Earticle

스피노자 표상개념에는 정리 13과 정리 16 사이에 명백한 모순이 존재한다. 정리 13에서처럼 인간정신을 구성하고 있는 관념의 대상이 인간신체만을 의미하는지, 아니면 정리 16의 진술처럼 인간신체뿐만 아니라 인간신체에 작용하는 외부물체까지 포함하는지에 대해 스피노자는 우리에게 상충되는 사실을 알려주고 있다. 이 문제에 관심 있는 대부분의 학자들은 스피노자가 관념이라는 용어를 이중적인 의미로 사용함으로써 표상론과 평행론 사이에서 심각하게 혼동했다고 불만을 토로한다. 그러나 델라 로카의 말처럼 우리는 스피노자가 자기모순을 범했다고 결론내리기 이전에 모든 가능한 시도를 해 보아야 한다. 스피노자를 자기모순으로부터 구하기 위한 델라 로카의 재치 있는 시도는 아깝게도 성공하지 못했다. 필자 역시 문제 해결을 위한 하나의 가능한 시도를 해보았다. 정리 13에서의 라틴어 ‘corpus’ 를 ‘인간신체(the body)’가 아닌 ‘물체(a body)’라고 번역함으로써 정리 16과의 모순을 해결하고자 하였다. 그러나 필자의 부정관사(a body) 번역 시도는 매력적이기는 하지만, 여러 진술들에서 스피노자는 이를 거부하고 있다. 그러나 문제 해결을 포기하기에는 아직 이르다고 생각한다. 필자는 스피노자를 자기모순으로부터 구하기 위해 또 다른 해결 방안을 모색해 볼 것이다. 이러한 작업을 통해 우리는 스피노자 표상개념의 문제점을 해결하는 데 한 걸음 더 가까이 갈 수 있을 것이다.

This study analyzed the rhetorical features of a speech in Chinese and classified its Korean translation methods of political discourse. The rhetorical devices from President Xi Jinping's speech at Seoul National University in 2014 were selected. As a linguistic tool that employs a particular type of words, phrases, sentences to persuade the audience, 'parallelism' was found the most common rhetorical device. Parallelism is the repetition of two or more elements of sentences with the same grammatical structure. In this study, parallelism of Xi's Chinese speech was categorized into three types: parallelism of four-character structure; parallelism of quotes such as poems and proverbs; parallelism sentences to emphasize the topic of paragraphs. In addition, this paper found four common methods for translating parallelism: first, adding Chinese characters to Korean translations; second, translating word-for-word; third, abridging repeated words and lines; fourth, expanding the implicitly meaning throughout interpreting messages of parallelism.

Contrary to the claims in McCarthy’s(2007) Optimality theory with candidate chains, this paper argues that the overapplication opacity can be explained with constraint combination without giving up parallelism or without arbitrary constraints like Prec. A complex constraint in the form of implicational constraint combination incorporates the basic principle of gradual change while maintaining the bistratal theory. This paper illustrates how an implicational combination of constraints can explain the overapplication opacity and shows the general directionality of implicational combinations. The analysis dispenses with radical changes introduced in the Optimality theory with candidate chains.

This study analyzed translation of cohesion and ensuing changes ininformativity by examining Japanese-Korean translations. Through categorizingtranslation of cohesion that appeared on the surface of texts into contraction oftext patterns, compression of text patterns and functional sentence perspective,this study made a qualitative examination of cases where ST belonging to eachcategory was translated into a different surface structure in TT. Based on this,it examined what changes had occurred in informativity of texts due tochanges in cohesion. The result has shown that a text with an informationstructure in ST, which drew the recipient's attention and interest becauseinformitivity was upgraded or downgraded through marked cohesion, wastranslated into a text with unmarked cohesion in TT, a plain text without anychange in informitivity. This study is meaningful in that it suggested, throughan analysis of illustrative materials, that translation of a surface structurebelonging to the microscopic level of a text in translation might affect eveninformativity, the flow of information and acceptance of meaning all of whichbelonged to an inner or macroscopic level of the text.

The auxiliary word of「tsutsu」is usually used as written language in modern Japanese. It however was used as a colloquial form as well as written language in ancient Japanese. The article has studied the meaning of the classical language of「tsutsu」, focusing on the examples from classical literatures and commentaries. The classical language of「tsutsu」functioned as an auxiliary verb rather than an auxiliary word, and expressed emotion and impression when it was used to close a sentence. As an auxiliary word, it represented continuation, repetition, and parallelism, and thus its usage was different from other general auxiliary words. In addition, the study has looked into the meaning of verbs that connects to「tsutsu」through『Manyousyu』,『GenjiMonogatari』,『HekeiMonogatari』,and『Tsuredzurekusa』. In『Manyousyu』and『GenjiMonogatari』, which are the literary works of the Nara and Heian Periods when「tsutsu」played a role as everyday language, there were a number of cases wherein「tsutsu」connected to verbs that express human thought and emotion. We can also find many cases in which it connected to verbs that do not directly affect objects. This tendency was not found in『HekeiMonogatari』and『Tsuredzurekusa』, which were the works of the Kamakura period when「tsutsu」began to be used as written language. Hence, we could recognize that there is a correlation between the meaning of verbs and the conjunction of 「tsutsu」.

現代日本語では文章語として使われている「つつ」は、奈良時代や平安時代には日常語として和歌と物語等で頻繁に用いられていた言葉である。本稿では古典日本語の「つつ」の意味を注釈書と古典作品の用例をもって考察してみた。古典語での「つつ」は接続助詞よりは助動詞に近い働きをしていたと考えられるが、和歌で多用された「つつ留め」も「つつ」のこのような側面が反映したものであるだろう。また、接続助詞の働きをしている場合も、<継続><反復><並列>等の意味を表わして、条件や並立等を表わす接続助詞の働きとは違いがあった。 なお、本稿では『万葉集』『源氏物語』『平家物語』『徒然草』を対象として「つつ」に上接する動詞を調べてみた結果、『万葉集』では異り語数100,述べ語数383である。[見る]系[恋ふ]系[思ふ]系の動詞に「つつ」がよく接続していて、人間の思考や感情、心理を表わす語に「つつ」がよく接続したことが確認された。『源氏物語』の中で「つつ」に接続した動詞の異り語数は352,述べ語数は713であり、『万葉集』で高い使用頻度であった[思ふ]系、[見る]系に「つつ」が接続した例が多かった。ただし、[言ふ]系の多用は『万葉集』とは異る点で、それ以外は韻文と散文といったジャンル的違いによる「つつ」の上接語の差異は見られなかった。すでに「つつ」の文語化が進んだ時期であったと思われる鎌倉時代の作品である『平家物語』と『徒然草』には「つつ」の使用も少なく、『万葉集』や『源氏物語』で見られるような語彙的意味特徴の傾向性も認められなかった。

This paper aims to illustrate and illuminate the relationship between language and its neighbor disciplines, in particular between language and literature, language and religion, and language and music. 1. Language and literature. Literature is an art of language. Therefore, linguistics, the science of language, should be able to explain how the grammar of literature elevates and ordinary language into a literary language. I illustrate poetic syntax with examples from Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. 2. Language and religion. I show how a linguistic analysis of a religious text can illuminate the background, authorship, chronology, etc., of a religious text with an example from the Book of Daniel. I also illustrate how a misanalysis of a poetic meter led to a mistranslation with an example from the Book of Psalms. 3. Language and music. First I trace an epochal event in the history of the Western music, i.e., the change of the musical style from the liturgical music of Latin in which the rhythm was created by the alternation of syllable duration into the liberated music of German in which the rhythm was generated by the alternation of lexical stress. I then illustrate a parallelism between linguistic and musical structures with several musical pieces including Gregorian chant, the 16th century music of Palestrina, the 17th century music of Schutz, the 18th century music of Mozart, and the 19th century Viennese music. Finally, the importance of text-tune (verse-melody) association is discussed with examples of mismatches in translated Korean hymns and contemporary Korean lyrical songs. In the concluding part, I speculate on some factors that are responsible for the same organizational devices in three different modes of human communication. An answer may be that all are under the same laws of mind that govern the way man perceives and organizes nature, i.e., the same cognitive abilities of man, in particular, the capacity to organize and impose structure on their respective inputs.

In this paper, we propose improved loop splitting method for maximizing parallelism of single loops with non-constant dependence distances. By using the iteration and distance for the source of the first dependence, and by our defined theorems, we present generalized and optimal algorithms for single loops with non-uniform dependences (MPSL). By the extension of the MPSL method, we also apply to exploit parallelism from nested loops with simple subscripts, based on cycle shrinking and loop interchanging method. The algorithms generalize how to transform general single loops with non-uniform dependences as well as nested loops with simple subscripts into parallel loops.

We review some loop partitioning techniques such as loop splitting method by thresholds and Polychronopoulos' loop splitting method for exploiting parallelism from single loop which already developed. We propose improved loop splitting method for maximizing parallelism of single loops with non-constant dependence distances. By using the iteration and distance for the source of the first dependence, and by our defined theorems, we present generalized and optimal algorithms for single loops with non-uniform dependences. The algorithms generalize how to transform general single loops with one dependence as well as with multiple dependences into parallel loops.

Relying on ‘press-party parallelism’ (Seymour-Ure, 1974) as a theoretical and analytical framework, this study examines the extent to which newspapers ideologically coincided with political parties during three South Korean political regimes (1993-1998, 1998-2003, and 2003-2008). In so doing, this study analyzes editorials by three Korean dailies with ideological diversity and different ownership regarding a long-time controversial issue, ‘openness of agriculture’ embedded in globalization since the1990s. Results reveal that the ideologically conservative newspaper, Donga Ilbo, was parallel to conservative political parties, which is opposite for the progressive newspaper, Hankyoreh. With the somewhat moderate newspaper, Hankook, being inbetween, the two contrasting newspapers, Donga Ilbo and Hankyoreh, confirmed ‘press-party parallelism’ across the political regimes, although Korean dailies have become excessively commercialized since the 1990s. The implications for press-party/state relations are discussed.

This paper introduces a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based framework to enhance Network Function Parallelism (NFP) in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). Leveraging Network Function Virtualization (NFV), the proposed framework optimizes service delay by solving a fairness-aware throughput maximization problem for service function chain placement. It aims to maximize the long-term cumulative reward while satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The framework also preserves resources for future requests by efficiently managing the initialized network functions distribution. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed framework across various metrics. Specifically, our framework improves the average delay and deployment rate by 1.2% and 2.4% compared to the existing best method.

This paper describes several loop partitioning techniques such as loop splitting method by thresholds and Polychronopoulos' loop splitting method for exploiting parallelism from single loop which already developed. We propose improved loop splitting method for maximizing parallelism of single loops with non-constant dependence distances. By using the distance for the source of the first dependence, and by our defined theorems, we present generalized and optimal algorithms for single loops with non-uniform dependences. The algorithms generalize how to transform general single loops into parallel loops.

This paper examines the long-standing issue of syntactic projection/ labeling in free relatives (FRs) of English. Pointing out some drawbacks on Chomsky’s (2013) recent labeling analysis of FRs, we suggest that labeling of FRs can be accounted for more effectively on a par with his (2013) analysis of coordinate structure. Specifically, both the morphologically simple elements that head FRs, such as what, where, when, and the morphologically complex -ever forms like whoever, serve the ambiguous role of relative head and relative operator. They thus determine the label of the resulting construction they build merging with the following FR-forming complementizer. In essence, this complementizer in FRs behaves like Conj, which as Chomsky suggests is ‘not available as a label,’ and therefore the moved element occupying its Spec position in FRs projects itself up to the resulting construction.

This paper accounts for English spirantization without using any intermediate stages between the input and output within the framework of harmonic parallelism. We have reviewed the previous analyses of English spirantization, especially a harmonic serialism analysis. We have found that, unlike an alternative multi-stratal model in particular, it provides a good tool of analysis in that it uses a single constraint hierarchy. However, it still needs to introduce intermediate steps or derivation-like steps. On the contrary, the harmonic parallelism approach provides a good account of phonological opacity shown in spirantization, which has been problematic for classic OT, by using the notion of ‘trace’. It is more advantageous in economy than the harmonic serialism approach in that it does not accept the notion of derivation-like serial application, maintaining the fundamental stance of classic OT by using the notion of ‘trace’. In doing so, we have revised the previous constraints and presented a more generalized constraint *[+lax, -high -mid]wd instead of a very specific *[ɛ]wd. The overall constraint ranking is *[t/d+v˘ /v˘ NLF], Id-IO(pl) ≫ Id-IO(cont), *[z+ɪv/ɪvCI] ≫ Id-IO(voice), *[+lax, -high -mid]wd ≫ Max-IO.

This paper describes a three-probe system that can be used to measure the parallelism and straightness of a pair of rails simultaneously. The parallelism is measured using a modified reversal method, while the straightness is measured using a sequential two-point method. The measurement algorithms were analyzed numerically using a pair of functionally defined rails to validate the three-probe system. Tests were also performed on a pair of straightedge rails with a length of 250 mm and a maximum straightness deviation of $0.05{\mu}m$, as certified by the supplier. The experimental results demonstrated that the parallelism-measurement algorithm had a cancellation effect on the probe stage motion error. They also confirmed that the proposed system could measure the slope of a pair of rails about $0.06{\mu}rad$. Therefore, by combining this technique with a sequential differential method to measure the straightness of the rails simultaneously, the surface profiles could be determined accurately and eliminate the stage error. The measured straightness deviation of each straight edge was less than $0.05{\mu}m$, consistent with the certified value.

본 논문에서는 순차 언어로 작성된 프로그램을 '병렬화'와 지역성 향상'을 목적으로 변형시키는 최적화 기법에 대해서 논의한다. 의존성과 지역성을 고려하여 순차 프로그램의 루프 구조를 분석하고, 루프 분산과 루프 병합 기법을 적용하여 프로그램을 변형시킨다. 이 변형된 프로그램은 쉽게 '굵은 단위'의 병렬성과 지역성이 향상된 형태의 쓰레드 프로그램으로 표현될 수 있다. 따라서 이 변형 기법은 최적화/자동병렬화 컴파일러 구현에 유용하게 응용될 수 있다. 4개의 SPARC 프로세서를 장착한 Solaris 시스템에서 이 기법을 SPEC95 프로그램에 적용하여 시험한 결과 순차프로그램과는 20∼62%, 기존의 SUIF 병렬화 컴파일러와는 3∼12% 정도의 수행시간이 개선되는 효과를 얻게 되었다.

In this paper, we study on the transformation technique of sequential programs for the purpose of 'exploiting parallelism' and 'improving locality'. Based on the analysis of loop procedures of sequential programs with the factor of dependency and locality, two transformation techniques of loop distribution and loop fusion are applied to them. Transformed programs can be easily expressed as a parallel program wit thread notation, having coarse-grain parallelism and improved locality. This means that those transformations can be useful tools for optimizing and automatic-parallelizing compiler construction. Application of those techniques to SPEC95 on a solaris machine with four SPARC processors show an improvement of execution time.

본 연구는 무용학과에 재학 중인 여학생과 졸업한 여성무용수들을 연구대상으로 결혼과 출산의도 일과 가정갈등, 무용지속의도에서 그룹 간 차이와 상관관계를 파악하고자 하였다. 두 집단은 가지지향형 결혼관, 일과 가정 갈등, 출산의도에서 유의미한 차이를 보였고, 전체 집단에서는 여러 요인 간에 상관관계가 나타났으나 가족건강성만이 유일하게 무용지속의도에 영향을 끼쳤다. 이러한 연구결과에 근거하여 여성무용인들을 위한 육아지원 정책과 서비스 개발에 기초자료를 제공하였다.

This purpose of this study was to examine the differences and correlations of marriage and childbirth intentions, work-family conflict, and continuing dance intentions for female dance students and graduated female dancers. The two groups showed significant differences in self-directed view of marriage, work-family conflict, and childbirth intentions. In the whole, there was a correlation among, several factors, and only family health had a significant effect on intention to continue dance.

Many previous studies have taken the view that conditional clauses and cause-reason clauses differ only in whether their propositions are hypothetical or factual, and that they share other characteristics in common. This paper shows that there are differences between the two clauses in terms of clause size, rewriting into two sentences, etc. This difference is not automatically derived from the hypothetical/factual difference between the two clauses, which indicates that the conditional clause and the cause-reason clause are not completely parallel.