Earticle

2008년 금융위기 사태가 발생한 이후 금융 시스템의 중앙집권의 위험성을 인지하면서 시작된 것이 블록체인이다. 2008년 시작점으로부터 지금까지 블록체인은 비트코인이라는 블록체인 기술 기반 암호화폐란 엄청난 혁신을 시작으로 많은 관심과 기술의 발전이 이루어지고 있는 상황이다. 하지만 이 또한 시간이 지나면서 취약점이 발견되었고 피해 사례 또한 자주 일어나고 있다. 그러나 현재 21세기 4차 산업에 있어 핵심 기술이며 앞으로도 많은 발전과 이를 기반으로 한 기술들이 다수 출현할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 논문은 암호화폐 거래에서의 취약점을 분석하고 새로운 거래 프로토콜을 제안한 다. 제안하는 거래 프로토콜은 거래가 끝나는 시점에서 한 번 더 인증을 하게 되고 이러한 인증으로 거래가 성 사되는 방식이다. 거래 취약점에 대한 내부적 보안이 아닌 거래 과정에서 사용자들 간의 보안요소를 추 가하여 대응방안을 제안한다.

Block chains began by recognizing the danger of centralized control of financial syste ms after the 2008 financial crisis. From the beginning of 2008, blockchain has been developing a lot of attention and technology, starting with a tremendous innovation called cryptographic de struction based on technology, a block chain called Bitcoin. However, the vulnerability has also been discovered over time and the damage has been repeated. But in the fourth industry of the 21st century, many advances and technologies based on them are expected to emerge. Therefor e, this paper proposes new analytical transaction protocols for vulnerabilities in cryptographic c urrency transactions. The proposed transaction protocol is a way to authenticate once again at the end of the transaction and the transaction is concluded with this authentication. It presents countermeasures by adding security elements between users to the transaction process rather t han internal security to transaction vulnerabilities.

La plus secréte mémoire des hommes by the Senegalese writer Mohamed Mbougar Sarr , who won the Prix Goncourt in 2021, is rich and clever, complex in its narrative construction, full of touching formulas, sensitivity, cultural connivance and stylistic intelligence. The complexity is heightened by long, branching, sometimes endless sentences, numerous digressions, as well as a series of allusions and livresque references that require an initiated reader. The Romanian translation was both a challenge and a gamble for the experienced translator Ovidiu Nimigean, who is also a writer in his own right, the present article examines some of the main strategies, techniques and methods of translation used, such as transposition, adaptation, modulation and so on. We comment on his translation choices, especially the cases giving rise to hesitations and dilemmas, and offer other possible, although admittedly subjective solutions, for contexts that are always difficult, given the spirit of the Romanian language, register and idiomaticity.

La plus secrete mémoire des hommes de l’écrivain sénégalais Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, livre couronné avec le prix Goncourt en 2021 s’avére riche et intelligent, complexe dans sa construction narrative, plein de formules émouvantes, de sensibilité, de connivence culturelle et d’intelligence stylistique. La complexité est augmentée par de longues phrases ramifiées, parfois interminables, des digressions, ainsi que par bon nombres d’allusions et de références livresque qui exigent un lecteur averti. La traduction roumaine a été un défi pour le traducteur chevronné Ovidiu Nimigean, écrivain lui aussi et un pari. Nous passons en revue quelques principales stratégies, techniques, méthodes de traduction telles que la transposition, l’adaptation, la modulation, etc. Nous commentons ses choix traductifs, á saluer dans la plupart des hésitations et des dilemmes rencontrés et livrons d’autres possibles solutions, certes, subjectives pour des contextes toujours difficiles vu le génie du roumain, le registre de langue, l’idiomaticité.

독자로서, 언어학자로서, 그리고 소설가로서, 나는 본 논문에서 문 학적 텍스트를 어떻게 분석해 볼 것인가를 다루어 보고자 한다. 내 논문의 근본적인 질문은 다음과 같다. 여러 텍스트들 속에서, 문학 적인 특성을 지니는 텍스트들은 특정한 언어학적 특성을 드러내고 있는 것인가? 다른 말로 하면, 언어학적 규준에 따라서 우리가 흔히 문학성(littérarité)이라고 부르는 것, 즉 문학적 텍스트들의 특성을 정의하는 것은 가능한가? 이다. 이러한 질문들과 연관하여, 나는 까 뮈의 <이방인(L'étranger )>의 시작부분 네 문장을 지시대상과 연관 한 언어학적 입장에서 (특히, 전환사와 구두점의 문제와 연관하여), 그리고 내가 쓴 소설 <꿈들을 샀던 사람 (l'homme qui achetait les rêves )>을 작가의 입장에서 이야기 창조의 문제와 연관하여 분 석하면서, 문학적 텍스트 안에서 기억, 창조성, 상상력이 내적으로 분리될 수 없는 지점에서 깊게 연결되어져 있음을 보여주고자 한다.

Comme lecteur, comme linguiste et comme romanicer, je réfléchirai ici sur la façon de l'analyse du texte littéraire. Cela provoque des questions comme "Dans l'ensemble des textes, ceux qui sont qualifiés de littéraires présentent-ils certaines spécificités linguistiques?", "Est-il possible de définir, selon des critères linguistiques, ce qu'on a souvent appelé la littérarité, c'est-à-dire la spécificité des textes littéraries?" Par rapport à ces questions, en analysant les quatre premières lignes de <L'étragner > de Albert Camus concernant le problème du référent au point de vue linguistique (surtout 'shifters' et ponctuation) et le procédé de la création du recit de mon roman <L'homme qui achetait les rêves > au point de vue de l'écrivain, je montrerai que mémoire, créativité et imagination sont, en écriture littéraire, intimement liées au point d'être inséparables.

This short study attempts to address the internal meaning of a famous painting by Salvador Dalí: The Persistence of Memory (1931), using theoretical and methodological tools developed by the “School of Paris” semiotics. Thus, we move from the hierarchical description of the plane of expression (from percepts to formants), to the progressive organization of the form of the content through a semanticization of all the units identified in the previous phases of the analysis. This makes it possible to set up the deep semantics specific to this work and the values it carries during the semiosis process. Thus, the meaning of this statement (visual text) is gradually revealed through a less naive reading of this major work of art history which is at the core of broader cultural concerns both for the artist and all readers: the conceptualization of time through various prisms, both plastic and semantic.

Cette brève étude essaie d’aborder la signification interne d’un célèbre tableau de Salvador Dalí : La persistance de la mémoire (1931), à l’aide d’outils théoriques et méthodologiques développés par la sémiotique dite “école de Paris”. Ainsi, nous passons de la description hiérarchisée du plan de l’expression (des percepts aux formants), à l’organisation progressive de la forme du contenu à travers une sémantisation de toutes les unités identifiées dans les phases précédentes de l’analyse. Cela permet de mettre en place la sémantique profonde propre à cette oeuvre et des valeurs qu’elle porte lors du processus de la sémiosis. Ainsi, la signification de cet énoncé (texte visuel) se dévoile progressivement à travers une lecture moins naïve de cette oeuvre majeure de l’histoire de l’art et qui se révèle être au coeur de préoccupations culturelles plus large aussi bien pour l’artiste que pour tous les lecteurs : l’appréhension du temps, à travers divers aspects à la fois plastiques et sémantiques.

The new algorithm for halftone generation for gravure engraving was developed. The basic concept of this algorithm is based on the mapping and equal density expansion methods that we are mapped out. The program was used by the Microsoft Visiul C++2.0 and could be loaded in IBM personal computer.

본 논문은 프랑수아 트뤼포의 영화들 중 ‘앙투안 두아넬 연작’이라 분류 되는 5편의 작품을 중심으로 하여 영화적 분신으로서의 독창적 인물 창조 와 반복적 글쓰기를 통한 자전적 공간의 구축 방식에 대해 고찰하고 있다. <400번의 구타>에서 시작되어 <달아나는 사랑>에 이르기까지 20여 년간 의 시간동안 구축된 5편의 연작은 주인공 앙투안의 일대기를 통해 ‘창작자 로서의 작가’의 내밀한 자전적 기억과 자아의 이미지를 픽션의 구조 안에서 형상화하고 있다. 트뤼포의 작품에서 자전적 측면은 단순히 작가가 살아온 실제 삶과 작품에 담긴 내용의 유사성에서 기인하는 것이 아니라, 각각의 작품들을 관통하며 지속적인 반복과 변주의 글쓰기를 통해 순환되는 내밀 한 기억의 이미지, 그리고 이를 통해 구축된 ‘영화적 자아’의 동질성을 통해 드러나는 것이라는 사실을 알 수 있다. 인물의 연속성, 주제를 드러내는 다양한 모티브들, 대사 및 행위 등은 <미국식 밤>, <여인들을 사랑한 남자> 등 연작 외부의 작품들에서도 끊임 없이 순환·변주되면서 연작 내부의 작품들과 긴밀히 연결된다. 텍스트의 총 체 속에 창출된 가상의 자아를 중심으로 순환하고 재구성되는 기억의 이미 지들은 상호텍스트성과 자기반영성에 기초한 새로운 차원의 자전적 공간을 형성하게 된다.

Avec son premier long métrage, Les Quatre cents coups, François Truffaut a créé, à partir de ses souvenirs d'enfance, un personnage devait continuer à vivre dans son oeuvre. À travers tous les cinq films du cycle Doinel, la dimension autobiographique se crée dans cette identité dynamique du personnage. Cela nous donne à voir la distiction entre l'identité de l’homme-auteur et celle de l'auteur-créateur, selon les concepts chez Bakhtine. Chez Truffaut, le rapport autobiographique entre auteur et personnage s'établit plutôt par un recours fréquent à l'auto-citation, au moyen de noms, de répliques ou de situations semblables qui reviennent au travers des oeuvres, que par une concordance entre la vie privée de l'auteur et l'histoire racontée. De cette manière, les personnages des films hors du cycle reflètent l'image de Doinel. Truffaut crée ainsi un «espace autobiographique» qui implique des interférences entre autobiographie et fiction, à travers une réécriture constante de ses souvenirs qui circulent d'un film à l'autre.

현대에는 모든 사물, 기기들이 인터넷으로 연결되고 네트워크를 통해 IoT 제품을 쉽게 접하면서 IoT 제품을 사용하 고 있다. 사용자들의 편리성을 위하여 원격으로 IoT 제품을 직접 조작하지 않고 자동으로 조작할 수 있다. 사용자들이 IoT 제품을 이용하여 생활의 편리성을 향상하기 위한 다양한 연구개발이 진행되고 있다. 하지만 사용자의 편리성만을 추구하다 보니 보안적인 측면에서는 사용자의 개인정보 노출이 되는 심각한 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 IoT 제품에 무아레 기술을 적용하는 방법을 제안하여 보안의 성능을 향상하고, 무아레 현상 방법인 그림자식 무아레, 영사식 무아레를 이용한 사용자 얼굴 인증으로 IoT 제품의 안전성을 높이는 방법을 제안한다. 기존의 IoT 제품과 무아레 기술이 적용된 IoT 제품을 비교해 보면 무아레 기술이 적용된 IoT 제품이 보안적인 측면에서 안전하다.

In modern times, many IoT products are being used as all things and devices are connected to the Internet and IoT products become easily accessible through the network. For the convenience of users, IoT products can be remotely operated automatically without manual operation. Various research and development are underway to improve the convenience of users by using IoT products. However, since only the convenience of the users is pursued, in terms of security, there is a serious problem that exposes the user's personal information. This paper has proposed a method to apply moiré technology to IoT products in order to improve the performance of security, and a method to increase the safety of IoT products using user face authentication based on shadow moiré as a moiré phenomenon method, and the projection moiré. When comparing the existing IoT products and IoT products applied with moiré technology, IoT products applied with moiré technology are safer in terms of security.

급격한 전파를 이용하는 기기의 다양화와 대중화로 인해 많은 전파 관련 보안 문제들이 일어나고 있다. 일상적인 생활에서의 전파의 안전은 매우 밀접한데 전파의 방해와 교란은 단순 생활의 불편뿐 아니라 신체의 직접적인 피해를 입힐 수도 있기 때문에 전파보호는 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 논문에서는 전파 교란과 교섭을 막기 위한 방안으로 백색광 광원, 투영격자와 광원으로 영사식 무아레를 측정 하여 기준격자 및 변형격자의 영사 이미지를 획득한 후 위상도를 알고리즘에 적용하여 화상처리 알고리즘으로 무아레 무늬를 생성하고 무늬 위상도를 3차원 형상도로 생성한다. 이렇게 측정된 얼굴 형 상을 이용한 암호화된 토큰을 만들어 토큰링을 통한 정보의 수신여부를 결정 하여 인증 강도, 호출자의 정보 등이 포함된 동적 보안 속성을 가진 수평 전파를 전송하고 java직렬화와 직렬화 해제 기능을 이용하여 토큰의 고유성을 확인 수평전파를 송·수신 하여 문제점을 해결하는 기법을 제안하였다.

Due to diversification and popularization of devices that use rapid transmission, there are many security issues related to radio waves. As the disturbance and interference of the radio wave can cause a direct inconvenience to a life, it is a very important issue. In this paper, as a means to prevent radio disturbance and interference, the projected image of the reference grid and the deformed grid is obtained by measuring the projected moiré using the white light source, projecting grid and the light source, and a moiré pattern is generated with an image processing algorithm by applying a phase diagram algorithm, and generated moiré pattern phase diagram creates a three-dimensional shape. By making an encrypted token using this measured face shape, the transmission of the information through token ring is determined in order to transmit the horizontal transmission having the dynamic security characteristics which includes authentication strength and caller information, etc. And by confirming the uniqueness of the token and by sending and receiving the horizontal transmission using java serialization and deserialization function, a problem solving method is suggested.

지문융선과 대상격자를 오버랩(overlap)하여 발생되는 무아레(moire) 간섭무늬 정보 획득방법 및지문인식을 위한 정보처리 과정에 적용할 수 있도록 새로운 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 또한 지문에서 무아레 간섭무늬를 얻기 위한 최적의 대상격자를 제작하였고, 컬러필터링 방법으로 추출한 간섭무늬를 저장하여 특이점 추출과 병행시켜 지문을 인식하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다.

This study suggests a method to acquire moire interference fringes, which is produced when the ridge and subject grating are overlapped in the information processing for finger scans. A new algorithm can be utilized for finger-scans in order for the interference fringe to be acquired by the suggested method. The optimum subject grating was created to get moire interference fringe from finger prints and the method of color filtering was identified to produce the interference fringe. Stored interference fringe was extracted. Therefore, the singularity extraction in conjunction with the finger-scanning algorithm was developed.

Morphological information such as shape and margin of micro lesion is important information for diagnosis of disease in clinical imaging. In this study, we investigated the morphological changes of the micro lesions by comparing the contrast and area in grid suppressed DR images according to grid frequency. In the profile analysis of the image, the mass showed an average intensity variation of 8.6 ~ 72.4 after suppression, The higher the grid frequency, the more the contrast was increased. However, in the images obtained using 103 lp / inch, which is a grid frequency less than the sampling frequency, the contrast of the mass in the vertical direction decreased after suppression. In the binary image, the area change of the mass was also large. As a result, the shape, size, and margin of the mass changed. In the case of very small calcification, the higher the grid frequency is the larger the change in contrast, so that a clear image can be obtained in the post-suppression image. However, we could confirm that the margin of the lesion was blurred and the lesion was lost in some of the images using the 103 lp / inch grid. The higher the frequency of the grid, The change of the contrast of fiber occurred largely and clear boundary was confirmed. The decrease of the number of pixels was small and morphological change was small. In conclusion, when using a grid frequency that is not suitable for the sample frequency, morphological changes or lesion loss of micro lesions in the post- suppression image may give the possibility of misdiagnosis in diagnosis and differentiation of the image.

디지털 카메라에서는 일반적으로 높은 공간주파수에 의해 발생하는 주파수 간섭을 제거하기 위해 광저대역 투과 필터(optical lowpass filter)를 사용한다. 그러나 영상을 획득할 때 광저대역 투과 필터의 사용으로 고주파 성분이 제거되어 상세 성분의 손실을 가져오게 된다. 이와 반대로, 광저대역 투과 필터를 제거한 후에 영상을 획득할 경우, 높은 공간주파수를 가지는 영역에서 moir$\acute{e}$가 발생하게 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 카메라의 광저대역 투과 필터를 제거 후 영상의 상세 성분을 보존하고 moire를 제거하는 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 ISO12233 해상도 차트를 사용하여 카메라의 공간해상도(spatial frequency response)를 분석하고, 카메라의 최대 분해능에 해당하는 해상도 차트의 패턴을 모델링하여 moir$\acute{e}$가 발생하는 영역을 검출한다. 검출된 moir$\acute{e}$ 영역을 주파수 도메인에서 분석하고 DC 성분과 최대 주파수 사이의 각 주파수별 최대 값에서 발생하는 변곡점을 검출하고 변곡점에 해당하는 값을 제거하여 moir$\acute{e}$ 성분을 제거한다. 실험 결과 제안한 방법은 상세 성분의 손실을 줄이고 moir$\acute{e}$ 제거에서 우수한 성능을 보였다.

Digital still camera generally uses optical low-pass filter(OLPF) to enhance its image quality because it removes high spatial frequencies causing aliasing. However, the use of OLPF causes some loss of detail. On the other hand, when image are captured by using no OLPF, the moir$\acute{e}$ is generally existed in high spatial frequency region of an image. Therefore, in this paper, moir$\acute{e}$ reduction method in case of using no OLPF is suggested. To detect the moir$\acute{e}$, spatial frequency response(SFR) of camera was firstly analyzed by using ISO 12233 resolution chart. Then, moir$\acute{e}$ region is detected by using the patterns that are related to the SFR of camera. next, this region is analysed in the frequency domain. Then, the moir$\acute{e}$ is reduced by removing its frequency component, which represents inflection point between high frequency and DC components. Through the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method can achieve moir$\acute{e}$ reduction with preserving the detail.

These days are referred to as 'the times of textile fashion,' owing to the emphasis on textile design in the fashion industry. Accordingly, apparel companies have increased their interests in developing new types of textiles to overcome the limits of style and silhouette. Now the ultra-fashion of textile, a new way of process and design development, is given much more attention. A Moire interference pattern has a longer wavy circle of interference, an effect of intensity interference, than one made by piling more than one reflecting plate or transmitting plate. Till now, Moire interference patterns have been used to confirm scientific theory and to measure the structure of a body or a subject in areas such as physics and medical science. Work has also been done on the Moire interference effects on TV screens said to cause dizziness and eye strain. This study focuses on the new types of textiles by creating the appearance of the Moire phenomena. Contrary to the present usual stationary patterns of textiles, it is a varying pattern according to the different gratings, different angles, piling gratings, and the movements of the human bodies. In the preceding study, we observed Moire fringes formed by overlapping two different or same kinds of gratings such as parallel line gratings, square gratings, conic gratings and semicircular gratings and tried to find a promising possibility of new textiles through the method of clothes design simulation.

Moire topography method isa well-known non-contacting 3-D measurement method as afast non-contact test for three-dimension shape measuring method. Recently, it's important to study the automatic three-dimension measurement by moire topography because it is frequently applied to the reverse engineering , the medical , the entertainment fields. Three-dimension measurement using projection of moire topography is very attractive because of its high measuring speed and high sensitivity. In this paper, the classical moire method is computerized-so called digital moire when a virtual grating pattern is projected on a surface, the captured image by the CCD camera has three-dimension information of the objects. The moire image can be obtained through a simple image processing and a reference grating pattern. and it provides similar results without physical grating pattern. digital projection moire topography turn out to be very effective for the three-dimension measurement of objects. Using different N-bucket algorithm method of digital projection moire topography is tested to measuring object with the 2-ambiguity problem. Experimental results prove that the proposed scheme is capable of finding measurement errors that decreased more by using the four-three step algorithm method instead of the same step in the phase shifting of different pitch.

Moire topography method is a well-known non-contacting 3-D measurement method. Recently, the automatic 3-D measurement by moire topography has been required since the method was frequently applied to the engineering and medical fields. 3-D measurement using digital projection moire topography is very attractive because of its high measuring speed and high sensitivity. In this paper, using different N-bucket algorithm method of digital projection moire topography is tested to measuring object with the 2$\pi$-ambiguity problem. Experimental results prove that the proposed scheme is capable of finding measurement errors that decreased more by using the flour-three step algorithm method than the same step in the phase shifting of different pitchs.

In this paper the real-time analysis of vibration objects using projection moir\ulcorner method is realized. By measuring the vibration of two different speakers using three grationgs with different pitch. it is possible to analyze the vibrating speakers, so the fundamental frequency mode of speakers is obserbed at 550Hz and 105Hz respectively and phase lag is shown nonlinear characteristics. Also it is possible to measure the vibration as to nonperiodic signals as well as peoriodic signals.

시편의 미소 변형을 측정하는 Moire법의 한 응용 방법인 미스얼라이먼트법을 이용하여 발생된 화상을 푸리에 변환에 의하여, 주파수 함수로 전환시킨 후 표준화 이론을 적용하여 시편의 변형을 Moire 무늬로 설명하고, 이를 뒷받침하는 식들을 유도하였다. 특히, 미스얼라인먼트법에서 발생되는 무늬의 회전 현상이나 무의 개수의 증가를 설명하고 이에 관련된 식들을 얻었다. 또한 무의 차수와 변형율과의 상관 관계를 보여주는 식을 주파수 벡터법과 기하하적인 방법으로 각각 유도하여, 이들 두식이 통상의 Moire법에서도 적용가능한 보다 유용한 식임을 확인하였다.

The fringes developed by misalignment, an application of Moire method measuring small deformation of specimen, was transformed to frequency function. After that, theory of normalization was applied to derive the equations explaining the relation of the deformation and Moire fringes. Above all, the equations were produced to explain the rotation and increasing of fringes. In addition to that, the relation of fringe number and strain was illustated with the equations deduced from frequency function and geometrical method respectively. These two expressions were more effective than the used ones owing to the one can accommodate the other.

Moire artifact는 미세병변과 주파수 대역이 중첩되기 때문에 moire artifact를 제거하는 Image processing software를 사용할 경우 미세 병변의 손실을 가져올 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 SD(Sprague Dawley) Rat에 microcalcification과 microfracture와 같은 미세병변을 임의로 형성하여 영상화하고, reference 영상과 grid suppression software를 사용한 영상, optimizied grid 영상을 비교 분석하였다. 영상은 두 명의 영상의학과 전문의가 컨소시엄을 형성하여 판독하였고, 판독 결과 값은 McNemar's test 이용하여 평가하였다. 73개의 microcalcifications 중 Grid suppression후 13 cases에서, optimized grid를 사용한 영상은 3 cases에서 영상의 손실이 확인되어 Grid suppression후의 영상이 통계적으로 유의하게 영상 손실을 발생하고 있음을 보여주고 있다(p=0.021). 총 53개의 fracture line은 Grid suppression을 시행한 후 영상에서 19 cases가 영상의 손실을 보였고, optimized grid를 사용한 영상에서는 영상손실이 없는 것으로 판독되었다. 따라서 미세병변을 진단하는 영상에 있어 moire artifact를 제거하기 위한 grid suppression software 사용은 신중하게 고려되어야 할 것이다.

Because moire artifacts overlap with fine lesions and frequency bands, image processing software that removes moire artifacts can lead to loss of micro lesions. In this study, microscopic lesions such as microcalcification and microfracture were randomly formed on SD (Sprague Dawley) rats and image and optimized grid images were compared and analyzed using reference image and grid suppression software. The images were read by two consecutive radiologists using a McNemar's test. Among the 73 microcalcifications, in the 13 cases after grid suppression, the image of the optimized grid shows the loss of image in 3 cases, and the image after grid suppression shows statistically significant image loss (p=0.021). In all 53 fracture lines, there were 19 cases of image loss after the grid suppression, and only one case of the optimized grid showed no image loss. Therefore, the use of grid suppression software to remove moire artifacts should be carefully considered in the diagnosis of micro lesions.