Earticle

The medicinal use of the plants belonging to the genus Curcuma has been controversial because of the complexity of original plants, although it has been shown that the tuberous roots should be used as Ul-geum ( ), while the rhizomes should be used as Gang-鬱金hwang (薑黃) and A-chul (莪朮). This study aimed to review medicinal uses of the roots and rhizomes of genus Curcuma by comparing herbological bibliographies and empirical investigation. Results obtained from the literature review indicate the origin of Ul-geum, Gang-hwang, and A-chul as follows: 1) the tuberous roots from On-ul-geum (溫鬱金) C. aromatica, Gang-hwang (薑黃) C. longa, A-chul (莪朮) C. phaeocaulis, and Gwang-seo-a-chul (廣西莪朮) C. kwangsiensis were used as 溫鬱金 (白絲鬱金, 黑鬱金), 黃絲鬱金, 綠絲鬱金, and 桂鬱金, respectively; 2) the rhizomes of Gang-hwang C. longa and On-ul-geum C. aromatica were used as 薑黃 and 片薑黃, respectively (only in China); 3) the rhizomes of A-chul C. phaeocaulis, On-ul-geum C. aromatica, and Gwang-seo-a-chul C. kwangsiensis were used as 蓬莪朮, 溫莪朮, and 廣西莪朮, respectively. For therapeutic purposes, Ul-geum improves qi depression (行氣解 鬱), Gang-hwang unblocks the meridians and relieves pain (通經止痛), and A-chul removes accumulation and relieves pain (消積止痛). Morphologically, the cortex and central cylinder were separated between the endodermis on the transverse-section surface of the tuberous roots of Ul-geum compared to the rhizomes of Gang-hwang and A-chul with yellow color, and gray or dark brown color on the transverse surfaces. The results of the present study provide the fundamental criteria of the medicinal use of Ul-geum, Gang-hwang, and A-chul, which should be supported by further studies, including determination of the type of specimens and genetic and chemical analyses.

Beauveria bassiana is one of universal insect pathogenic fungi that have been used for biocontrol agent against insect pests. This fungus has also been studied for medicinal use. To meet for commercial use, the artificial production of the fruit body of this fungus has been established by the Mushtech Co in Korea. This study was carried out to define the morphological features of the fruit body of B. bassiana developed through artificial cultivation. For the observation of mycelia growth, B. bassiana was cultured on the Sabouraud Dextrose agar plus Yeast Extract(SDAY), nut-supplemented medium, and Fe ion-supplemented SDAY at 25℃ for 15 days. The variation of colony color was observed between the different media. Strong pigmentation was observed on Fe ion-supplemented SDAY. To investigate morphological characteristics of fruit body, geminating ascospores and vegetative hyphae were observed though light microscopy and scanning microscope. During seven weeks of cultivation period, the development process of apical fertile part of stromata can be separated by the development stage of perithecia. To understand the developing process of fruit body at the transcript level, investigating process of distinct gene expression according to cultural condition and developmental stage was discussed.

본 논문에서는 2006 2017년까지 일본의 ‘U-can 신어 유행어 대상 관련어’를 분석 자료로 하여 일본의 신어 유행어의 형태적 특징을 ‘어종’과 ‘어구성’의 2가지 관점에 서 고찰하였는데, 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. ‘어종’은 ‘단종어’ 와 ‘혼종어’로 나 누어 사용양상을 살펴보았다. ‘단종어’는 ‘고유어’, ‘한자어’, ‘영어’, ‘기타어’로 분류하 였고, ‘혼종어’는 ‘한자어+고유어’, ‘영어+한자어’, ‘영어+고유어’, ‘영어+한자어+고유 어’, ‘기타어 포함’ 으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 단종어는 357개(55.8%)가 사용되었고, 혼 종어는 283개(44.2%)가 사용되어, 신어 유행어는 혼종어보다 단종어의 사용비율이 다 소 높음을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 단종어에서 어수가 가장 많은 것은 ‘한자어’로 143개가 나 타났으며, 혼종어에서도 ‘한자어+고유어’, ‘한자어+영어’의 사용비율이 높아 한자어가 많이 사용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. ‘어구성’은 ‘단순어 합성어’, ‘약어’, ‘기타’의 3가지 관점에서 사용양상을 살펴보았다. ‘단순어 합성어’의 경우 단순어는 62개, 합성어는 578개로 합성어의 사용비율이 압도적으로 높았다. 또한 합성어는 ‘복합어’, ‘파생어’, ‘재합성어’, ‘문’으로 분류하였는데, 이 중에서 ‘복합어’의 어수가 208개로 가장 많이 나 타났다. 한편, 약어는 신어 · 유행어 전체의 약 27.4 %를 차지하고 있었는데, 머릿 글자 약어에서는 생략되는 곳이 한 개에서 다섯 개까지 다양하게 나타났으며, 일반 어휘의 약 어도 다양한 형태로 사용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그 외에도 다양한 방식으로 만들어진 단어도 많았는데, 그 중에서도 ‘패러디어(もじり語)’의 사용비율이 압도적으로 높았다.

In this study, morphological features of new words and buzzwords were analyzed from 2 perspectives: ‘word type’, ‘word structure’. The results can be summarized as follows: First, ‘Word type’ was divided into ‘single kind of words’ and ‘hybrid words’. ‘single kind of words’ was classified into ‘native words’, ‘kanji’, ‘English words’, and ‘other words’. ‘Hybrid words’ were classified into ’kanji+native words’, ‘English words+kanji’, ‘English words+native words’, ‘English words+kanji+native words’, and ’including other words’. The number of ‘single kind of words’ was 357 (55.8%), and the number of ‘hybrid words’ was 283 (44.2%). This confirms that ‘single kind of words’are used more than hybrid words. In ‘single kind of words’, the number of ‘kanji’ was the highest with 143 words; in ‘hybrid words’, the number of ‘kanji+native words’ was the highest with 145 words. The usage patterns of ‘word structure’ was examined from 3 perspectives: ‘simple words· synthesized words’, ‘abbreviations’, and ‘other words’. In ‘simple words· synthesized words’, the number of simple words was 62 and the number of synthesized words was 578, which shows more ‘synthesized words’ are used than ‘simple words’. ‘synthesized words’ were classified into ‘compound words’, ‘derivatives’, ‘re-synthesized words’, and ‘sentence’. Among them, the number of ‘compound words’ was the highest with 208 words. ‘Abbreviations’ were divided into ‘abbreviation of initials’ and ‘abbreviation of ordinary vocabulary’ to examine usage patterns. ‘Other words’ were classified into 5 types of formation: ‘analogical words’,‘imitative words’, ‘mixed words’, ‘anastrophe’, and ‘types of symbol’.

중국 전통문화에서 달은 오래도록 성스럽고 시적인 상징으로 여겨져 왔다. 고대 문인들은 문학, 예술, 일상에서 달에 독특한 별칭을 부여했으며, 특히 ‘蟾’자를 포함한 별칭은 눈에 띄는 특징이다. 이 별칭들은 ‘蟾’과 다른 달 관련 어휘들을 결합해 달에 대한 다양한 감정과 독특한 시각을 드러내며, 풍부한 문화적 그림을 그려낸다. 이 연구는 선임 연구자들의 작업을 바탕으로 ‘蟾+X’의 구성 모델을 발전시켰다. 이 모델에 따라, ‘蟾+달 모양 어휘’, ‘蟾+달 색 어휘’, ‘蟾+달빛 어휘’ 등의 구조를 분석해 달의 본질적 특성과 관련된 어휘 유형을 탐구했다. 또한, ‘蟾+신화 어휘’, ‘蟾+장소 어휘’ 등을 통한 문화적 특성 조사와 별칭 형성의 문화적 요인 분석도 이뤄졌다. 이는 고대 문인들의 달에 대한 깊은 감정과 독창적인 견해를 보여주고, 한어의 어휘 창조와 문화 전승에서의 독특한 매력을 강조한다. 고대 한어에서 달의 명명과 묘사에 대한 심도 있는 연구는 구조적 가치뿐만 아니라 의미, 문화, 역사적 층위에서 달에 대한 풍부하고 섬세한 다층적 묘사를 제공하며, 언어학이 자연 현상에 대한 문화적, 역사적 관찰과 해석에서의 중요성을 드러낸다.

In traditional Chinese culture, the moon has long been revered as a sacred and poetic symbol. Ancient literati frequently bestowed unique epithets upon the moon in literature, art, and daily life, with terms based on the character “蟾”(toad)being particularly noteworthy. These epithets, integrating “蟾” with other moon-related elements, not only unveil a myriad of sentiments and perspectives towards the moon but also paint a rich tapestry of cultural nuances. Building upon previous research, this study further develops a morphological model of “蟾 + X”. Utilizing this model, the paper examines the morphological features related to the moon’s essence from both syntactic and semantic perspectives, specifically through “蟾 + moon shape”, “蟾 + moon hue”, and “蟾 + moonlight”. Moreover, we delve into the cultural characteristics of these terms from aspects such as “蟾 + mythology” and “蟾 + locations”. This exploration not only showcases the profound emotions and unique insights ancient literati held for the moon but also underscores the distinctive charm of Chinese linguistic creativity and cultural heritage. A deep investigation into the naming and descriptions of the moon in ancient Chinese not only holds substantial morphological research value but also presents a rich, detailed, and multilayered viewpoint about the moon at the semantic, cultural, and historical levels. This highlights the indispensable role of linguistics in observing and interpreting natural phenomena within cultural and historical contexts.

Present research paper overlooks the study of Korean derivative affix ‘-jeok’ and its features. Survey results among native Russian speaking Korean language learners showed low recognition level of this grammar pattern usage and certain difficulties in its practical application. The results also detected that as a rule this affix is not taught in class separately. In connection to this, few text books on Korean language that are widely used in Korea and overseas as well have been viewed. Hereafter, the specific features of ‘-jeok’ affix are observed from word-formative point of view, morphological affiliation to any given part of speech, as well as its functioning in the sentence. The result of this study served as a base step for teaching plan design for native Russian speaking Korean language learners by non-native Korean speaking teacher.

This paper describes a stemming and lemmatization approach for Uyghur using Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). In the proposed approach, we used syllable-level training and test corpus with the combination of some automatically tagged positional and morphological feature tags. The training and test corpus has been manually tagged with a stemming tag set which includes eight kinds of tags which fully reflect the morphological feature of Uyghur word. It has been observed that some morphological features are very helpful for improving the evaluating results. The syllable-level Precision, Recall and F-score of the best evaluation result respectively are 98.79%,98.71% and 98.75% respectively, and the word-level accuracy we achieved is 95.9%.The experimental results show that the efficiency of this approach is very ideal.

Most previous studies on dinoflagellates in Korean coastal areas were conducted without morphological descriptions and illustrations of the observed dinoflagellates. This indicates that the species and diversity of dinoflagellates may have been respectively misidentified and underestimated in the past, probably due to cell shrinkage, distortion and loss caused by sample fixation. This study provides information on the morphological observations of four dinoflagellate orders (Prorocentrales, Dinophysiales, Gonyaulacales and Gymnodiniales) from Jangmok Harbour in Jinhae Bay, Korea. The unfixed samples were collected weekly from December 2013 to February 2015. A total of 13 genera and 30 species were identified using light and scanning electron microscopy, although some samples were not clarified at the species level. Harmful dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Tripos furca, Alexandrium affine, A. fundyense, Akashiwo sanguinea and Cochlodinium polykrikoides, were identified based on the morphological observations. The results also reflect the occurrence and identification of dinoflagellates that had not been previously recorded in Jangmok Harbour.

The morphological features of pollen grains collected from the broad-leaved and cylindrical-leaved Portulaca species of the Hawaiian Islands were investigated. The variation in size and surface pattern were examined using scanning electron microscopy and statistical analysis. Pollens of the Portulaca were apolar grains of monads exhibiting apertures, colpi, and relatively thin echini. Of particular interest was the differing size of pollen grains among the species studied. Pollens of the broad-leaved Portulaca were considerable in size with a length of about $73{\sim}86{\mu}m$, while the cylindrical-leaved Portulaca tended to have smaller pollen grains ranging from 50~65 in diameter. The smallest pollens were found in cultivar 2 having an average of $43{\mu}m$. The pollen was intectate, and the exine surface appeared granulous, having sculptured elements of spinules and puncta. Two types of puncta were discerned; one forming an operculum, and the other, a simple perforation. Numerous spinules and small puncta were found throughout the cylindrical-leaved Portulaca. In the present study, morphological features of pollen grains from ten Hawaiian Portulaca species, including endemic and unknown taxa, revealed the aforementioned pattern of variation. This paper aim to provide morphological information that could be of phylogenetic value within the Hawaiian Portulaca.

The aim of this paper is to analyze and describe the various morphological features that embody commentary in Nigerian Pidgin (NP). The data for this study were drawn from 2018 FIFA World Cup that was hosted in Russia. Pidgin commentary was run and aired on a channel on Digital Satellite Television (DSTV). The pidgin commentaries of the two Semi-Finals between France and Belgium as well as Croatia and England and the Final between Croatia and France were tape-recorded for analysis. The theoretical orientation relies largely on the Item and Process theory (IP) of descriptive morphological analysis popularized. Findings show that reduplication, compounding and affixation are widely used while blending, clipping and conversion are averagely used in the Pidgin commentary data. It is further revealed that acronymy and abbreviations are uncommon morphological features of NP commentary. The study concludes that the characterization of NP commentary with productive morphological features indicates that the language has the stamina to express all facets of our daily life. It is therefore crucial for the government to support the language with official recognition so that it will continue to contribute significantly to national cohesion in Nigeria.

Background: Although the morphological features characteristic of products of conception specimens including molar pregnancies are well described, substantial histopathological similarities are observed between the different entities, especially in cases of early pregnancies. Furthermore, there are no current solid criteria that could predict cases with progression to persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the most specific histopathological and immunohistochemical features required for accurate diagnosis that can reliably predict the clinical behavior. Methods: Sixty-five cases of products of conception were reviewed clinically and pathologically, and any progression to persistent gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), if present, was noted. Pathological assessment of the archival material included re-cut sections of 5 μm in thickness, routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining of p57Kip2. Results: Certain histopathological criteria were found to be significant in differentiation between complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) and partial hydatidiform mole including villous shape and outline, villous trophoblast hyperplasia, and atypia in extravillous trophoblasts. There were no significant differences in any morphological or immunohistochemical features between cases with or without subsequent development of GTD. Conclusions: Histopathological diagnosis of molar pregnancy remains problematic especially in early gestation. Their diagnosis should be stated after a constellation of specific histopathological criteria in order not to miss CHM. p57Kip2 immunohistochemistry is of great value in diagnosis of cases that had equivocal morphology by histopathological examination. However, there were no significant features to predict cases that subsequently developed persistent GTD.

We report two patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with a focus on the morphological features related to Gleevec treatment. In case 1, a 50-year-old woman presented with a 1.8 ㎝ metastatic GIST in the liver after resection of a gastric GIST. Majority of the metastatic tumor showed fibrosis and hyalinization after 8 weeks of Gleevec treatment. CD117-positive cells were present in approximately 1% of the overall tumor. In case 2, a 2 ㎝ and 14 ㎝ metastatic liver masses were found in a 54-year-old man who had a rectal GIST. After 4 weeks of Gleevec treatment, metastatic tumors showed a decrease in size on CT scan. The metastatic tumors showed a decrease in number of tumor cells. The hemorrhage, cystic changes, necrosis, and fibrosis made up approximately 90% of the tumor. The morphological features related to Gleevec treatment are important for correct diagnosis and evaluation of tumor response and prognosis.

The anatomy and morphology of seeds from 10 Hawaiian Portulaca taxa were examined to explore patterns of variation among the taxa, and to evaluate their phylogenetic relationships. Features of seeds were assessed employing microtechnique procedures, statistical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anatomically, the orientation of embryo was consistent across taxa, and all seeds examined had central nutritive tissue and integuments comprising the peripheral embryo. Seeds were generally small, circular to ovoid in shape, and either smooth or rough-surfaced, with tubercules. Variation in seed size was noted, although minimal within small seeded group. The size of seeds ranged from 0.50~1.26 mm in length, and 0.55~1.34 mm in width, with similar weights. Seeds were distinguished by the sculpture and arrangement of the testa epidermis and the way in which their stellulate-tessellate cells uniquely fit together. Using a multiple range test (ANOVA), two groups were established by seed characteristics. The SEM also demonstrated morphological differences in testa sculpturing. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of seed characteristics in the identification of the species examined, and furthermore, allow for the separation of the Hawaiian Portulaca into two groups.

Two morphologically different species of Peridinium were frequently observed in natural samples collected monthly from Togyo Reservoir. One was previously identified as P. bipes Stein f. occultatum (Lindem.) Lef. (Ki and Han 2005), the other was remained uncertainly so far. We resolved their identity, based on the morphological observations with scanning electron microscopy. The formula of epithecal plate was recorded with 7 precingular, 3 intercalary and 4 apical plates (4', 3a, 7'). An apical pore was apparently present. The conspicuous morphology of the Peridinium was three spines on the hypothecal plates. The average body length and width were $33.6\;{\mu}m$ with a range of $26\~45{\mu}m$, and 25.7 with a range of $19\~31{\mu}m$, respectively; the cell was, therefore, shown slightly elongated. Based on their morphological characteristics, the causative organism was identified as P. aciculiferum (Lemm.), which was reported for the first time in Korean freshwater.

In a 30-1 bioreactor culture, whole differentiation occurred from 48 h, and then proceeded rapidly. As swollen hyphal fragments and arthrospores increased, cephalosporin C (CPC) production increased exponentially to $1.85\;g/1^{-1}$ at 72 h. To explain the morphological changes of Cephalosporium acremonium M25 more quantitatively, specific differentiation rates and fractal analysis were employed. Specific differentiation rates of morphological factors varied greatly during the period of culture time from 48 h to 72 h, when CPC production increased significantly. Changes of fractal dimensions showed a pattern similar to that of the specific rate of arthrospores. Furthermore, it was inversely related to the specific rate of tips. Overall, it was suggested that the fractal dimension had potential for a new morphological parameter of fungal morphology, showing complex differentiation patterns.

Purpose: The impacts of different time courses and the degree of neointimal growth on neointimal morphology have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the morphological features of neointimal tissue after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Materials and Methods: The morphological features of neointimal tissue in stentedsegments with a maximal percentage of cross-sectional area (CSA) stenosis of neointima were evaluated in 507 DES-treated lesions with >100 μm mean neointimalthickness on follow-up OCT. Neointimal tissue was categorized as homogeneous,heterogeneous, layered, or neoatherosclerotic. Results: In lesions with <50% of neointimal CSA stenosis, homogeneous neointima (68.2%) was predominant,followed by heterogeneous neointima (14.1%) and layered neointima (14.1%). In lesions with ≥50% of neointimal CSA stenosis, layered neointima was most frequently observed (68.3%), followed by neoatherosclerotic neointima (25.2%). In subgroup analysis of lesions with ≥50% of neointimal CSA stenosis, 89.5% of the lesions with a stent age <30 months were layered neointima, while 62.3% of the lesions with a stent age ≥30 months were neoatherosclerotic neointima. Conclusion: This study suggests that the OCT-detected morphology of DES neointimal tissue was different according to the follow-up time course and degree of neointimal hyperplasia.

The use of the Internet has become an indispensable part of life in the new millennium.? One of the most popular activities in the era of the Internet is online communication. Net-Lingo, which is a product of online communication, is a new language variety that differs from both writing and speech as traditionally understood (Crystal 2001).? Given that Net-Lingo is considered as a language variety, I describe the prominent linguistic characteristics of Korean Net-Lingo (KNL) from the morphological domain and investigate the specific mechanisms underlying the observable linguistic characteristics.?The globalization of the Internet is urging different languages to contact in online communication, especially English as the globally leading language. Based on the description and linguistic analysis, I also examine the impact of English on KNL.?I envision an inevitable, vigorous interaction between English and Korean. Therefore, this study will add insights to research on a new type of language contact.