Earticle

스피노자 표상개념에는 정리 13과 정리 16 사이에 명백한 모순이 존재한다. 정리 13에서처럼 인간정신을 구성하고 있는 관념의 대상이 인간신체만을 의미하는지, 아니면 정리 16의 진술처럼 인간신체뿐만 아니라 인간신체에 작용하는 외부물체까지 포함하는지에 대해 스피노자는 우리에게 상충되는 사실을 알려주고 있다. 이 문제에 관심 있는 대부분의 학자들은 스피노자가 관념이라는 용어를 이중적인 의미로 사용함으로써 표상론과 평행론 사이에서 심각하게 혼동했다고 불만을 토로한다. 그러나 델라 로카의 말처럼 우리는 스피노자가 자기모순을 범했다고 결론내리기 이전에 모든 가능한 시도를 해 보아야 한다. 스피노자를 자기모순으로부터 구하기 위한 델라 로카의 재치 있는 시도는 아깝게도 성공하지 못했다. 필자 역시 문제 해결을 위한 하나의 가능한 시도를 해보았다. 정리 13에서의 라틴어 ‘corpus’ 를 ‘인간신체(the body)’가 아닌 ‘물체(a body)’라고 번역함으로써 정리 16과의 모순을 해결하고자 하였다. 그러나 필자의 부정관사(a body) 번역 시도는 매력적이기는 하지만, 여러 진술들에서 스피노자는 이를 거부하고 있다. 그러나 문제 해결을 포기하기에는 아직 이르다고 생각한다. 필자는 스피노자를 자기모순으로부터 구하기 위해 또 다른 해결 방안을 모색해 볼 것이다. 이러한 작업을 통해 우리는 스피노자 표상개념의 문제점을 해결하는 데 한 걸음 더 가까이 갈 수 있을 것이다.

This study analyzed the rhetorical features of a speech in Chinese and classified its Korean translation methods of political discourse. The rhetorical devices from President Xi Jinping's speech at Seoul National University in 2014 were selected. As a linguistic tool that employs a particular type of words, phrases, sentences to persuade the audience, 'parallelism' was found the most common rhetorical device. Parallelism is the repetition of two or more elements of sentences with the same grammatical structure. In this study, parallelism of Xi's Chinese speech was categorized into three types: parallelism of four-character structure; parallelism of quotes such as poems and proverbs; parallelism sentences to emphasize the topic of paragraphs. In addition, this paper found four common methods for translating parallelism: first, adding Chinese characters to Korean translations; second, translating word-for-word; third, abridging repeated words and lines; fourth, expanding the implicitly meaning throughout interpreting messages of parallelism.

Contrary to the claims in McCarthy’s(2007) Optimality theory with candidate chains, this paper argues that the overapplication opacity can be explained with constraint combination without giving up parallelism or without arbitrary constraints like Prec. A complex constraint in the form of implicational constraint combination incorporates the basic principle of gradual change while maintaining the bistratal theory. This paper illustrates how an implicational combination of constraints can explain the overapplication opacity and shows the general directionality of implicational combinations. The analysis dispenses with radical changes introduced in the Optimality theory with candidate chains.

This study analyzed translation of cohesion and ensuing changes ininformativity by examining Japanese-Korean translations. Through categorizingtranslation of cohesion that appeared on the surface of texts into contraction oftext patterns, compression of text patterns and functional sentence perspective,this study made a qualitative examination of cases where ST belonging to eachcategory was translated into a different surface structure in TT. Based on this,it examined what changes had occurred in informativity of texts due tochanges in cohesion. The result has shown that a text with an informationstructure in ST, which drew the recipient's attention and interest becauseinformitivity was upgraded or downgraded through marked cohesion, wastranslated into a text with unmarked cohesion in TT, a plain text without anychange in informitivity. This study is meaningful in that it suggested, throughan analysis of illustrative materials, that translation of a surface structurebelonging to the microscopic level of a text in translation might affect eveninformativity, the flow of information and acceptance of meaning all of whichbelonged to an inner or macroscopic level of the text.

The auxiliary word of「tsutsu」is usually used as written language in modern Japanese. It however was used as a colloquial form as well as written language in ancient Japanese. The article has studied the meaning of the classical language of「tsutsu」, focusing on the examples from classical literatures and commentaries. The classical language of「tsutsu」functioned as an auxiliary verb rather than an auxiliary word, and expressed emotion and impression when it was used to close a sentence. As an auxiliary word, it represented continuation, repetition, and parallelism, and thus its usage was different from other general auxiliary words. In addition, the study has looked into the meaning of verbs that connects to「tsutsu」through『Manyousyu』,『GenjiMonogatari』,『HekeiMonogatari』,and『Tsuredzurekusa』. In『Manyousyu』and『GenjiMonogatari』, which are the literary works of the Nara and Heian Periods when「tsutsu」played a role as everyday language, there were a number of cases wherein「tsutsu」connected to verbs that express human thought and emotion. We can also find many cases in which it connected to verbs that do not directly affect objects. This tendency was not found in『HekeiMonogatari』and『Tsuredzurekusa』, which were the works of the Kamakura period when「tsutsu」began to be used as written language. Hence, we could recognize that there is a correlation between the meaning of verbs and the conjunction of 「tsutsu」.

現代日本語では文章語として使われている「つつ」は、奈良時代や平安時代には日常語として和歌と物語等で頻繁に用いられていた言葉である。本稿では古典日本語の「つつ」の意味を注釈書と古典作品の用例をもって考察してみた。古典語での「つつ」は接続助詞よりは助動詞に近い働きをしていたと考えられるが、和歌で多用された「つつ留め」も「つつ」のこのような側面が反映したものであるだろう。また、接続助詞の働きをしている場合も、<継続><反復><並列>等の意味を表わして、条件や並立等を表わす接続助詞の働きとは違いがあった。 なお、本稿では『万葉集』『源氏物語』『平家物語』『徒然草』を対象として「つつ」に上接する動詞を調べてみた結果、『万葉集』では異り語数100,述べ語数383である。[見る]系[恋ふ]系[思ふ]系の動詞に「つつ」がよく接続していて、人間の思考や感情、心理を表わす語に「つつ」がよく接続したことが確認された。『源氏物語』の中で「つつ」に接続した動詞の異り語数は352,述べ語数は713であり、『万葉集』で高い使用頻度であった[思ふ]系、[見る]系に「つつ」が接続した例が多かった。ただし、[言ふ]系の多用は『万葉集』とは異る点で、それ以外は韻文と散文といったジャンル的違いによる「つつ」の上接語の差異は見られなかった。すでに「つつ」の文語化が進んだ時期であったと思われる鎌倉時代の作品である『平家物語』と『徒然草』には「つつ」の使用も少なく、『万葉集』や『源氏物語』で見られるような語彙的意味特徴の傾向性も認められなかった。

This paper aims to illustrate and illuminate the relationship between language and its neighbor disciplines, in particular between language and literature, language and religion, and language and music. 1. Language and literature. Literature is an art of language. Therefore, linguistics, the science of language, should be able to explain how the grammar of literature elevates and ordinary language into a literary language. I illustrate poetic syntax with examples from Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. 2. Language and religion. I show how a linguistic analysis of a religious text can illuminate the background, authorship, chronology, etc., of a religious text with an example from the Book of Daniel. I also illustrate how a misanalysis of a poetic meter led to a mistranslation with an example from the Book of Psalms. 3. Language and music. First I trace an epochal event in the history of the Western music, i.e., the change of the musical style from the liturgical music of Latin in which the rhythm was created by the alternation of syllable duration into the liberated music of German in which the rhythm was generated by the alternation of lexical stress. I then illustrate a parallelism between linguistic and musical structures with several musical pieces including Gregorian chant, the 16th century music of Palestrina, the 17th century music of Schutz, the 18th century music of Mozart, and the 19th century Viennese music. Finally, the importance of text-tune (verse-melody) association is discussed with examples of mismatches in translated Korean hymns and contemporary Korean lyrical songs. In the concluding part, I speculate on some factors that are responsible for the same organizational devices in three different modes of human communication. An answer may be that all are under the same laws of mind that govern the way man perceives and organizes nature, i.e., the same cognitive abilities of man, in particular, the capacity to organize and impose structure on their respective inputs.

Relying on ‘press-party parallelism’ (Seymour-Ure, 1974) as a theoretical and analytical framework, this study examines the extent to which newspapers ideologically coincided with political parties during three South Korean political regimes (1993-1998, 1998-2003, and 2003-2008). In so doing, this study analyzes editorials by three Korean dailies with ideological diversity and different ownership regarding a long-time controversial issue, ‘openness of agriculture’ embedded in globalization since the1990s. Results reveal that the ideologically conservative newspaper, Donga Ilbo, was parallel to conservative political parties, which is opposite for the progressive newspaper, Hankyoreh. With the somewhat moderate newspaper, Hankook, being inbetween, the two contrasting newspapers, Donga Ilbo and Hankyoreh, confirmed ‘press-party parallelism’ across the political regimes, although Korean dailies have become excessively commercialized since the 1990s. The implications for press-party/state relations are discussed.

This paper introduces a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based framework to enhance Network Function Parallelism (NFP) in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). Leveraging Network Function Virtualization (NFV), the proposed framework optimizes service delay by solving a fairness-aware throughput maximization problem for service function chain placement. It aims to maximize the long-term cumulative reward while satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The framework also preserves resources for future requests by efficiently managing the initialized network functions distribution. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed framework across various metrics. Specifically, our framework improves the average delay and deployment rate by 1.2% and 2.4% compared to the existing best method.

This paper examines the long-standing issue of syntactic projection/ labeling in free relatives (FRs) of English. Pointing out some drawbacks on Chomsky’s (2013) recent labeling analysis of FRs, we suggest that labeling of FRs can be accounted for more effectively on a par with his (2013) analysis of coordinate structure. Specifically, both the morphologically simple elements that head FRs, such as what, where, when, and the morphologically complex -ever forms like whoever, serve the ambiguous role of relative head and relative operator. They thus determine the label of the resulting construction they build merging with the following FR-forming complementizer. In essence, this complementizer in FRs behaves like Conj, which as Chomsky suggests is ‘not available as a label,’ and therefore the moved element occupying its Spec position in FRs projects itself up to the resulting construction.

This paper accounts for English spirantization without using any intermediate stages between the input and output within the framework of harmonic parallelism. We have reviewed the previous analyses of English spirantization, especially a harmonic serialism analysis. We have found that, unlike an alternative multi-stratal model in particular, it provides a good tool of analysis in that it uses a single constraint hierarchy. However, it still needs to introduce intermediate steps or derivation-like steps. On the contrary, the harmonic parallelism approach provides a good account of phonological opacity shown in spirantization, which has been problematic for classic OT, by using the notion of ‘trace’. It is more advantageous in economy than the harmonic serialism approach in that it does not accept the notion of derivation-like serial application, maintaining the fundamental stance of classic OT by using the notion of ‘trace’. In doing so, we have revised the previous constraints and presented a more generalized constraint *[+lax, -high -mid]wd instead of a very specific *[ɛ]wd. The overall constraint ranking is *[t/d+v˘ /v˘ NLF], Id-IO(pl) ≫ Id-IO(cont), *[z+ɪv/ɪvCI] ≫ Id-IO(voice), *[+lax, -high -mid]wd ≫ Max-IO.

Many previous studies have taken the view that conditional clauses and cause-reason clauses differ only in whether their propositions are hypothetical or factual, and that they share other characteristics in common. This paper shows that there are differences between the two clauses in terms of clause size, rewriting into two sentences, etc. This difference is not automatically derived from the hypothetical/factual difference between the two clauses, which indicates that the conditional clause and the cause-reason clause are not completely parallel.

이 글은 강원 영서, 영동지역 청동기시대 편년 틀을 재구성하기 위해 작성되었다. 기존의 편년안은 주거지의 변화와 토기, 석기 구성의 변화를 토대로 전기와 중기로 구분되었지만, 중기 시점이 송국리유형과의 병행 관계에서 도출된 것은 아니었다. 게다가 영서지역의 북한강유역과 남한강유역, 그리고 영동지역 등 3개 지역의 병행 관계도 일정한 기준에 의해 결정된 것이 아니었다. 따라서 지역 차이가 크지 않으면서 시간 차이를 민감하게 반영하는 석촉을 세부 형식으로 분류하고 이들의 공반 관계를 통해 청동기시대 편년 틀을 재구성하였다. 석촉은 크게 무경촉(Ⅰ유형), 이단경촉(Ⅱ유형), 일단납작경촉(Ⅲ유형)으로 분류되며, Ⅰa1식, Ⅰa2식, Ⅰb식, Ⅱa식, Ⅱb식, Ⅱc식, Ⅲa식, Ⅲb식, Ⅲc식, Ⅲd식 등 모두 10개의 형식으로 세분된다. 또한 유적에서의 공반 관계를 통해 Ⅰa1 → Ⅰa2․Ⅱa → Ⅱb → Ⅰb․Ⅱc → Ⅲa → Ⅲb → Ⅲc → Ⅲd 석촉 순으로 발생했다고 판단된다. 강원 영서, 영동지역에서의 청동기시대 중기는 송국리형 무덤이 분포한 논산 마전리유적과의 비교를 통해 Ⅲa식 석촉이 출현하는 단계로 파악하였다. 이러한 편년안에 따르면 기존의 청동기시대 전기 후엽으로 편년되었던 유적의 일부 주거지들은 중기로 편년된다. 또한 청동기시대 전기는 전엽, 중엽, 후엽으로 중기는 전반과 후반으로 세분된다. 강원 영서, 영동지역의 청동기시대 중기는 기원전 8세기를 중기의 상한으로 보아왔지만, 기원전 10세기 무렵까지 소급될 가능성이 높은데, Ⅲa식 석촉이 출현하는 단계부터 석관묘, 석곽묘에서 지석묘로의 묘제 변화가 관찰되기 때문에 지석묘 축조는 강원 영서, 영동지역 청동기시대 중기의 가장 큰 특징이다.

This article aims to reconstruct the chronological frame of the Bronze Age of Yeongseo and Yeongdong regions in Gangwondo Province, Korea. Exiting chronology divides this age into two of the early and the middle periods based on changes of dwellings and in compositions of earthen and stone wares. However, starting point of the middle period was not drawn from its parallelism with Songguk-ri(松菊里) type. In addition parallelism of three regions of the North-Han and South-Han river valleys within Yeoungseo, and of Yeoungdong was not set by a certain standards either. Therefore I reconstruct chronological frame of the Bronze Age with the stone arrowheads, which precisely reflect time difference. To do so, I divided them into detailed forms and investigated if they are excavated together. The stone arrowheads are classified into categories of type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, and type Ⅲ, which are subdivided into ten types: Ⅰa1, Ⅰa2, Ⅰb, Ⅱa, Ⅱb, Ⅱc, Ⅲa, Ⅲb, Ⅲc, Ⅲd. Their chronological order is Ⅰa1 → Ⅰa2․Ⅱa → Ⅱb → Ⅰb․Ⅱc → Ⅲa → Ⅲb → Ⅲc → Ⅲd according to the arrowheads unearthed together with within the same site. The mid－Bronze Age of Yeongseo and Yeongdong of Gangwondo Province is a period when IIIa type arrowheads emerged by being compared with Majeon-ri(麻田里) site where Songguk-ri type tombs are distributed. According to this new chronology, some dwellings having been regarded as the latter part of the early Bronze Age bythe exiting chronology could be changed into the mid-Bronze age. In addition the early Bronze Age can be subdivided into two parts of the former and latter, and the middle Bronze Age into three of the early, middle and late parts. The earliest middle Bronze age of Yeongseo and Yeongdong can’t be dated to earlier than the mid-8th century B.C., but it could be dated back to 10thcentury B.C. Building dolmens is the most distinct characteristics of the mid-Bronze age of Yeongseo and Yeongdong because tombs were changed from stone-coffin tombs and stone-chamber toms to dolmens, as IIIa type emerged.

This paper is aimed at investigating into possibility of education of understanding characters in novels using a parallel curriculum. For this, the stages and methods of the education of understanding characters in novels which fits for each characteristic of students were examined through parallelism of core curriculum and identity curriculum. The current education of understanding characters in schools only hands down the knowledge of understanding and appreciation which are organized in reference books to most students, not leading to a profound understanding of character. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the correlationship between parallel curriculum model and education of understanding characters through focusing questions of PCM; to connect internal factors of the education of understanding characters with contents of core curriculum; and to design the plans for the education of understanding characters by relating external factors of the education of understanding characters to identity curriculum. The internal factors of the education of understanding characters includes objective information of characters, viewing attitude towards characters, and roles of characters in fictional works, and as external factor, there are learners who interpret the works. This study is intended to contribute in helping learners create character-related knowledge and actively appreciate novels through parallelism of core curriculum and identity curriculum where concept discovery for an understanding of characters progresses along with education fit for learners' characteristics at the same time.

본 논문은 히브리 시의 평행법(平行法 [parallelism], 혹은 대구법[對句法])을 한글로 번역하는 과정에서 발생하는 한계들을 확인하고 그것들에 대한 극복의 여지(餘地)를 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 히브리 시의 평행법은 다양한 측면에서 분석될 수 있으나, 본 논문은 아델 벌린(Adele Berlin)의 분석 방식에 따라 평행법을 구문론적, 음운론적, 의미론적 측면에서 연구한다. 이 분석을 통해 논자는 히브리 시의 평행법이 ‘구성 장치’와 ‘의미 창출 장치’의 기능을 수행하며, 이 기능들은 히브리 시를 한글로 번역할 때 평행법의 특징을 반드시 살려서 번역해야 할 당위성을 제공한다고 주장한다. 그러나 굴절어(屈折語)인 히브리어와 교착어(膠着語)인 한글의 언어학적 차이로 인해 히브리 시를 한글로 번역할 때 부득불 의미론적 차원에서만 평행법을 살릴 수밖에 없음을 밝힌다. 이 주장에 기반하여 논자는 히브리 시를 한글로 번역할 때 진지하게 고려해야 할 세 가지 실질적 방안을 제시한다(첫째, 의미론적 평행법이라도 최대한 살려 번역하자. 둘째, 시행을 고려하여 번역하자. 셋째, 성경의 부피를 고려하여 디지털화해 보급하자).

The goal of this paper is to identify limitations occurred in the process of translating parallelism of Hebrew poetry into Korean and to clarify the probability of overcoming those limitations. The parallelism of Hebrew Poetry can be analyzed from various angles; however, this paper focuses on studying the parallelism from syntactic, phonetic, and semantic aspects in accordance with Adele Berlin’s approach to the poetic device. Based on the analysis, I argue that the Hebrew parallelism plays a role as both ‘constructive device’ and ‘meaning-creating device,’ which demonstrates justifiability to appropriately translate features of parallelism as they are translated into Korean. Due to the linguistic disparity between Hebrew as an inflected language and Korean as an agglutinative language, one is forced to focus on the semantic aspect alone. On the basis of this analysis, I have made three practical suggestions to be taken into consideration in translation: the semantic parallelism is to be highlighted, the parallel line must be considered, and the digital version should be used for dissemination.

Extracting useful knowledge from data sets measuring in gigabytes and even terabytes is a challenging research area for the data mining community. Sequential approaches suffer from a performance problem due to the fact that they have to mine voluminous databases. Parallelism is introduced as an important solution that could improve the response time and the scalability of these approaches. However, parallelization process is not trivial and still facing many challenges including the workload balancing problem. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical dynamic load balancing strategy for parallel association rule mining algorithms in the context of a Grid computing environment. The French research grid “Grid’5000” is used as our experimental test-bed. Through a detailed experimental study, we show that our strategy improves the performance and helps the parallel algorithm to scale very well with the number of computational nodes available.

본 논문은 「성경전서 개역개정판」아가에서 개정을 고려할 만한 구절들을 주석적으로 분석한 것이다. 개정이 필요한 근거와 필자 나름의 사역을 덧붙이고, 도움이 되는 경우 다른 새로운 한글 번역본들을 대조하였다. 이 논문의 연구 결과는「개역개정」아가 번역에서 일부는 수정 또는 난하주(혹은 난외주)에 추가 설명이 필요함을 보여준다.

Suggestions for Improving the Translation of the Song of Songs in the New Korean Revised Version Seung-Il Kang Lecturer at Presbyterian College and Theological Seminary Johns Hopkins University Ph. D. The Hebrew text of the Song of Songs is in a very good condition presenting no serious text critical issues. However, the book contains some fifty hapax legomena along with very difficult words rarely attested in other books of the Hebrew Bible. In addition, the author of the book uses highly sophisticated poetic devices which can hardly be rendered into another language. Therefore, it would be a daunting task for any translator to render such a book as the Canticles into Korean. While working on a commentary on the Song of Songs, the present author has found that many verses in the translation of the book of the New Korean Revised Version are in need of emendation. Some verses in the current translation fail to reflect the original Hebrew's poetic styles or deliver the intended meaning of the original text. Other verses are to be revised for a better reading on text critical grounds. This study lists these problematic verses with the author's own translation and provides detailed explanations for such emendation. Admittedly, the New Korean Revised Version largely focused on updating old vocabularies in the original Korean Revised Version, thus failing to reflect many of the discoveries and development of recent biblical scholarship. Therefore, time is ripe to discuss the issue of revising or improving the New Korean Revised Version. It is hoped that this short essay will make contributions to this undertaking and that further studies will examine the translation issues of the individual books of the New Korean Revised Version. Keywords Bible translation New Korean Revised Version parallelism Song of Songs textual criticism

Park, Myung-Kwan. 2010. Derivation via External Remerge and Linearization in ATB, RNR and PG Constructions of English. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 35-3, 601-622. This paper investigates the syntactic derivation and linearization of the ATB, RNR and PG constructions. These three constructions look similar, in that they are constituted of two clauses, and one displaced element at sentence-initial or final position binds two gaps within the clauses. However, we argue that the ATB and RNR constructions behave in almost identical ways, distinguishing themselves from the PG construction. More specifically, in the former two constructions, the ATB-moved or RNRed element is first displaced to the left or right edge of each conjunct clause, and then is conjoined together via External Remerge. As the two constructions are composed of two coordinate conjunct clauses, in the course of linearization the word order of each conjunct clause has to be parallel to its realization in the final output of larger ATB or RNR construction. In the PG construction, however, parallelism of this kind is not at work. Rather, the chain of the parasitic gap in the subordinate clause is linked via External Remerge to the chain of the real gap in the superordinate clause. And in the course of linearization a moved element tends to be pronounced at the target position rather the source position, without invoking any effect of parallelism. (Dongguk University) 조회수 1 추천수 0