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Purpose: This study investigated the differences in physical function, self-efficacy (SE), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) categorized by disease severity in community-dwelling patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 182 patients with COPD selected from the pulmonology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital. Disease severity was measured using forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Physical function, SE, and HRQoL were measured with the six-minute walking distance, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Adapted Index of Self-Efficacy (PRAISE), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Disease duration, FEV1, and 12-month history of exacerbations were obtained from medical records. Patients were categorized by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) category. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Most of the participants were male and nonsmokers. The disease duration was 10.76 ± 10.03 years, the mean FEV1% was 62.13 ± 22.80, and 70.3% of the participants were in GOLD category 2 (moderate) or milder. Half of the participants reported modified Medical Research Council scores ≥ 2. Patients in GOLD categories 1 and 3 (mild and severe) exhibited significantly higher PRAISE scores than those in the other groups (F = 8.23, p < .001). The total SGRQ scores were highest in GOLD 4 (very severe), indicating the lowest HRQoL. Significant differences were identified among GOLD 1, GOLD 2 and 3, and GOLD 4 (F = 9.92, p < .001). Conclusion: We identified potentially useful variables to comprehensively assess disease severity and tailor management strategies, including airflow limitation, and to determine the consequences of COPD from patients’ perspectives.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the physical function test differences between the faller group and the nonfaller group in a sample of the community-dwelling elderly. Methods: This study used a nonexperimental two-group-comparative study design. The participants were 356 people aged 65 years and over living in an urban area. From May to December 2010, data were collected through personal interviews using questionnaires and measurements of muscle strength,physical endurance, flexibility, motor agility and dynamic balance, and static balance. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Chi square analysis, and t test. Results: Upper muscle strength was significantly weaker in the faller group (p < .05). Lower muscle strength was significantly weaker in the faller group; both hip flexion (p ¼ .004), knee extension (Right:p ¼ .004; Left: p ¼ .031), left ankle plantar flexion (p ¼ .045), and left ankle inversion (p ¼ .036). Tandem standing with eyes opened and closed was significantly shorter, indicating decreased static balance in the faller group. Conclusion: Nurses should make efforts to implement exercise programs focused on physical fitness enhancement for community-dwelling elderly adults for fall prevention.

Objective To determine the effects of the Paraplegia Fitness Integrated Training (PARAFiT) program, which is an integrated graded physical exercise and health education program for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods This nonrandomized single-blind study included 44 participants, who were assigned to either an intervention (PARAFiT) group or an active control (conventional physiotherapy) group. The intervention group underwent the PARAFiT program (8 weeks), which consisted of circuit-based interval training, progressive upper limb resistance training, and health education sessions. During the unsupervised period, the intervention group continuously underwent health education program once a month for 2 months (8 weeks). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for the analysis.Results The intervention group presented with a higher level of physical activity than did the control group; however, the difference was not significant (p=0.36). Additionally, the intervention group presented with better exercise self-efficacy and cardiorespiratory fitness and stronger bilateral shoulder muscle and handgrip than did the control group (all p<0.05). Exercise adherence was higher in the intervention group than in the control group during both the supervised (80% vs. 75%) and unsupervised (40% vs. 20%) periods.Conclusion The PARAFiT program enhanced the level of physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, physical fitness, and exercise adherence among the patients with SCI. Future studies should incorporate guidelines for home-based exercises and regular monitoring to promote long-term adherence to exercise and physical activity among individuals with SCI.

Purpose: This study aimed to classify types of leisure activity and examine their associations with self-rated health, depression and cognitive function among older adults in Korea. Methods: Data were drawn from 7,804 participants in the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans. Types of leisure activity were identified through K-means cluster analysis using respondents' first and second choices of leisure activities. Multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related covariates were conducted to assess the primary associations between leisure types and dichotomized health outcomes. Results: Five distinct groups were identified: religious activity-oriented, varied physical activity-oriented, walking and rest-oriented, gardening and sedentary activity-oriented, and social activity-oriented. Compared to the religious activity-oriented group, the varied physical activity-oriented (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.59?0.85), walking and rest-oriented (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.39?0.77), and social activity-oriented groups (OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.29?0.72) showed significantly lower odds of poor self-rated health. All four types exhibited significantly lower odds of depression; notably, the social activity-oriented (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.28?0.57) and walking and rest-oriented (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.28?0.57) groups showed the strongest protective effect. None of the leisure groups showed a significant link to cognitive function risk when compared with the religious activity-oriented group. Conclusions: Leisure patterns involving diverse physical activities and social engagement are strongly associated with favorable health outcomes. Health promotion strategies should prioritize accessible community-based programs that encourage diverse physical and socially engaging activities, while developing targeted interventions (e.g., combining cognitive stimulation with sedentary leisure) to reduce disparities and mitigate cognitive risk among older adults.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in the brain connectivity in mental practice and physical performance of training bilateral upper extremity function. Method: The subject performed activities involving mental tasks and physical exercise for bilateral upper extremity functioning during each phase of EEG measurements. The subject performed a symmetrical task(lifting a box and placing it back) that involved moving both arms at the same time and an asymmetrical task(opening and closing a bottle cap) in order to perform functional tasks. EEG electrodes were attached to Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, and P4. Data analysis was performed using Cross-Line Mapping for correlational analyses between EEG electrode pairs. Conclusion: This study found that the brain connectivity patterns of symmetrical and asymmetric upper extremity tasks have similar patterns for the motor and sensory area, and that the correlation of the physical practice is generally higher than that of the mental practice.

Objective To investigate the factors which contribute to the improvements of the gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy after physical therapy. Methods The subjects were 45 children with spastic cerebral palsy with no previous botulinum toxin injection or operation history within 6 months. They consisted of 24 males (53.3%) and 21 females (46.7%), and the age of the subjects ranged from 2 to 6 years, with the mean age being 41±18 months. The gross motor function was evaluated by Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-88 at the time of admission and discharge, and then, the subtractions were correlated with associated factors.Results The GMFM-88 was increased by 7.17±3.10 through 52±16 days of physical therapy. The more days of admission, the more improvements of GMFM-88 were attained. The children with initial GMFM-88 values in the middle range showed more improvements in GMFM-88 (p<0.05). The children without dysphagia and children with less spasticity of lower extremities also showed more improvements in GMFM-88 (p<0.05). Conclusion We can predict the improvements of the gross motor function after physical therapy according to the days of admission, initial GMFM-88, dysphagia, and spasticity of lower extremities. Further controlled studies including larger group are necessary.

This study examined the association among cognitive function, physical fitness, and health status in healthy older women. Ninety-four females aged from 62 to 86 years (72.66±5.38 years) from community healthcare centers and an exercise club in Seoul, South Korea. Cognitive function was assessed using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery. Physical performance comprised cardiorespiratory endurance, lower extremity strength, active balance ability, and walking speed. Health status included blood pressure and waist circumference. Multiple lin-ear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship among cognitive function, fitness components, and health status, with age and educational attainment as covariates. In the unadjusted model, attention was significantly associated with cardiovascular endurance (B=0.19, P<0.05). Memory was significantly associated with lower limb strength (B=0.77, P<0.05) and active balance ability (B=2.35, P<0.05). In the adjusted model, attention was significantly associated with car-diovascular endurance (B=0.15, P<0.05). Memory was significantly as-sociated with lower limb strength (B=0.87, P<0.05). In both models, cognitive function was not significantly associated with any health sta-tus variable. Though limited by a relatively small sample of female par-ticipants, who were healthy registrants of a community exercise pro-gram with normal cognitive function, the current study demonstrates that cognitive function is significantly associated with physical fitness, but not with health status, in healthy older women.

Purpose: Lifestyle intervention (LSI) provides basic recommendations that improve the quality of life and health of patients with minor disabilities. The LSI intervention strategies are associated with active living, healthy weight, healthy eating, and emotional stability. These intervention strategies can change an unhealthy lifestyle to a healthy lifestyle and provide important health care information. Main issue: This study focused on a new LSI-based knee rehabilitation protocol and proved the effect of exercise prescription on the knee. The clinical significance of this study demonstrated that continuous rehabilitation, effective rehabilitation, and recurrence prevention can be achieved by prescribing the appropriate exercise for patients after discharge. Therefore, practical lifestyle medicine knowledge and information are provided by the home-based rehabilitation self-exercise program with the new LSI-based knee rehabilitation protocol. Conclusions: The LSI-based protocol can improve and maintain health conditions and knee function. With the aim of improving self-care abilities, this program is expected to make significant contributions recurrence prevention, reduced mortality, and improved quality of life, physical function, and fitness.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature describing the effects of water-based exercise on pain and physical function in older, community-dwelling women with osteoarthritis in South Korea. Older people often experience osteoarthritis, which is characterized by reduced muscle and bone density; water-based exercise has been used to reduce pain and improve physical function in these individuals. Despite evidence from many countries supporting the benefits of water- based exercise for alleviating osteoarthritis, there is no collated information on this topic in South Koreans or on medical insurance coverage for water-based exercise programs in South Korea. The PubMed, SCOPUS, Korea Science Korean Studies Service System, National Assembly Library of Korea, and Research Information Sharing Service databases and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were systematically searched for relevant studies published between January1995 and December 2016. The following search terms were used: ‘water exercise’, ‘older’, ‘osteoarthritis’, ‘ pain’, ‘physical function’, and ‘South Korea’. Study quality was determined by using the PEDro scale. Seven of the 256 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the results of the selected studies indicated that water-based exercise reduced pain and improved physical function in older, community-dwelling women with osteoarthritis in South Korea. This review documents the positive effects of water-based exercise on osteoarthritis-related pain and physical function in older women in South Korea. The findings presented indicate that water-based exercise could be helpful for older women with osteoarthritis and should be considered as a means of reducing pain and increasing physical function in standard clinical research programs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12-week aqua walking and jogging program on muscle function, ankle range of motion (ROM), balance and fell efficacy in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS) patients. Six patients (2 males, 4 females) with DLSS participat-ed in aquatic exercise program 3 times per week with each session of 60 min (warming-up, aqua walking, aqua jogging and cool down) at 1 m 20 cm-1 m 30 cm deep pool. Janda’s muscle function test, ankle ROM, Berg balance scale (BBS) and fall efficacy scale (FES) were analyzed before and after the training intervention. We found significant increas-es in balance, muscle function, ankle ROM and fall efficacy after train-ing intervention. In conclusion, aquatic exercise seems to affect physi-cal function and fall efficacy positively in elderly DLSS patients.

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in both cognitive and physical function, and neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation often exacerbate this decline, particularly in older women. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week intermittent combined exercise program on cognitive function, physical performance, and neurophysi-ological biomarkers in community-dwelling women aged 75 years and older. Forty participants were recruited from a local welfare center and randomly assigned to an exercise group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). The exercise group participated in three supervised sessions per week that integrated aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, func-tional exercise, and cognitive exercise. Cognitive domains (attention, language, and memory) were assessed using the Seoul Neuropsycho-logical Screening Test-II. Physical function was assessed using the Geriatric Physical Fitness Test (chair stand, arm flexion, grip strength, and 6-min walk). Blood samples were analyzed to measure serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin (IL-6), tumor ne-crosis factor (TNF)-α, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Paired and independent t-tests were performed to evaluate pre- and posttest differences (α=0.05). After 12 weeks, the exercise group significantly improved memory (P<0.05), lower upper-body muscle strength, grip strength, and walking endurance. Serum BDNF significantly increased (P<0.01), and IL-6, TNF-α, LDL-C, and TG decreased (P<0.05). HDL-C levels also significantly increased (P<0.05). Intermittent combined ex-ercise significantly improved cognitive and physical function and favor-ably modulated neurotrophic, inflammatory, and metabolic biomarkers in very elderly women.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined sex-specific differences in the associations between ultrasound-derived muscle parameters and measures of strength and physical function in older adults. Comprehensive searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus idenfied studies reporting sex-stratified correlations between ultrasound parameters and functional outcomes. Correlation coefficients were transformed using Fisher’s z, analyzed via random-effects models, then back-transformed to Pearson’s r. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2statistic, and publication bias via funnel plots and Egger’s test.Analysis of 39 studies revealed that ultrasound-derived muscle parameters were consistently correlated with strength assessments across sexes, including maximal and handgrip strength (males: muscle thickness [MT], r = 0.30–0.42; echo intensity [EI], r = -0.34 to -0.38; females: MT, r = 0.34–0.37; EI, r = -0.34 to -0.35; all p > 0.05). However, for explosive power, both MT and EI had stronger associations in males than females (MT: r = 0.70 vs. 0.42; EI: r = -0.52 vs. -0.27; both p < 0.05). In gait function, MT was positively correlated in females (r = 0.22, p < 0.05) but not in males (r = -0.03, p = 0.62). Additionally, EI correlations were significantly stronger in females than males in the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test (r = 0.40 vs. 0.19, p < 0.05). MT and EI were comparably associated with strength across sexes but demonstrated stronger relationships with explosive power in males. Conversely, females showed more pronounced associations between ultrasound parameters and functional performance, indicating importance of sex-specific considerations in ultrasound-based musculoskeletal assessments among older adults.

This study aims to identify the effects of exercise type on estrogen, tu-mor markers, immune function, antioxidant function, and physical fit-ness in postmenopausal obese women. The subjects were 30 post-menopausal obese women with body fat percentage higher than 30%. Participants were divided into aerobic exercise group (n=10; age, 53.70±3.37 years), resistance exercise group (n=10; age, 52.20±2.15 years), and control group (n=10; age, 52.50±2.68 years). Estrogen and growth hormone showed no significant difference in the aerobic exer-cise group, resistance exercise group, and control group. Tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein was increased in the aerobic exercise, resistance ex-ercise, and control groups (P<0.01). The metabolic syndrome risk factor was decreased in the aerobic and resistance exercise groups, which was shown by the reduction of weight (P<0.001), body fat percentage (P<0.001), waist circumference (P<0.05), and increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P<0.001). natural killer cell activity was in-creased in the aerobic exercise group, resistance exercise group, and control group (P<0.001). Oxidative stress was decreased in the aerobic exercise group, resistance exercise group, and control group (P<0.001). Maximum oxygen uptake was increased in the aerobic and resistance exercise groups, but aerobic exercise was more effective (P<0.05). Knee isokinetic extensor muscle was increased in both the aerobic and resistance exercise groups (P<0.001). Aerobic and resistance exercise of postmenopausal obese women can be considered an effective inter-vention program to prevent metabolic syndrome and improve physical fitness.

The presence of apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 is a genetic risk factor in cog-nitive impairment. Physical exercise contributes to slowing cognitive impairment in older adults, but little is known about the influence of ex-ercise on ApoE4 carriers and noncarriers. The objective of systematic review is to study the role of physical exercise in older adults’ ApoE4 carriers and noncarriers. A systematic literature search was carried out in five international databases: PubMed, Web of Science, PeDro, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. A total of nine randomized controlled trials were included with a sample size of 2,025 subjects (901 ApoE4 carriers). The exercise reported a significant improvement on cognitive perfor-mance in older adults’ ApoE4 noncarriers (standardized mean differ-ence [SMD]=0.653; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29–1.00; chi2=35.36; degrees of freedom [df ]=7; P<0.0001; l 2=80%). It was also reported that a total program duration greater than 50 sessions generated differ-ent and significant effects on cognitive performance in older adults’ ApoE4 noncarriers (SMD=0.878; 95% CI, 0.14–1.61; chi2=31.82; df=3; P<0.0001; l 2=91%). The results reported that high intensity generated a differential effect on cognitive performance in older adults’ ApoE4 carri-ers versus noncarriers (SMD=0.963; 95% CI, 0.25–1.67; chi2=18.11; df=3; P<0.0004; l 2=83%). The effect of physical exercise on cognitive perfor-mance in older adults is conditioned by the presence or not of ApoE4.

목적 : 본 연구는 신체적 활동이 경도인지장애 노인의 실행기능에 미치는 효과의 근거를 제공하고자 한다. 연구방법 : Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA) guidelines의 보고 지침 체크리스트 항목을 바탕으로 체계적 고찰방법을 사용하였다. 전자 데이터베이스 인 PubMed, CINAHLPychINFO, Embase, Cochrane를 사용하여 자료를 수집하고, Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool을 통하여 각 연구의 비뚤림 위험을 평가하였다. 검색어에는 “MCI” OR “mild cognitive impairment” AND “physical activit*” OR “physical performance” OR “physical exercise*”, AND “executive function*”을 사용하여 최종 2005년부터 2017년까지 무작위대조군 연구 11편을 선정하였다. 결과 : 중재는 주로 그룹으로 진행 되었으며 복합적 중재보다는 단일 중재가 많았다. 중재를 진행한 전문가 는 피트니스 전문가, 물리치료사, 작업치료사가 많았다. 실행기능을 측정한 도구로는 TMT-A(21.4%)와 TMT-B(17.9%)가 가장 많았으며, 중재로 사용된 신체적 활동으로는 유산소 운동과 (8편, 72.7%) 무산 소 운동 (7편, 63.6%)이 많았다. 유산소 및 무산소 운동을 포함한 중재는 실행기능 향상에 유의한 효과 가 있었으나, 여가 활동을 제공한 중재는 실행기능에 유의한 변화가 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 신체적 활동이 경도인지장애 노인의 실행기능에 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 작업치료 는 경도인지장애노인의 실행기능 향상을 위한 중재로 인지적 접근과 더불어 신체적 활동에 관한 다양한 연구들이 활발하게 이루어 져야 할 것이다.

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to provide basic data on the effects of physical activity on the executive function for older adults with a Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI). Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, CINHAL, Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, and Cochrane was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis(PRISMA) guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration tool. Using the terms “MCI” OR “mild cognitive impairment” AND “physical activit*” OR “physical performance” OR “physical exercise*”, AND “executive function*” as the search items, 11 Randomized Controlled Trial(RCT) studies, published between 2005 and 2017, were critically appraised and synthesized. Results: Interventions were mostly provided in groups as a multicomponent program. Fitness trainers, followed by physical therapists and occupational therapists, provided the interventions. Trail Making Test(TMT)-A(21.40%) and TMT-B(17.90%) were the most common outcome measures. For a physical activity intervention, the aerobic component was the most popular(seen in eight studies, 72.70%), followed by non-aerobic(seven studies, 63.60%). The aerobic and non-aerobic components had positive effects on the executive function compared to the leisure component. Conclusion: The effects of physical activity on the executive function for older adults with an MCI were examined in this review. To thoroughly understand the effects, the physical activity along with a cognitive approach in the field of occupational therapy needs to be researched.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related disorder that can be caused by witnessing or experiencing life-threatening events such as war, natural disaster, terrorist attack, major accidents, and assault. PTSD is caused by hippocampal malfunction and could result in problems with brain functions such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. In contrast, exercise is known to positively affect brain functions especially in the hippocampus. In this study, we investigated the effect that aerobic exercise has on the mitochondria function in the hippocampus and neuroplasticity as well as behavioral changes in animal models with PTSD. Sever stress such as PTSD resulted in impairments in mitochondrial functions in the hippocampus including the dysfunction of Ca2+ homeostasis, increase in ROS such as H2O2, and decrease in quantity of O2 respiratory. Moreover, mPTP-related proteins VDAC, ANT, and Cyp-D were overexpressed. These dysfunctions in the mitochondria of the hippocampus resulted in increased anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment due to dysfunctions in neuroplasticity of the hippocampus such as increase in apoptosis in mitochondria and cytoplasm and decrease in BDNF and neurogenesis. Exercise improved mitochondrial functions in the hippocampus and the nerve plasticity of the hippocampus, which resulted in the alleviation of anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. In particular, the improvement in BDNF due to exercise can change the mitochondrial functions, neuroplasticity, and apoptosis of hippocampus which has important prevention and treatment effects on the pathobiology PTSD. Therefore, we suggest that our findings will contribute to using non-pharmaceutical physiological stimulations such as exercise preventing or protecting from stressful events.

Aim: Several mechanisms have been proposed as an explanation for the protective action of the physical activity against cancer. Experimental evidences have been suggested, but until now, no particular mechanism has been shown to prevent cancer and increase immune function. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of physical activity on changes in immune function of survivors from colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: The participants were 6 women, aged between 47 and 59 years, who were recruited from Seoul Song-Do Hospital. All participants were participated in physical activity program 80 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 6.67 ± 3.98 months. Survivors performed 10 minutes of warm-up, 60 minutes of work-out which consisted with aerobic exercise (40 min) and resistance exercise (20 min), and 10 minutes of cool-down. The intensity of physical activity was set 40 to 70% of maximal heart rate. Although the intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity was the same in absolute value, the activity period was different. The reason for the difference in the period of physical activity was that the survivors participated in different periods. This study investigated the changes of CBC, innate immunity related to NK-cell and percentage, adaptive immunity related to T-cell and percentage, and adaptive immunity related to immune suppression. Based on the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test was used to examine the differences of variables within times. The significance was established at P ≤ .05. Results: The 1st section analyzed the CBC which composed of WBC, number and percent of lymphocyte, and number and percent of neutrophil. Following analysis, the number of lymphocyte was significantly increased (Z=-1.992; P=0.046) after physical activity intervention. The 2nd section analyzed the innate immunity related to NK-cell and percentage which composed of NLR, CD3-CD56 NK cell (total NK cell), NKG2D+NK cell, KIR2DL3+NK cell and NKT. There were no significantly different. The 3rd section analyzed the adaptive immunity related to T-cell and percentage which composed of CD3+T cell (total T cell), CD3+CD4+T cell (Helper T cell), CD3+CD8+T cell (Cytotoxic T cell), CD4/CD8 ratio, Th1, Th2, and Th1/Th2 ratio. Following physical activity intervention, the number of Th2 (Z=-2.201; P=0.028) was significantly decreased. The last section analyzed the adaptive immunity related to NK-cell and percentage which composed of CD4+CD25+T cell, CD4+CTLA+4+T cell, CD4+PD1+T cell, CD8+PD1+T cell, CD8+TIGIT+T cell, MDSCs and cytotoxicity. Following physical activity intervention, the number and percentage of CD8+PD1+T cell were significantly decreased (Z=-2.201; P=0.028; Z=-1.992; P=0.046), whereas, the CD8+TIGIT+T cell (Z=-1.992; P=0.046) and cytotoxicity (Z=-1.992; P=0.046) were significantly increased. Conclusion: This study found out that there were some significant changes in adaptive immune function. In other words, this study confirmed that the regular physical activity affected to the adaptive immune function of colorectal cancer survivors.

Brain development is a complex process, and stimuli during this devel-opment period may modulate the functional maturation of the brain. It has been shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Endurance exer-cise and prolonged fasting state are known to improve brain function including cognition. The exact mechanisms of exercise improving brain function are still unknown. However, it can be considered that energy restriction and stressful challenge induced by long-lasting physical ex-ercise might cause direct effect on brain function. Upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ketone body caused by exercise might be considered as the mechanism of exercise on brain function. In the present study, we discussed on two main topics: “exercise and BDNF” and “exercise and energy restriction.”