다각적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

Objective: This study attempted to investigate the influence of problem behavior guidance confidence, grit and burnout on problem behavior guidance strategies in order to understand psychological factors that affect problem behavior guidance strategies of early childhood teachers. More specifically, this study investigated mediating and moderating role of burnout in the influence of problem behavior guidance confidence and grit on problem behavior guidance strategies. Methods: Two hundred twenty three early childhood teachers participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s α, product moment correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression Results: First, problem behavior guidance strategies were significantly and positively correlated with problem behavior guidance confidence and grit, but negatively correlated with burnout. Second, early childhood teachers’ burnout moderated the influence of problem behavior guidance confidence on problem behavior guidance strategies. The positive influence of problem behavior guidance confidence on problem behavior guidance strategies was significant only when the level of burnout were low. Finally, burnout partially mediated the influence of early childhood teachers’ grit on problem behavior guidance strategies. Conclusions: Psychological factors such as problem behavior guidance confidence and grit have positively influenced on early childhood teachers’ problem behavior guidance strategies and this influence was alleviated through moderating and mediating role of burnout. This results suggest that every effort needs to be made to reduce burnout in order for early childhood teachers to use desirable problem behavior guidance strategies.

본 연구는 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램이 정서․행동장애 위험군 아동의 문제행동, 사회적 기술및 부모의 양육행동의 긍정적 변화를 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 연구대상은 세 명의 초등생 남아로 K-CBCL에서임상범위에 해당하는 정서․행동 위험군 아동으로 문제행동과 사회적 기술의 부족으로 인해 어려움을 겪고 있는 대상이다. 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램을 실시하여 중다 간헐기초선 설계와 사전․사후설계를 병행하여 실시하였으며 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모참여 인지행동미술치료 프로그램을 실시하여아동의 내재화 문제행동, 외현화 문제행동에 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 둘째, 부모와 아동 상호간의 활동을 통해아동의 사회적 기술의 사전․사후 비교 결과 긍정적 변화를 나타내었다. 셋째, 부모교육상담과 부모 참여 인지행동미술치료프로그램에 부모가 직접 참여함으로써 부모의 양육행동에 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 본 연구결과에의하면 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램이 정서․행동장애 위험군 아동의 문제행동, 사회적 기술 및 부모의 양육행동에 긍정적 변화가 있음을 알 수 있다.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of parent participant cognitive behavior art therapy programs on positive change of problem behavior and social skills of emotional-behavioral disorder risk children on parental nurturing behavior. The research target was three elementary school male students, emotional? behavioral risk group children, who belong to the clinical scope of K-CBCL(Korean Child Behavior Checklist), and who were suffering difficulty due to lack of behavioral and social skills. This research combined multiple probe designs and preliminary-post designs by conducting a parent participant cognitive behavior art therapy program, and the research results are as follows. First, positive change appeared in children's internalized problem behavior and externalized problem behavior as a result of conducting the programs. Second, positive change appeared as the result of preliminary-post comparison of children's social skills through parent-child mutual activities. Third, positive change appeared in parental nurturing behavior by letting parents participate directly in parent education counseling the programs. Based on the research results, the programs led to positive changes in problem behavior and social skills of emotional-behavioral disorder risk children, and positive changes in parental nurturing behavior.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 초등학교에서 실시한 학급차원의 보편적 긍정적 행동지원(Positive Behavior Support; PBS)이 학생들의 문제행동과 학업수행에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2016년 3월부터 9월까지 D광역시의 한 일반 초등학교에서 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애와 우울증을 지닌 학생을 포함한 총 21명(남: 11명, 여: 10명)으로 구성된 6학년 한 학급을 대상으로 PBS의 1차 지원에 초점을 둔 보편적 PBS를 실시하였으며, 학급 담임은 5년 경력을 지닌 교사로 본 연구의 실행자로 참여하였다. 연구 설계는 단일 대상 연구 설계 중 반전설계를 이용하였으며, 문제행동의 변화는 비디오 촬영 후, 훈련된 관찰자들이 1분 단위로 전체 학생들의 문제행동발생 수를 체크하여 아동 당 평균문제행동 발생률을 계산하여 PBS 전후 비교를 통해 알아보았다. 학업수행결과는 PBS 전후의 학력평가에서 60점 미만의 수행을 보인 학생 수의 비율을 측정하여 알아보았으며, 학생과 학부모에게 사회적 타당도 검사를 실시하였다. 담임교사는 PBS워크샵과 PBS지원팀의 개별교육에 참가하였다. 학생들에 대한 보편적 PBS중재전략으로는 기대행동과 교실규칙 개발, 개별 및 집단강화를 통한 토큰체계 실시, 학급차원의 사회기술 훈련을 실시하였고, 동시에 학부모와 학교와의 협력체계를 유지하였다. 그 결과, 학생 당 평균 문제행동발생률과 학업성취가 낮은 학생비율이 감소하였다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of universal class-wide positive behavior support (PBS) implementation on student problem behavior and academic performance in a 6th-grade elementary school classroom. Participants were 21 students (11 boys and 10 girls) including a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a student with depression, and the classroom teacher with 5 years of teaching experience. The study was conducted from March to September 2016, and the classroom outcomes were evaluated employing a reversal design, a type of single case experimental design. Data on problem behavior were collected using a 1-min momentary time sampling procedure, to obtain an estimate of class-wide problem behavior. The overall level of class-wide problem behavior was obtained as the average percentage of intervals with problem behavior per student. Academic performance was determined by measuring the change in the total number of students who performed at low levels on achievement tests. Social validity was assessed with both students and parents. The classroom teacher participated in a group PBS workshop and individual training provided by a PBS support team. During implementation, the classroom teacher developed and taught class-wide expectations and rules, implemented token economies to provide reinforcement at the individual student and classroom levels, and class-wide social skills training. Throughout the study, the teacher collaborated with other school personnel and the students’ parents. The results indicated decreases in both problem behavior and the number of low performing students. The implications, limitations, and future directions of the study are discussed.

이 연구는 우울한 어머니와 아동의 문제행동 관계에서 아버지의 양육행동이 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하는 연구이다. 연구대상은 8차 한국아동패널연구에 참여한 1466명의 초등학교 1학년 아동으로 남아 740명, 여아 706명이었다. 자료는 Pearson상관과 중다회귀분석 방법으로 분석하였으며, SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 어머니 우울과 아버지의 양육행동은 아동 문제행동과 유의미한 상관을 나타냈다. 두 번째, 어머니의 우울은 아동의 문제행동에 예측변인으로 나타났다. 세 번째, 아버지의 통제적 양육행동은 우울한 어머니의 아동 문제행동에서 조절효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 어머니 우울과 아버지 양육행동이 아동 문제행동에 관련된 기제임을 나타낸다. 이는 아동문제행동을 감소시키기 위한 연구와 실제에 있어서 중요한 기여를 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study aims to examine the moderating effects of father’s parenting behavior on the effects of mother depression on child problem behavior. The study sample was 1466 elementary schools first graders (740 boys, 706 girls) who had participated in the eighth wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). For this, it carried out questionnaires, which was composed of mother depression scale, child behavior checklist and father parenting behavior scale. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlations and regression analysis with SPSS 18.0. The results are as follows. First, mother’s depression and father’s parenting behavior had a significant correlation on child problem behavior. Second, mother’s depression is predicting variables for child problem behavior. Third, father’s strict parenting behavior had moderating effects in mother’s depression on child problem behavior. These results add to a better understanding of the mechanism linking mother depression and father parenting behavior on children’s problem behavior. These findings can serve as an important contribution to future research and practices for reducing children’s problem behavior.

유아기의 문제 행동은 이후 아동기 및 청소년기, 성인기까지 지속되므로 향후 문제 행동의 예방 및 중재를 위해 유아기 문제 행동에 대한 연구가 절실하다. 이에 본 연구는 개인적 변인인 기질과 환경적 변인인 어머니의 양육행동이 유아의 문제 행동에 미치는 영향을 이해하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 부산의 유치원과 어린이집에 재학 중인 153명의 유아와 어머니, 9명의 담임교사를 연구대상으로 하였다. 어머니는 유아의 기질 및 어머니 양육행동에 대한 질문지에 답을 하였고, 교사는 질문지를 제출한 유아를 대상으로 유아의 문제 행동에 대한 질문지에 답을 하였다. 연구자는 얻어진 자료에 상관 및 회귀분석을 하였고 AMOS 프로그램을 이용해 자료에 대한 가설모형을 검증하였다. 연구를 통해 유아의 적대-공격 행동은 활동성과 적응성, 어머니의 통제적, 방임적 양육행동이 중요한 변인이며, 걱정-불안 행동은 활동성과 정서성, 어머니의 거부적 양육행동이, 유아의 과잉행동-산만은 활동성, 적응성, 통제적 양육행동이 중요한 변인이었다. 모형의 타당도 검증을 통해 기질은 어머니의 양육행동과 유아의 문제 행동 모두에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 변인임을 알게 되었다. 이에 기질에 대한 부모교육의 필요성과 함께 기질에 대한 심도 깊은 연구의 필요성이 논의되었다.

This study examined the effects of child's temperament and parenting behavior of mothers on child behavior problems. The subjects were 153 preschool children, their mother and 9 teacher. Mothers answered the Temperament Rating Scale and Mother's Child Rearing Behavior Scale. Teachers answered Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. The datas were analyzed Pearson's correlations, multiple regressions and structural equation modeling analysis. The results summarized as follows. First, This study said temperament was significantly associated with mother's parenting behavior and child's behavior problem. The children with high activity, low adaptability and high emotionality showed hositility and aggresiveness problem Child's activity and adaptability was associated with mother's controlling parenting behavior. When mother's controlling parenting behavior was higher, children showed increasing aggressive behavior. When mother's nonintervention was higher, children showed increasing worry-anxiety problem. Child's activity and mother's controlling behavior were associated with hyperactivity-distraction problem. Second, This study showed that partly-mediation model was more valid than totally-mediation model. Temperament(especially child's activity) had indirect and direct effects on child behavior problems. This study said parents have to know child's temperament by way of prevention of child behavior problem.

본 연구는 부모자녀관계가 청소년 자녀의 문제행동, 친사회적 행동 및 자아탄력성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 살펴보았다. 연구대상은 중·고등학교 총 1208명(남학생 675명, 여학생 533명)이었다. 연구결과, 여자 고등학생은 부모와 애착이 더 낮고, 관계좌절감은 더 높으며, 훈육과 애정은 덜 받게 될 때 품행문제를 더 많이 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 남자청소년은 부모와 관계좌절감과 과잉간섭을 더 많이 경험하며 자율성 존중을 덜 받게 될 때 정서문제를 더 많이 보였다. 여자 고등학생은 훈육과 애정을 덜 받으면서 과잉간섭은 더 많이 받게 될 때 또래문제를 더 많이 보였다. 남자 중학생은 부모로부터 훈육, 의사소통 및 애정을 더 많이 받게 되면 친사회적 행동을 더 많이 보인 반면, 여자 청소년은 관여와 자율성 존중을 더 많이 받으면서 과잉간섭은 덜 받게 되면 자아탄력성이 높아지게 되는 것으로 나타났다.

This study examined the effect of parent-adolescent relationship on adolescent's behavior problem, prosocial behavior and ego-resiliency. The subjects were 1208 adolescents(675 male, 533 female). The results were as followed; Female high school adolescents showed more conduct problems, when they experienced lower attachment, discipline, warmth and more relation frustration. Male adolescents showed more emotional problems when they experienced more relation frustration, intrusion and lower autonomy granting. Female high school adolescents showed more peer problems, when they experienced lower discipline, warmth and more intrusion. Male middle school adolescents showed more prosocial behaviors, when they experienced more discipline, communication and warmth, while female adolescents showed higher ego-resiliency, when they experienced more autonomy granting and lower intrusion.