Earticle

This study was designed both to develop vocabulary memorizing tools and to examine their effects on Korean L2 learners’ vocabulary size. It was hypothesized that learners would memorize new words best with a computerized tool functioning in accordance with their individual preferences. In this study, 54 high school students participated. Self-regulated learners and other-regulated learners were provided with two types of vocabulary memorizing tools to expand their vocabulary size: one that allowed them to find target words (self-guided tool) and one that required finding words in a preplanned order (other-guided tool), respectively. Contrary to our hypothesis, which predicted better results for the matching tools, learners with the opposite tools (self-regulated learners with otherguided tool and other-regulated learners with self-guided tool) performed significantly better. Furthermore, they performed significantly better in memorization of all the content words than the matching group except for adverbs. However, the self-guided tool was found very effective for both styles of learners. Based on the results, since the level of engagement played an important role in memorizing words, we suggest teachers consider their students’ learning preferences and the level of engagement when devising classroom activities.

본 연구는 외환위기후 한국기업의 성과를 내외부 측면에서 검토하고 특히 성과지표의 패턴과 빠른 성과회복에 영향을 미친 중점 요인들을 식별하고자 하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 ODI는 본국내 침체된 매출을 보상하기 위해 해외시장개척의 주요수단인 것으로 나타났으나 중소기업의 역외투자는 외환위기가 촉발한 현지시장에서의 생산효율성을 획득하기 위한 동기가 주요하였던 것으로 조사되었다. 성과회복에 영향을 미친 요인으로 지목된 R&D와 마케팅 지출의 경우 주가수익률 측면에서 한정된 중장기적 효과가 관측된 경우를 제외하고, 가치와 성과의 관점에서 측정했을 때 기업의 상대적 경쟁우위에 미친 영향은 미미했던 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제시한 분석의 틀은 기업의 외부적 위기 상황을 벗어나 성과를 회복하는 과정의 유효한 변수를 식별하는 효과적 도구로서 유용할 것이다

This study examined the endogenous and exogenous dimensions of the post-crisis performance of South Korean firms and attempts to identify patterns and determinants significantly helped the rapid recovery. This study was motivated by the fact that firm level recoveries external and internal aspects were comparatively faster than other Asian countries similarly affected by the 1997~1998 economic crisis. In particular South Korean outward direct investment (ODI) remained at approximately the same level as it had been at before the crisis. In addition, overall internal performance of South Korean firms recovered sooner than expectations. This study therefore asks the research questions related to the rapid recovery and performance of South Korean firms. Firstly, questions related to exogenous aspects includes; what were the reasons behind the continued outward flows of Korean FDI after the crisis? What were the motivations of outward FDI at the period of time? Are these motivations differentiated by the size of firms? Secondly, questions related to endogenous aspects include particular issues if marketing expenditure or R&D investment changed during the crisis, and if marketing expenditure or R&D investment is responsible for the growing firm value after the crisis. Theses questions are based on the following arguments. One may suggest that a firm might be benefited by increasing financial stability as it avoids investments at the time of crisis in order to reduce further risks. Controversy, the other may claim that aggressive investment might result in differentiation when other firms or competitors hesitate the expansion of their capacity and this will create unique competitiveness. This study employs two different methodologies for the examination of both ODI strategies and firm level performance. Firstly, in order to test the hypothesis regarding differential ODI strategies by South Korean firms in the wake of the crisis, we undertook the difficult task of examining FDI flows at the firm level. UNCTAD’s data on FDI is obtained through the manipulation of IMF balance-of-payments statistics. The OECD uses data taken from national central banks. These measures, however, provide only national-level data and are difficult to use for inference about national economic sectors or specific firms. Instead of looking at export figures, we compare actual business dealings in the period before the crisis and the period following the crisis. This firm-level data provides the type of information necessary for discerning the differing reactions of various types of firms in the face of crisis. Using the SDC Platinum databases of joint ventures and mergers and acquisitions, we look at foreign investment behavior in the period 1991~1996 and in the period 1998-2003. The year 1997 is excluded, since it is the year of the outbreak of the crisis and therefore is likely to be a period of transition for South Korean firms from one ODI strategy to another. To get a sense of the differences in behavior, we compare the ODI strategies of the 5 largest chaebols; Daewoo, Hyundai, LG, Samsung and SK, with other firm behavior recorded in the database. Secondly, firm level performance is examined to assess endogenous dimension by utilizing data including KOSDAQ listed firms with 3 years time span between 1998 and 2000. At this time of the crisis, firms were unable to fully recover from the impact of the crisis. A part of variables are derived from the financial statements and samples are limited to 99 manufacturing firms listed during the period of the crisis. As the exogenous aspect of corporate performance, this article, firstly, posits a specific explanation, which is contingent on the size of the firm involved in ODI. The findings of this study implies that outward foreign direct investment was found out to be a way of opening markets to compensate for declining sales at home, whereas small and medium-sized firms used foreign investment to take advantage of production efficiencies made available by the crisis. This study, secondly, distinguishes R&D and marketing expenditures as responsible determinants that generated a comparative advantage allowing firms to accumulate potential capabilities and to improve performance during the economic crisis. Using OLS regression analysis, the results suggest neither R&D nor marketing expenditures are identified as significant determinants affecting the firms’comparative advantage measured by value and performance except for a specific period. Nevertheless, the analytical framework suggested in this study may provide effective facilities for finding potential variables explaining expedited recovery of South Korean firms from the crisis.

Developing an agile recommender system for nomadic users has been regarded as a promising application in mobile and ubiquitous settings. To increase the quality of personalized recommendation in terms of accuracy and elapsed time, estimating future context of the user in a correct way is highly crucial. Traditionally, time series analysis and Makovian process have been adopted for such forecasting. However, these methods are not adequate in predicting context data, only because most of context data are represented as nominal scale. To resolve these limitations, the alignment-prediction algorithm has been suggested for context pre-diction, especially for future context from the low-level context. Recently, an ontological approach has been proposed for guided context prediction without context history. However, due to variety of context information, acquiring sufficient context prediction knowledge a priori is not easy in most of service domains. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to propose a novel context prediction methodology, which does not require a priori knowledge, and to increase accuracy and decrease elapsed time for service response. To do so, we have newly developed pattern-based context prediction approach. First of all, a set of individual rules is derived from each context attribute using context history. Then a pattern consisted of results from reasoning individual rules, is developed for pattern learning. If at least one context property matches, say R, then regard the pattern as right. If the pattern is new, add right pattern, set the value of mismatched properties = 0, freq = 1 and w(R,1). Otherwise, increase the frequency of the matched right pattern by 1 and then set w(R,freq). After finishing training, if the frequency is greater than a threshold value, then save the right pattern in knowledge base. On the other hand, if at least one context property matches, say W, then regard the pattern as wrong. If the pattern is new, modify the result into wrong answer, add right pattern, and set frequency to 1 and w(W,1). Or, increase the matched wrong pattern’s frequency by 1 and then set w(W,freq). After finishing training, if the frequency value is greater than a threshold level, then save the wrong pattern on the knowledge basis. Then, context prediction is performed with combinatorial rules as follows: first, identify current context. Second, find matched patterns from right patterns. If there is no pattern matched, then find a matching pattern from wrong patterns. If a matching pattern is not found, then choose one context property whose predictability is higher than that of any other properties. To show the feasibility of the methodology proposed in this paper, we collected actual context history from the travelers who had visited the largest amusement park in Korea. As a result, 400 context records were collected in 2009. Then we randomly selected 70% of the records as training data. The rest were selected as testing data.To examine the performance of the methodology, prediction accuracy and elapsed time were chosen as measures. We compared the performance with case-based reasoning and voting methods. Through a simulation test, we conclude that our methodology is clearly better than CBR and voting methods in terms of accuracy and elapsed time. This shows that the methodology is relatively valid and scalable. As a second round of the experiment, we compared a full model to a partial model. A full model indicates that right and wrong patterns are used for reasoning the future context. On the other hand, a partial model means that the reasoning is performed only with right patterns, which is generally adopted in the legacy alignment-prediction method. It turned out that a full model is better than a partial model in terms of the accuracy while partial model is better when considering elapsed time. As a last experiment, we took into our consideration potential privacy problems that might arise among the users. To mediate such concern, we excluded such context properties as date of tour and user profiles such as gender and age. The outcome shows that preserving privacy is endurable. Contributions of this paper are as follows: First, academically, we have improved sequential matching meth-ods to predict accuracy and service time by considering individual rules of each context property and learning from wrong patterns. Second, the proposed method is found to be quite effective for privacy preserving applications, which are frequently required by B2C context-aware services; the privacy preserving system applying the proposed method successfully can also decrease elapsed time. Hence, the method is very practical in establishing privacy preserving context-aware services. Our future research issues taking into account some limitations in this paper can be summarized as follows. First, user acceptance or usability will be tested with actual users in order to prove the value of the prototype system. Second, we will apply the proposed method to more general application domains as this paper focused on tourism in amusement park.

The purpose of the study is to obtain preliminary data for training program development and coaching techniques, for the improvement of squash player’s match performance, through detecting changes in various game aspects by the squash players after the point-a-rally scoring system (PARS) was introduced by the World Squash Federation in 2008. The video materials of 38 squash tournament matches from squash players participated in The 93rd Daegu National Sports Festival Squash Match in 2012 were collected. And through the game journal the game variables were quantified. In order to analyze the total attempt rates of game skills and techniques, the scoring factors, the scoring areas of the court, the game duration, the rallying frequency and the differences in the scoring rates in section 3 of the court, the SPSS/PC Window V18.0 statistics software was executed on the collected data. First, there was a significant statistical difference in the total attempt rates of game skill and technique for both adult players and high school players. Total technique attempt rates show in the following order of drive shot, volley shot, service shot, drop shot, boast shot, and lob shot. Second, there was a significant statistical difference in total scoring factors for both adult players and high school players. Among total scoring factors are success factor, failure factor and referee factor. Third, there was a significant statistical difference in total scoring areas of the court for both adult players and high school players. For total scoring areas of the court, area C was marked highest followed by area D, area A, area F, area E, area B and area G. Fourth, there was a significant statistical difference in the duration of the game and rallying frequency of rallying for both adult players and high school players. adult males marked highest followed by high school males, adult females and high school females in the game duration and rallying frequency. Fifth, among total scoring factors, there was a significant statistical difference in scoring rates inside section 3 of the court for both adult players and high school players.

기술혁신연구는 주로 제조업을 중심으로 이루어져 왔으나, 1990년대 이후 서비스 산업에서 기술혁신을 통해 새로운 시장이 창출되는 과정과 R&D 투자 행태, 서비스 기업의 신기술 도입과 활용, 그리고 서비스 산업의 혁신이 제조업과 다른 차이점들에 대한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서비스 산업의 기술혁신에 대한 연구가 주로 서비스 업종별 횡단적 분석 중심으로 진행되었고 산업 발전에 따라 서비스의 유형이 어떻게 변화되는 지에 관한 종단적 분석은 시도되지 않았던 것을 보완하여 한국 이동통신 서비스 산업의 시장규모 성장에 따른 이동통신사업자의 기술개발활동의 발전과정을 사례로 기술혁신패턴 변화를 분석하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 서비스사업자의 기술혁신을 서비스제품혁신과 서비스공정혁신으로 구분하고, 신규 서비스 출시를 기술기반서비스와 시장기반서비스로 구분하여 혁신패턴을 분석하였는데, 여기에는 특허데이터와 서비스 출시 데이터가 사용되었다. 특허데이터는 한국특허정보원의 데이터베이스를 사용하였고 서비스 출시 데이터는 각 사업자가 발표한 자료를 토대로 정리하였다. 연구 결과, 이동통신 서비스 사업자의 기술혁신과정에서 기술공급자인 단말기 업체의 기술발전과 정부의 통신사업자 추가 도입, 단말기보조금 지급, 번호이동성 보장에 대한 규제에 따라 기술혁신과 서비스 출시가 변화함을 볼 수 있었다. 특히 선두기업은 기술혁신과 신규 서비스 출시에 있어서 우위를 유지하고 있는데 이는 경영성과가 좋은 기업이 기술혁신에 자원을 투입하고 그 결과로 활발한 기술혁신이 일어나기 때문으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 이동통신 서비스 기업의 혁신과정에 대해 특허자료를 통해 실증적 분석을 했다는 것과 정부규제가 완화되고 경쟁이 증가하는 정보통신 산업에서 기업의 향후기술전략에 대한 시사점을 제공했다는 데에 의의가 있다. 본 연구는 한국 이동통신 서비스 산업만을 대상으로 기술혁신패턴을 분석한 것이므로, 향후 금융, 소매업, 교통 서비스 등 타 서비스 산업에 대한 기술혁신패턴 연구로 확장하여 일반화 가능성을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

The role of innovation as a driving force for corporate growth is very important, not only in manufacturing sectors, but in service sectors. But the patterns of innovation in services are different from those in manufacturing. This study analyzes the dynamics of technological innovation along industry evolution in the mobile phone service sector of Korea.　 Since the first commercialization in 1984, Korean mobile phone services have grown very rapidly to a huge market with 42 million subscribers in 2008 and mobile phone penetration rate has exceeded 94%. During the last two decades, several patterns of innovation have appeared in mobile phone services in Korea. This study views innovation activities of service operators in linking with those of handset makers and roles of the government policy, and classifies innovations into two types - service product innovation and service process innovation by analyzing Korean patent data and events of new service development. The patent data were collected from Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service and event of new service development from each company and from published materials. The results of the study are as follows. First, service process innovations come first and service product innovations follow; that is the reverse direction with innovation patterns of typical manufacturing sectors Second, the innovation patterns in the mobile phone service sector vary along with government regulations and technological progress of handset makers. Third, the leading company was able to maintain its technological capability by combining technological innovation and new service development. This means better performing firms are more likely to innovate and to devote more of their resources to technological innovation. This study shows an empirical evidence on the service innovation patterns by analyzing the mobile phone service sector in Korea. The result of this study can not be necessarily generalized into other services. The more studies on innovation patterns in other service sectors such as banking, retailing, and transportation will be needed to develop the more comprehensive theory of service innovation.

문장의미 표상은 여러 수준에서 형성되며, 노화에 따라 특히 어휘의 개념과 명제적 아이디어를 표상하는 텍스트기저(textbase) 형성 능력 수준이 감퇴하면서 문장이해와 기억능력이 저하되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 이러한 어려움을 보완하기 위해 문장의 주요 구문 경계 지점과 문장 말미에서의 개념통합에 인지자원을 더 할당하는 노력(‘마무리’ 전략)은 노인의 문장이해와 기억 수행에 정적인 영향을 미치는 읽기 전략으로 제안되어 왔다. 이에 본 연구는 한국어 문장처리과정에서 청년과 노인의 단어 및 텍스트기저 수준에서의 표상처리를 위한 실시간 인지자원 할당 양상을 비교하고, 문장이해와 기억 수행 능력을 평가하여 문장처리능력에서 노화의 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 청년(n=60)과 노인(n=61) 참가자는 문장이해와 회상을 위한 두 읽기조건에 따라, 목표문장 총 48개를 창문-이동형 자기조절읽기(moving- window self-paced reading)의 방식으로 읽고 이해 및 회상과제를 수행하였다. 참가자들의 어절별 읽기 시간을 측정하고 단어(철자 해독 및 어휘 접속)와 텍스트기저(개념 처리 및 문장 주요 구문지점과 종결지점에서의 개념통합) 표상 수준에 따른 인지자원 할당 양상을 살펴보았다. 문장 이해도는 목표문장의 내용 질문에 대한 정확 반응률로 측정하고, 문장 회상률은 목표문장의 총 명제 중 정확히 회상한 명제의 비율로 측정하였다. 결과는 첫째, 단어 수준 처리에서 노인은 청년에 비해 단어 수준에서의 인지자원 할당이 크게 나타났고 텍스트기저 수준에서는 청년과 노인 공통으로 이해보다 회상조건에서 문장 내 개념통합을 위한 인지자원 할당이 더 컸다. 하지만 청년은 회상조건의 문장 말미에서 인지자원 할당이 크게 나타난 반면, 노인은 청년에 비해 훨씬 적었으며 두 읽기 조건 간 인지자원 할당의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 둘째, 노인은 청년보다 문장 이해도와 명제 회상률이 낮았는데 그중 회상 수행이 더욱 저조하였다. 셋째, 문장 내 개념통합을 위한 인지자원 할당과 노인의 문장이해 수행 간에 정적 상관이 있었으며, 청년과 노인 모두 문장 내 그리고 문장 말미에서의 개념통합을 위한 인지자원 할당과 문장회상 수행 간 정적 상관이 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 청년과 노인의 문장처리에서 의미표상을 위한 인지자원 할당 양상에 차이가 있으며, 텍스트기저 표상 처리와 관련하여 개념통합을 위한 마무리 전략이 노인의 문장이해와 회상 수행을 향상 시키는 데 유용한 전략이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The understanding and meaning of text arise from the construction of multiple levels of representation. It is well-documented in particular that the processes at the level of textbase, the propositional representation of the semantic content of the text, undergo age-related declines. To alleviate this difficulty in older adults, it has been suggested that greater effort be allocated to textbase processes, such as conceptual integration at major syntactic (major noun phrases, clauses) and sentence boundaries (known as “wrap-up”), as a compensatory reading strategy. The present study examines age-related differences in the patterns of attention allocation during Korean sentence processing as well as in sentence comprehension and recall performance. Sixty younger and sixty-one older adults read two-sentence passages covering various topics for subsequent comprehension and recall. Clause-by-clause reading times were measured, and the reading times were decomposed from index attentional allocation to word- and textbase-level processes using regression analysis. The results were as follows: First, older adults showed greater allocation of attention to the word-level processes for orthographic decoding and lexical access than did younger adults; in the textbase-level processes, both age groups were more likely to wrap up at an intrasentence boundary when reading for recall than for comprehension. However, older adults showed reduced wrap-up at the sentence boundary than younger adults did; additionally, unlike younger adults, who disproportionately increased the resources they allocated to sentence wrap-up when reading for recall than for comprehension, older adults did not show any such difference between reading conditions. Second, older adults demonstrated lower levels of comprehension and recall, especially recall performance, than younger adults. Third, resources allocated to the intrasentence boundary wrap-up were positively associated with sentence comprehension in older adults, and resources allocated to wrap-up at the intrasentence and sentence boundary were positively associated with sentence recall in both younger and older adults. These results suggest that older and younger adults exhibit different patterns of resource allocation during sentence processing, and that pausing frequently within sentences for conceptual integration plays a beneficial role in sentence comprehension and recall for older adults.

IT를 이용한 시뮬레이션 및 가상현실 기술이 발전하면서 시뮬레이션 결과를 사용자에게 효과적으로 전달하기 위한 애니메이션 기술에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 애니메이션에 대한 재생품질, 재생속도, 입출력 속도, 저장공간 축소 등 애니메이션 성능을 개선하기 위한 다양한 노력이 있었다. 그러나 기존 연구는 대부분 애니메이션 영상에 대한 프레임별 이미지 압축에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 애니메이션의 저장용량 및 재생 속도를 획기적으로 개선하기 위해서는 애니메이션 자료를 벡터화 하고 시간적 공간적 중복성을 제거해야 한다. 본 연구는 애니메이션 자료에 대한 계층화, 벡터화를 통해 애니메이션 자료구조를 근본적으로 개선하였으며, 열차 이동경로 기반한 애니메이션 자료의 패턴화를 통해 애니메이션 자료의 시간적 공간적 중복성을 제거하여 저장공간을 현저히 축소하였고 입출력 속도 및 재생속도를 획기적으로 개선하 였다. 실험결과 애니메이션 벡터화 이후 추가적인 패턴화를 통해 저장공간이 80%이상 축소되었으며 입출력 속도가 약 4 배 향상되었다. 이러한 패턴화 기술은 객체의 이동경로가 존재하는 다양한 시뮬레이션 시스템의 애니메이션 자료 저장 방식으로 활용될 수 있으며, 아주 작은 애니메이션 자료 전송량으로 인해 사용자 맞춤형 애니메이션을 제공하기 적합한 기술로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

As information technology used for simulation and virtual reality developed, there is a growing interest in animation technologies which will effectively deliver simulation results to users. Various efforts have been made to improve animation performance, like playback quality and speed, input-output speed and storage space reduction. However, earlier studies generally focused on image compression frame by frame. To significantly improve storage space and playback speed, animation data should be vectorized. Also, spatial and temporal duplication have to be removed. In this study, animation data structure was improved fundamentally through establishment of hierarchy and vectorization. Also Spatial and temporal duplication of animation data was removed through vectorization based on train route. As a result, storage space was reduced, input-output speed and playback speed were considerably improved. According to the test, additional Patternization which followed vectorization brought reduction of over 80% in storage space and input-output speed was quadrupled. Patternization technology can be used as a proper storage method of animation data, and can provide user-specific animation by small data transmission.

본 연구는 중증 신체장애인의 재난대응 사회적 취약성 유형을 분석하고, 유형별 재난 대응수행 과의 관계를 확인하는데 목적을 두었다. 이에 본 연구는 한국장애인개발원의 장애인삶 패널조사 4차(2021년) 자료를 활용하였으며, 중증 신체장애인의 재난대응 사회적 취약성 유형을 파악하기 위해 잠재계층분석(Latent Class Analysis)을, 유형별 재난대응 사회적 취약성이 재난대응수행에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 다중회귀분석(Multiple Regression Analysis)을 수행하였다. 잠재 계층분석 결과, ‘사회경제적 지위 및 주거⋅사회관계망 안정형’, ‘사회경제적 지위 및 사회관계망 취약형’, ‘사회경제적 지위 및 주거⋅사회관계망 취약형’의 3개 집단이 도출되었다. 다음으로 다 중회귀 분석결과, 가장 안정적인 집단인 ‘사회경제적 지위 및 주거⋅사회관계망 안정형’을 기준으 로 했을 때 ‘사회경제적 지위 및 사회관계망 취약형’과 ‘사회경제적 지위 및 주거⋅사회관계망 취 약형’이 재난대응수행에 유의미한 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 재난대응 사회 적 취약성 하위 요소는 재난대응 사회적 취약성을 구성하는 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 복합적인 재난대응 사회적 취약성 하위 요소가 결합된 집단일수록 재난대응수행 수준이 낮 게 나타났으며, 이는 복합적인 재난대응 사회적 취약성이 개인의 재난대응수행에 제약 요인으로 작용함을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study aims to identify the types of Disaster Response social vulnerability among People with severe physical disabilities and examine how these vulnerability patterns are associated with disaster response performance. For this purpose, data from the fourth waves of the Disability and Life Dynamics Panel were utilized. A Latent Class Analysis was conducted to classify the patterns of Disaster Response so- cial vulnerability, and a Multiple Regression Analysis was employed to analyze the effects of each vulnerability type on disaster response performance. The LCA identi- fied three distinct groups: ‘stability of socioeconomic status, housing and social net- works’, ‘weakness of socioeconomic status and social networks’ and ‘weakness of socioeconomic status, housing, and social networks’. The regression analysis re- vealed that, compared to the most stable group, the two vulnerability groups had significantly lower levels of disaster response performance. These results confirm that the subcomponents of Disaster Response social vulnerability are critical ele- ments that constitute overall Disaster Response social vulnerability. Furthermore, groups characterized by a combination of multiple vulnerability factors exhibited lower levels of disaster response performance, indicating that compounded social vulnerabilities serve as significant constraints on individuals’ ability to respond ef- fectively to disasters.

본 연구는 한우 암소 비육시 배합사료 급여형태가 발육, 혈액성상 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 처리구는 배합사료 제한급여 8개월(T1), 제한급여 6개월 후 자유채식 2개월(T2) 및 제한 4개월 후 자유 4개월급여(T3)로 3처리 9반복으로 완전임의배치 하였다. 배합사료 급여형태별 발육은 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나, 일당증체량은 T2 처리구(0.75kg/d)가 다른 처리구(T1: 0.62kg/d, T3: 0.72kg/d)에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 건물섭취량은 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 T1 처리구의 볏짚 섭취량이 다른 처리구 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 사료요구량은 T1: 17.8, T2: 12.8 및 T3: 14.1 kg으로 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 인정되었다(p<0.05). 혈청 내 albumin, triglyceride, glucose 및 GPT의 농도는 비육개시 6개월에서 8개월에 T3 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 육량특성에서 도체중, 등지방두께 및 등심단면적은 처리구간 유사한 결과를 보였는데 육량지수는 T2 처리구가 T1 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 육량 A등급 출현율은 T2 처리구가 78%로 모든 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 육질특성 중 근내지방도, 육색, 지방색, 조직감 및 성숙도는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 하지만, 근내지방도와 육질 1등급 이상출현율은 T3 처리구(4.0, 56%)가 다른 처리구(T1: 3.4, 56%; T2: 3.6, 33%)에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구는 한우 암소 비육시 배합사료의 급여는 비육초기 4개월은 제한급여(체중의 1.6%) 하고 비육후기 4개월에 자유채식하는 것이 적절한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding patterns of concentrates on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo cows. Randomly-allocated groups, restricted concentrate feeding(T1), restricted concentrate feeding for 6 months and ad libitum 2 months(T2), restricted concentrate feeding for 4 months and ad libitum 4 months(T3), were contained with 9 animals. According to feeding patterns of concentrate, growth performance was not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, ADG tended to be higher in T2 group(0.75kg/d) compared to the other groups (T1: 0.62 kg/d, T3: 0.72kg/d). DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, interestingly, rice straw intake was significantly higher in T1 group compared with others(p<0.05). There were significant difference among feed conversion ratio, which are 17.8, 12.8, and 14.1 kg for T1, T2, and T3(p<0.05), respectively. The serum level of albumin, triglyceride, glucose and GPT were greater in T3 group compared to other groups at fattening 6 to 8 months(p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, back fat thickness and rib eye area were not differ among treatment groups, but yield index was significantly greater in T2 group compared to T1 group(p<0.05). The ‘A’ appearance rate(%) of meat yield grade was highest in T2 group for 78%. The marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not differ among the treatment groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate(%) of over 1st meat quality grade were tend to be increased at T3 rather (4.0, 56%) group compared with other groups(T1: 3.4, 56%; T2: 3.6, 33%). Thus, the present study suggested that restricted concentrate feeding(1.6% of BW) for 4 months during early fattening periods and ad libitum feeding for 4 months during late fattening periods are recommendable.

이 연구는 학년이 상승하면서 초등학생들의 자연수 계산 오류가 어떤 양상을 띠며 변해 가는지를 알아보고, 이를 통해 효율적인 계산 지도를 위한 시사점을 도출하고자 시도되었다. 이를 위해 수도권의 한 초등학교 3, 4, 5, 6학년 580명을 대상으로, 동일한 뺄셈, 곱셈, 나눗셈 검사지를 풀게 하였으며, 미리 설정한 오류유형틀에 입각하여 학생의 오답 반응을 분석하였다. 학생들의 반응을 분석한 결과, 세 계산 영역에서 학년 상승에 따른 계산 수행능력의 향상이 통계적으로 유의미한 수치로 나타났으며, 계산 절차를 처음 배우는 시점에서 차년도까지의 향상 폭이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 초등학생들의 계산 오류는 일회 혹은 이회 정도 반복되지만 삼회이상은 잘 반복되지 않는, 체계성이나 고착성이 비교적 낮은 것으로 드러났다. 마지막으로, 이러한 내용을 바탕으로 계산 지도의 효율성을 높이기 위한 지도 전략을 제안하였다.

This study is designed to see the characteristics of elementary students’arithmetic error patterns and error rates by going up grades and to draw some implications for effective instruction. For this, 580 elementary students of grade 3-6 are tested with the same subtraction, multiplication and division problems. Their errors are analyzed by the frame of arithmetic error types this study sets. As a result of analysis, it turns out that the children's performance in arithmetic get well as their grades go up and the first learning year of any kind of arithmetic procedures has the largest improvement in arithmetic performance. It is concluded that some arithmetic errors need teachers' caution, but we fortunately find that children's errors are not so seriously systematic and sticky that they can be easily corrected by proper intervention. Finally, several instructional strategies for arithmetic procedures are suggested.

In this paper, three patterns of R, two Gs, and B are presented and analyzed. The conventional Bayer CFA pattern has two Gs in diagonal location, and an R and a B are located in the rest part of CFA pair. In other words, red, green, and blue pixels are located as RGBG in clockwise. There are two alternatives of RGBG, which are RBGG and RGGB in clockwise. Four performance metrics (MSE, PSNR, S-CIELAB, and FSIM) are used to assess the superiority of three patterns. The experimental results show that RGBG in clockwise gives the best objective performance and reconstruct images were visually satisfied.

지문융선과 대상격자를 오버랩(overlap)하여 발생되는 무아레(moire) 간섭무늬 정보 획득방법 및지문인식을 위한 정보처리 과정에 적용할 수 있도록 새로운 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 또한 지문에서 무아레 간섭무늬를 얻기 위한 최적의 대상격자를 제작하였고, 컬러필터링 방법으로 추출한 간섭무늬를 저장하여 특이점 추출과 병행시켜 지문을 인식하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다.

This study suggests a method to acquire moire interference fringes, which is produced when the ridge and subject grating are overlapped in the information processing for finger scans. A new algorithm can be utilized for finger-scans in order for the interference fringe to be acquired by the suggested method. The optimum subject grating was created to get moire interference fringe from finger prints and the method of color filtering was identified to produce the interference fringe. Stored interference fringe was extracted. Therefore, the singularity extraction in conjunction with the finger-scanning algorithm was developed.

본 논문은 기업의 인사관리와 사업전략 간의 결합패턴에 따른 성과에 대해 분석하였다. 사업전략은 Miles & Snow의 혁신자, 방어자, 분석자 전략으로 구분하였으며, 각 전략 하에서 인사관리가 성과에 미치는 효과를 분석하였 다. 자료는 한국노동연구원(KLI)이 2015년까지 진행한 사업체패널조사에 모두 응답한 업체들 중 사업전략에 대해 응 답한 465개 기업의 자료를 사용하였다. 분석은 구조방정식모형을 활용하였다. 먼저 전체 표본을 대상으로 몰입형 인 사관리와 성과에 대한 관계를 분석하였으며, 다음으로 사업전략 유형에 따라 나눈 개별 자료에서 인사관리가 성과에 미치는 모형을 분석하여 각 모형에서의 변수 간 관계와 모형적합도를 비교하였다. 먼저 전체 표본을 대상으로 한 분 석결과에서 몰입형 인사관리가 성과에 유의한 영향을 미쳤고, 모형적합도도 양호하였다. 다음으로 개별 전략 하에서 의 모형을 분석하였는데, 몰입형 인사관리는 혁신자 전략에서 성과에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 모형적합도도 양호하 였다. 그러나 방어자 및 분석자 전략과 몰입형 인사관리 간의 결합은 성과에 유의하지 않았고 모형적합도도 낮게 나타났다.

This paper examines the performance according to the combination pattern of HRM and business strategy. The business strategy was divided into Miles & Snow's prospector, defender, and analyzer. Data were collected from the Korea Labor Institute’s workplace panel survey from 2005 to 2015, and the analysis used 465 companies that are common respondents of the six wave surveys. To test the research model, structural equation modeling was employed. The results of the analysis showed that the combination of high commitment HRM and prospector had a positively significant effect on the performance. Contrariwise, the combination of high commitment HRM and defender, the combination of high commitment HRM and analyzer were not significant effect on performance.

Purpose：The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise applied PNF patterns on body composition and balance performance in people who have had a stroke. Methods：Forteen candidates who have all experienced a stroke were participating in a community based rehabilitation program, have been included in this study. The program was conducted three times weekly, 1 hour per session, for 10 consecutive weeks. Subjects were tested with body composition and 5 items of Berg’s balance test at pre-training and post-training. Total balance indexes in 3 conditions were measured by K.A.T. 3000. The aquatic exercise applied PNF patterns was consisted of PNF patterns and various aquatic activities. Results：After ten weekends of aquatic exercise training, there were not significant difference in body composition(p>.05) except of muscular weight of affected lower extremity(p<.05). But edema index increased more than pre-training (p<.05). Subjects showed significant difference in Berg’s balance test results except of 2 items of Berg’s balance test (p<.05). Total balance index score when subjects opened their eyes and didn’t hold the handle was decreased less than pre-training(p<.05). Conclusion：The results of this study showed that intervention of this aquatic exercise program applied PNF patterns could increase edema index and muscular weight of affected lower extremity and improve the balance performance in people who have had a stroke.

This study examined TOEIC-style practice test performance across three placement-based English course tracks at a Korean university. Drawing on Classical Test Theory (CTT)-style descriptive indices, the study analyzed Listening Comprehension (LC) and Reading Comprehension (RC) scaled scores, part-level performance profiles, and pooled part-level correct-rate estimates from 807 students enrolled in Basic (n = 516), Advanced (n = 173), and Core (intensive support track; n = 118) English courses. Three commercially published TOEIC-style practice forms were administered under institutional scheduling. Welch ANOVA revealed significant group differences for both LC and RC. Games-Howell post hoc comparisons showed that the Advanced group significantly outperformed both Basic and Core groups, while Basic and Core groups did not differ significantly. A supplementary ANCOVA confirmed that group differences remained significant after controlling for form-related difficulty variation. The LC?RC score gap remained large across all three groups and showed no clear narrowing pattern with higher placement. Part-level profiles indicated that LC parts showed somewhat higher accessibility than RC parts overall. The findings have implications for interpreting TOEIC-style practice test profiles, placement validity, and the use of section- and part-level profiles as supplementary diagnostic information in Korean university EFL contexts.

Purpose: Korean adolescents have severe nighttime sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness because of their competitive educational environment. However, daytime sleep patterns and sleepiness have never been studied using age-specific methods, such as the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS). We surveyed the daytime sleepiness of Korean adolescents using a Korean translation of the PDSS. Methods: We distributed the 27-item questionnaire, including the PDSS and questions related to sleep pattern, sleep satisfaction, and emotional state, to 3,370 students in grades 5-12. Results: The amount of nighttime sleep decreased significantly with increasing age. During weekday nights, $5-6^{th}$ graders slept for $7.95{\pm}1.05h$, $7-9^{th}$ graders for $7.57{\pm}1.05h$, and $10-12^{th}$ graders for $5.78{\pm}1.13h$. However, the total amounts of combined daytime and nighttime sleep during weekdays were somewhat greater, $8.15{\pm}1.12h$ for $5-6^{th}$ graders, $8.17{\pm}1.20h$ for $7-9^{th}$ graders, and $6.87{\pm}1.40h$ for $10-12^{th}$ graders. PDSS scores increased with age, $11.89{\pm}5.56$ for $5-6^{th}$ graders, $16.57{\pm}5.57$ for $7-9^{th}$ graders, and $17.71{\pm}5.24$ for $10-12^{th}$ graders. Higher PDSS scores were positively correlated with poor school performance and emotional instability. Conclusion: Korean teenagers sleep to an unusual extent during the day because of nighttime sleep deprivation. This negatively affects school performance and emotional stability. A Korean translation of the PDSS was effective in evaluating the severity of daytime sleepiness and assessing the emotional state and school performance of Korean teenagers.

Two experiments were conducted to compare the feed intake patterns and growth performance of Meishan and Yorkshire growing pigs. Experiment 1 was carried out over a 6-wk period and used 48 barrows with equal numbers of purebred Meishan (M) and Yorkshire (Y). Pigs were allocated to four groups of 12 pigs consisting of equal numbers of M and Y. Initial BW were $36.4{\pm}0.32kg$ and $42.1{\pm}1.41kg$ for M and Y, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out over a 5-week period and used 48 pigs consisting of equal numbers of both barrows and gilts and of crossbred Meishan$\times$Yorkshire (MY) and purebred Yorkshire (Y) animals. Pigs were allotted to 6 pens of 8 pigs, with 4 single- and 2 mixed-genotype groups (initial $BW=28.5{\pm}0.99kg$). In both experiments, pigs were given ad libitum access to a grower diet (17% crude protein, 0.9% lysine, 3365 kcal/kg ME) via feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). Pigs carried an ear-tag transponder with an unique identification which allowed the time, duration, and size of individual meals to be recorded. In Exp. 1, Y had higher ADG (721 vs 353 g, p<0.01), daily feed intake (DFI; 2.338 vs 1.363 kg, p<0.01), made more frequent visits to the feeder per day (NFV; 18.5 vs 7.7, p<0.01), had a shorter feeder occupation time per visit (FOV; 7.4 vs 12.9 min, p<0.01), and ate less feed per visit (FIV; 130 vs 177 g, p<0.01) than M pigs. Feed consumption rates (CR) were greater for Y compared to M (19.3 vs 14.8 g/min, p<0.01). Feeder occupation time per day (FOD) was longer for Y than M (114.3 vs 82.8 min/pig, p<0.01). Yorkshire pigs visited the feeder more frequently between 0800 and 1100 h. Meishan pigs showed more frequent feeder visits between 0600 and 0800 h, and between 1600 and 2100 h when feeding competition with Y was reduced. In Exp. 2, there was no effect of genotype or group composition on DFI, ADG or gain:feed ratio. Crossbred pigs (MY) made fewer feeder visits (12.6 vs 17.7, p<0.01), and had greater FIV (124 vs 98 g/visit, p<0.01), and longer FOV (8.11 vs 7.24 min/visit, p<0.01) and FOD (112 vs 100 min, p<0.05) than Y pigs. Results of this study suggest substantial genetic variation in feeding patterns as well as in growth performance.