Earticle

이 논문에서 필자는 이니시에이션 스토리의 새로운 타이폴로지로서 자서전적 스 토리와 극적 전환적 스토리의 분류법을 제시한다. 이 의견은 유럽의 19세기 빌둥스 로만의 자서전적 스토리가 이른바 성장소설(coming-of-age novel)의 고전으로서 현 재까지 존속하고 있으며, 또 한편으로는 주로 영미문학을 중심으로 파격적이고 외부 적인 계기를 통한 극적 전환적 스토리가 상대적으로 뒤늦게 유행하고 있는 현실에 기초를 두고 있다. 그동안 유행하고 있는 M. 마커스의 이니시에이션의 강도에 따른 임시적, 미완적, 결정적 스토리의 삼분법은 도식적이고, 형식적이라는 비판을 받을 만하다. 즉, 포스트 모더니즘 등의 신사고가 정착되어 내용면에서도 연구가 이루어져 야 한다는 현실과 이니시에이션의 순간이 언제 어디서든 그리고 반복적으로 발생할 수 있다는 점이 그 이유이다. 이러한 사고가 보기에는 진부해 보일는지 모르지만, 사실상 학자들이 다소 소홀히 한 부분이 틀림없다. 그래서 이 에세이에서 필자는 세 작품 󰡔붉은 망아지󰡕, <검은 종마>, <듀마(Duma)>의 등장인물의 행위를 중심으로 새로운 타이폴로지를 예증하고, 자서전적 스토리와 극적 전환적 스토리의 서로 다른 경향을 상호 비교하고 있다.

This paper aims to suggest a new typology of initiation story: autobiographical story and dramatic transition story. This suggestion is based on the fact that the autobiographical tradition of European Bildungsroman starting from the 19th century has continued as a classic of coming-of-age novels up to now, and on the other hand, the dramatic transition story, centered on radical and outside factors, has been catching on notably around English and American literature relatively later. In fact, M. Marcus’s classification method (the tentative, the uncompleted, and the decisive) has recently predominated the initiation stories. However, it is to be criticized for being too schematic and formal. In fact, the new ideas, such as post-modernism, have taken already root, and we need a new research in terms of thematic aspects. In addition, the initiation can take place anytime and anywhere and repeatedly in our lives. This idea seems to be somewhat worn-out, but also other scholars have not thought too much about it. Thus, this essay aims to demonstrate a new topology by observing the characters’ acts of the tree works—The Red Pony, The Black Stallion, and Duma and compare the autobiographical story and the dramatic transition story by listing the different characteristics.

This paper is intended as an investigation of the aspectual meanings of ｢-sitekuru｣ sentences that indicate the internal states of human. There are four items; <conception, emotion, perception, sensation> in the verbs that show the internal states of human. The aspectual meanings of｢-sitekuru｣sentences depend on the semantic features of verbs of｢-sitekuru｣construction. In conclusion: it follows from what has been said through analysis, the aspectual meanings of｢-sitekuru｣sentences with transitive and volitional verbs(eg. omou, kangaeru etc) are ‘continuous’, and those with intransitive and not volitional verbs are ‘initiation’. Especially in the verbs show the spontaneous meanings(eg. omeru, omoidasareru etc), ‘initiation’ is overwhelmingly expressed in the｢-sitekuru｣sentences. As the internal states of human have not dynamic phases, the events of those sentences tend to be represented by a perfective aspect, not divided into phases. Therefore, instead of ‘continuous’ as a imperfective aspect, ‘initiation’ as a perfective aspect is interpreted as a aspectual meaning in the｢-sitekuru｣sentences that indicate the internal states of human.

제주도 굿의 대표적 의례인 초감제에는 무가 <베포도업침>과 <천지왕본풀이>가 들어 있다. <베포도업침> 의 자연-인간의 문제와 <천지왕본풀이>의 인간-인간의 문제의 차이가 있고 그 해결의 서사는 유사하다는 것 이 드러난다. 처음의 상황인 천지개벽은 창세신화에서 가장 중요하고도 독립적인 화소이다. 무질서에서 질서 로 이행하는 것이 바로 창조 또는 창세이다. 해와 달이 둘씩 있다거나 기껏 만들어놓은 지상에 악인이 존재한 다는 것은 창세가 인간에게 불완전한 것이며 창세가 새롭게 이루어져야 할 필요성을 제기한다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 물이나 불로 세상을 징치하는 신화가 보편적으로 존재한다. 이를 천지재창조신화라 할 수 있다. 일월 문제 등을 천지왕이 해결하지 못하고 지상녀와 혼인하여 아들 형제를 얻는 내용인 해결시도와 해결방안을 하 나로 묶어볼 수 있다. 성장한 아들 형제가 일월문제나 수명장자 문제를 해결하는 것은 문제 해결이다. 다음으 로 아들들이 이승을 놓고 경쟁하여 결국 소별왕이 이승을 차지한 결과 이승에 악이 지속되고 말게 된 것은 결 과이다. 이러한 서사구성을 간략히 ‘1.천지개벽, 2.천지 재창조 필요, 3.아들 형제 탄생, 4.아들형제가 문제 해 결, 5.이승법 마련’ 이라고 정리할 수 있다. 천상의 존재는 인간 현실과 다른 차원의 질서를 가지고 있기 때문에 지상의 문제를 천상의 힘으로 일시적으로 해결할 수는 있어도 근원적으로 해결할 수는 없다. 이를 해결하기 위해서는 지상적이면서 천상적인 존재가 필 요하다. 지상적인 요소는 지상의 문제를 자신의 문제로 갖기 위해서이고 천상적인 요소는 지상을 뛰어넘는 능 력이 필요하기 때문이다. 이러한 존재를 갖기 위해서 하늘에서 내려온 아버지와 지상에서 고난을 겪고 사는 어머니가 필요하다. 이 사이에서 태어난 아들은 지상에서의 삶의 고난의 문제를 자신의 것으로 수용해서 문제 를 해결하려는 의지를 가지며, 천상의 안목과 능력을 가지고 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 이렇게 정신적인 것 영적인 것 문화적인 것을 아는 것은 자연의 창조와는 다른 인간 사회에 더욱 긴요하다. 자 연의 창조를 모방하지만 필요한 것은 인간 사회의 건설이다. 영웅의 최종 목표는 바람직한 사회를 건설하는 것이다. 제주도의 초감제 신화를 통해서 제주도를 넘어서는 신화론을 점검해볼 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

In the beginning of the shamanistic ritual in Jeju Island, shamans sing <Bepo- doeopchim> and <Chonjiwang Bonpuri>, sometimes in succession, sometimes separately. These two narratives share the motifs of creation myth and hero myth in common. I would like to show that it is important to understand that these two stories are functioning as one plot. The motif of <Bepodoeopchim> and <Chonjiwang Bonpuri> lies in order like this; the first condition (Creation)-problematic condition-attempt to solve-solution-new problem-present condition(earthly evils). The myth ends but the evil lasts to the present. We can also show the common ground plot of <Bepodoeopchim> and <Chonji- wang Bonpuri>. 1. Cosmic Creation --------- the first condition2. Re-creation ---------- problem and attemp to solve3. Birth of the son(of ---------- birth of the heroheavenly king andearthly mother)4. the son's solving of the --------- problem solving of the heroproblem5. setting up the order of --------- new order and unfinished problemsthe earth 1 and 2 are creation myth, 4 and 5 are hero myth. 3 is the bridge that combine the creation and the hero. The myths of <Bepodoeopchim> and <Chonjiwang Bonpuri> explain how the hero got the capability to solve the earthly problems. The problem of "nature-man" of <Bepodoeopchim> and that of "man-man" of <Chonjiwang Bonpuri> are different but the aspect of the problem-solving is similar. The motif of the beginning of the world is in <Bepodoeopchim> and that of the competition of blooming flower and playing riddles is in <Chonjiwang Bonpuri> only. For the heavenly beings have different level of order from that of the earthly human beings, they cannot settle the earthly problems fundamentally. We need the heavenly-earthly being to solve the problem; a hero. He needs earthly elements to understand earthly problems, and on the other hand, he needs heavenly elements to have the super power and capability far beyond the earthly man to solve the problem. To have this hero we need a celestial being as his father and an earthly woman who goes through a hard time in this very world as his mother. The self awareness of his existence is like a rebirth and it is we call an initiation.

Applying Discourse Analysis (DA) approach, the present research investigated the classroom discourse in EFL classrooms in Iran. The goals of the research were: (a) to identify the interaction patterns between teachers and students, (b) to investigate the effect of the gender of the teachers and the students on their interaction patterns, and (c) to find out whether the interaction was teacher-dominated or studentdominated. The results of the analysis indicated that the interaction patterns between the participants vary with the participants making use of a variety of discourse acts. Considering gender effect, it was shown that more similarities than differences existed between male and female teachers. Furthermore, boys were found to be more willing to interact with their teachers than girls. Finally, the findings showed that although the classroom discourse was following an IRF pattern in which the teachers dominated a high portion of classroom talk, the students did initiate exchanges with their teachers, and at times they even did followup their teachers’ responses to their questions, resulting in an IRF pattern even in Student-Teacher Talk.

In approaching writers, we study them in two ways. One criterion is their themes and the other one is their techniques. This is also applicable to Hemingway. To understand Hemingway’s literature, we must analyze his works with an intensive investigation into main characters. An analysis of main characters cannot be made separately and Hemingway’s literature must be understood as a whole. In his works, Hemingway’s characters mainly consist of heroes, not heroines. He expresses his feelings and thougts through heroes. Thus, this essay analyzes heroes only. Hemingway’s Nick Adams awakes to the realities of life and social environment by going through violence, death, evil and pain. In many different works, the young Nick Adams opens his eyes to see violence and hardships. As he grows into a young man, he begins to confront those evils and difficulties. Jake Barns in The Sun Also Rises and Frederick Henry in A Farewell to Arms are not only very important characters, but they also share unmistakable similarities with Hemingway. Hemingway believed that through True at First Light, he came to a most important turning point in his literature. In Africa, Hemingway stated that things turned out naked in the morning and they turned out hidden in the afternoon. Nick Adams was strong and loved trout fishing. Santiago loved to fish in the ocean for marlin. This is a symbolic relationship between Nick Adams and Santiago. In Nick Adams’ times, his name had often changed and this shows us his various experiences in life. Nick Adams enriches his experience, sees life differently and develops into the undefeated Santiago.

This paper aims to illustrate and illuminate the relationship between language and its neighbor disciplines, in particular between language and literature, language and religion, and language and music. 1. Language and literature. Literature is an art of language. Therefore, linguistics, the science of language, should be able to explain how the grammar of literature elevates and ordinary language into a literary language. I illustrate poetic syntax with examples from Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. 2. Language and religion. I show how a linguistic analysis of a religious text can illuminate the background, authorship, chronology, etc., of a religious text with an example from the Book of Daniel. I also illustrate how a misanalysis of a poetic meter led to a mistranslation with an example from the Book of Psalms. 3. Language and music. First I trace an epochal event in the history of the Western music, i.e., the change of the musical style from the liturgical music of Latin in which the rhythm was created by the alternation of syllable duration into the liberated music of German in which the rhythm was generated by the alternation of lexical stress. I then illustrate a parallelism between linguistic and musical structures with several musical pieces including Gregorian chant, the 16th century music of Palestrina, the 17th century music of Schutz, the 18th century music of Mozart, and the 19th century Viennese music. Finally, the importance of text-tune (verse-melody) association is discussed with examples of mismatches in translated Korean hymns and contemporary Korean lyrical songs. In the concluding part, I speculate on some factors that are responsible for the same organizational devices in three different modes of human communication. An answer may be that all are under the same laws of mind that govern the way man perceives and organizes nature, i.e., the same cognitive abilities of man, in particular, the capacity to organize and impose structure on their respective inputs.

본 연구는 어린 시절 극심한 트라우마로 복합외상을 겪고 있는 40대 여성의 모래놀이 상담 사례이다. 내담자의 주 호소는 ‘내가 없는 것 같은’ 두려움과 공포다. 내담자 부와 모의 극심한 갈등으로 인해 내담자를 비롯한 3남매는 부모의 보살핌을 제대로 받지 못하고 서로를 의지하며 유년 시절을 보냈다. 내담자는삶에서 자신이 겪은 힘든 상황을 자신의 잘못이라 생각한 결과 죄책감으로 심장이 튀어나올 것 같은 신체적 어려움을 호소한다. 결혼 후에도 내담자는 원 가족과 분리가 되지 않아 현재의 가족 안에서 잘 기능하지 못하고 있어 부부관계와 자녀 양육에 어려움이 있다. 내담자의 모래놀이 상담은 총 33회기에 걸쳐 주1회 진행되었으며 매회기마다 모래상자를 만들고, 꿈을 모래상자에 놓으며 진행되었다. 연구자는 이 과정을 여성영웅의 개성화 과정을 위한 initiation으로 보고 1단계 일상으로부터의 분리, 2단계 지하세계로 하강하는 입문, 3단계 귀환으로 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 트라우마로 인한 복합외상으로 중년기에 접어들어 삶이더욱 어려워진 성인 여성의 사례를 통해 모래놀이 상담에서 내담자의 꿈이 상담에 효과적이었음을 확인할수 있었다. 또한 인격적인 성장이 함께 이루어진 initiation 과정임을 알 수 있는 긍정적인 측면을 보여주고있었다.

This study presents a sandplay therapy case of a woman in her 40s who has experienced complex trauma(C-PTSD) resulting from severe childhood maltreatment. The client’s primary complaint centered on a pervasive sense of fear and terror described as “feeling as though I do not exist.” Due to intense conflict between her father and mother, the client and her two siblings grew up without adequate parental care, relying primarily on one another throughout childhood. The client internalized her adverse life experiences as her own fault, leading to profound guilt accompanied by somatic symptoms such as the sensation of her heart “pounding out of her chest.” Even after marriage, the client struggled to differentiate from her family of origin, which impeded her ability to function adaptively within her current family system and created difficulties in both marital and parenting relationships. The sandplay therapy was conducted over 33 weekly sessions, during which the client created a sandtray each time and placed images from her dreams into the tray as part of the therapeutic process. The researcher interpreted the overall therapeutic trajectory as an initiation process aligned with the individuation pathway of the female hero, consisting of three stages: (1) separation from ordinary life, (2) descent and initiation into the underworld, and (3) return. This study demonstrates that the integration of the client’s dreams into sandplay therapy played an effective therapeutic role for an adult woman whose life challenges intensified in midlife due to complex trauma. Furthermore, the findings highlight the positive aspects of an initiation process in which psychological growth and individuation occurred concurrently.

The deregulation of protein translational machinery and the oncogenic role of several translation initiation factors have been extensively investigated. This study aimed to investigate the role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2S2 (eIF2S2, also known as eIF2β) in cervical carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis of human cervical carcinoma tissues revealed a stage-specific increase in eIF2S2 expression. The knockdown of eIF2S2 in human cervical cancer (SiHa) cells significantly reduced growth and migration properties, whereas its overexpression demonstrated the opposite effect. Immunoprecipitation and Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay confirmed the previous photo array finding of the interaction between eIF2S2 and SMAD4 to understand the tumorigenic mechanism of eIF2S2. The results indicated that the N-terminus of eIF2S2 interacts with the MH-1 domain of SMAD4. The interaction effect between eIF2S2 and SMAD4 was further evaluated. The knockdown of eIF2S2 increased SMAD4 expression in cervical cancer cells without changing SMAD4 mRNA expression, whereas transient eIF2S2 overexpression reduced SMAD4 expression. This indicates the possibility of post-translational regulation of SMAD4 expression by eIF2S2. Additionally, eIF2S2 overexpression was confirmed to weaken the expression and/or promoter activity of p15 and p27, which are SMAD4-regulated antiproliferative proteins, by reducing SMAD4 levels. Therefore, our study indicated the pro-tumorigenic role of eIF2S2, which diminishes both SMAD4 expression and function as a transcriptional factor in cervical carcinogenesis.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among Korean women in relation to their employment status. Methods: Data were collected using a web-based self-administered questionnaire from 1,031 Korean mothers living in Seoul with babies younger than 24 months. Demographic characteristics, education on breastfeeding, rooming in, breastfeeding during hospital stay, and breastfeeding knowledge were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with initiation and continuation at 1, 6 and 12 months according to mothers' employment status. Results: Breastfeeding initiation rates were similar regardless of mothers' employment status. Continuation rates decreased for both groups of mothers, but were significantly lower among employed mothers at all duration points. Unemployed mothers who were able to keep their babies in the same room during the hospital stay were more likely to initiate breastfeeding. The factor that was consistently associated with breastfeeding continuation for all duration points among unemployed mothers was whether the mother breastfed during the hospital stay. Higher knowledge scores and having an infant with atopic dermatitis were also associated with breastfeeding continuation at 6 months and 12 months, respectively for unemployed mothers, and receiving education on breastfeeding was associated with 12-month continuation for employed mothers. Conclusion: These results emphasize the significant roles of hospitals for breastfeeding initiation and continuation, with rooming-in, initial breastfeeding practice and education during hospital stay as important practices. In addition, for working mothers to continue their breastfeeding, significant support from the workplace is crucial.

인터넷 응용 기술 중 TCP/IP 기반으로 Voice 통화를 가능하게 하는 VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol)기술은 기존의 아날로그 전화보다 통신비용이 저렴하고 인터넷이 이용 가능한 곳 어디서든지 전화 통화가 가능한 장점으로 VoIP 전화 통화 서비스가 활성화되고 있는 추세이다. 현재 VoIP 기술에 구현되고 있는 Protocol에는 SIP(Session Initiation Protocol), H.323, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 등이 있으며, 이러한 프로토콜 중 SIP로 동일한 LAN에서 Asterisk IP-PBX를 이용한 SIP Server구성으로 VoIP 서비스 시스템 구현이 가능하다. 또한 VoIP 서비스를 이용하기 위한 단말로는 SmartPhone의 Application, PC의 SoftPhone 등을 오픈 마켓 혹은 인터넷에서 다운하여 사용 할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 SIP Server, 프로그램들만 이용할 경우 VoIP에 대한 공격을 피할 수는 없다. 이에 본 논문에서는 Asterisk를 이용하여 SIP server를 구현하고, VoIP 공격 방법 중 대표적인 도청 Test를 실시하여 도청 가능 여부에 대해 기술한다. 이에 도청 공격에 대한 보안 방법으로 TLS를 적용하여 도청 가능 여부를 판별하고, 보안 대책에 대해 연구하여 기술한다.

Voice over IP refers to technology that enables routing of voice conversations over the Internet or a TCP/IP network. VoIP communication costs cheaper than traditional analog phone. Phone calls can be made to anywhere / anyone: Both to VoIP numbers as well as people with normal phone numbers. VoIP protocol equipment available today follows the SIP standard. Older VoIP equipment though would follow H 323, MGCP, Megaco/H.248. A SIP server is the main component of an IP PBX, dealing with the setup of all SIP calls in the TCP/IP network. A SIP server is also referred to a Asterisk IP-PBX. A VoIP telephone, also known as a SIP phone or a softphone, allows the user to make phone calls to any softphone, mobile or PC by using App store. A VoIP telephone can be a simple software-based softphone. However, the SIP Server and the program is vulnerable to VoIP attacks. In this paper, eavesdropping attacks tested by using the Asterisk SIP server. Eavesdropping attacks and TLS security methods apply to VoIP system. TLS can be applied to determine whether the eavesdropping available for VoIP Environments.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between delays in initiation and termination of tibialis anterior contraction through surface electromyographic (sEMG) analysis in adults with hemiplegia and healthy subjects and clinical assessment of lower-limb mobility. EMG activity of 6 long-term survivors of stroke and 5 healthy subjects was recorded during maximal isometric ankle dorsiflexion in 3 seconds beeper signals. It must be done as fast and forcefully as possible. Lower limb mobility was assessed with Modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (mEFAP). Delay in initiation and termination of muscle contraction was significantly prolonged in the affected lower limb relative to the unaffected limb. Termination of muscle contraction in the hemiplegic lower limb was significantly delayed than the initiation on the affected sides. Delay in initiation and termination of muscle contraction correlated significantly with a few range of mEFAP. Abnormally delayed initiation and termination of muscle contraction may contribute to hemiparetic lower limb mobility in hemiparetic patients. Consequently, this study showed that abnormal delay of initiation and termination of muscle contraction may contribute to hemiparetic lower limb mobility in adults with hemiplegia. Further studies are needed to demonstrate a treatment effect.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of initiation side on gait symmetry in the chronic stroke patients. Methods: Twenty one patients with independent gait after stroke were divided into the paretic-leg gait initiation group (PLI) and the nonparetic-leg gait initiation group (NPLI). The symmetry ratio (SR) was calculated from of the spatiotemoral and kinematic parameter which measured by 3D motion analysis. Results: In the spatiotemporal variables, SR-step length and SR-velocity was significantly different between groups (p<0.05). In the kinematic variables, SR-TOAA and SR-SwPAA of the hip joint was significantly different between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: We suggest that the initiating leg may influence on the gait symmetry of stroke patient These results will be a helpful reference in hemiplegic gait training or intervention.

Carcinogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP) to the mose forestomach and its inhibitor activity for the initiation of Benzo[a]pyrene(BP)-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia were studied on the mouse forestomach carcinogenesis regimen. One hundred female ICR mice(6~7 weeks of age) were hosed in a poly-carbonate cage (4 mice/cage) in a humidity- and temperature-controlled room subjected to a semipurified diet for a week. Mice were divided into 4 treatment groups (25 mice/treatment): Basal diet, DEHP, BP, and BP+DEHP. On Monday and wednesday, 0.1ML DEHP mixed with 0.1ml olive oil (for DEHP and DEHP+BP treatment groups) or 0.1ml saline+0.1ml olive oil (for basal diet group) was intubated, p.o., and on Friday, 2mg BP dissolved in 0.2ml olive oil (for BP and BP+DEHP treatment groups) was intubated, p.o. This cycle was repeated for 4 weeks. Beginning with the first intubation of BP an continuing thereafter, body weight and food intake were recorded once and twice weekly, respectively. All surviving mice were sacrificed 22 weeks after the first dose of BP intubation and countered forestomach tumor. No tumor was formed by DEHP treatment. 5.75 tumors per mouse was formed by BP treatment, whereas its number was reduced to 4.53 by BP+DEHP treatment. Similar results were seen in the tumor incidence. Body weight gain was not affected by DEHP treatment, when compared to that b basal diet treatment. The body weight was significantly reduced by BP treatment, but its reduction was recovered to the level of the basal diet group by BP+DEHP treatment. No significant difference was seen in food intake among all treatment groups. These results indicate that DEHP lacks carcinogenic activity to the mose forestomach and rather inhibits the initiation of BP-induced mose forestomach neoplasia.

Osteoporosis is a bone pathology leading to increased fracture risk and challenging the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an anthraquinone glycoside, aloin, on osteogenic induction of MC3T3-E1 cells. Aloin increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, an early differentiation marker of osteoblasts. Aloin also increased the ALP activity in adult human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC), indicating that the action of aloin was not cell-type specific. Alizarin red S staining revealed a significant amount of calcium deposition in cells treated with aloin. Aloin enhanced the expression of osteoblast differentiation genes, Bmp-2, Runx2 and collagen 1a, in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that noggin and inhibitors of p38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK signals attenuated aloin-promoted expressions of Bmp-2 and Runx2 proteins. siRNA mediated blocking of Wnt-5a signaling pathway also annulled the influence of aloin, indicating Wnt-5a dependent activity. Inhibition of the different signal pathways abrogated the influence of aloin on ALP activity, confirming that aloin induced MC3T3-E1 cells into osteoblasts through MAPK mediated Wnt and Bmp signaling pathway.

The purpose of the current experiment was to describe interlimb coordination when swing limb conditions are being manipulated by constraining step length or by adding a 5 or 10 pound weight to the swing limb distally. Subjects were asked to begin walking with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on one of the secondary targets (long and short step length). These three step length conditions were repeated while wearing a 5 pound ankle weight and then when wearing a 10 pound ankle weight. Ground reaction force (GRF) data indicated that there were changes in the forces and slopes of the swing and stance Fx GRFs. Long stepping subjects had to increase the propulsive force required to increase step length. Consequently, swing and stance toe-off greatly increased in the long step length condition. Short step length subjects had to adequately adjust step length, which decreased the speed of gait initiation. Loading the swing limb decreased the force and slope of the swing limb. Swing and stance toe-off was longest for the long step length condition, but there was a small difference of temporal events between no weight and weight condition. It appears that subjects modulated GRFs and temporal events differently to achieve the peak acceleration force of the swing and stance limb in response to different tasks. The findings from the current study provide preliminary data, which can be used to further investigate how we modulate forces during voluntary movement from a quiet stance. This information may be important if we are to use this or a similar task to evaluate gait patterns of the elderly and patient populations.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking among Korean adolescents. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted on the 2012 Korea Youth Risk BehaviorWeb-based Survey data using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Early smoking initiation was associated with being male, having a positive subjective health status, perceiving oneself as thin or average weight (body image), having an average happiness level, being stressed, consuming alcohol, having suicidal ideation, experiencing sexual intercourse, having low or average academic grades, having a parental education level of high school or below, not taking a family trip in the previous 12 months, and having a family that approves of smoking in the home. Conclusions: Interventions targeting the prevention of smoking initiation among adolescents should include individual factors such as health status, body weight, perceived mental health status, health-risk behaviors, and academic characteristics as well as family factors that reinforce family cohesion and home smoking bans. Moreover, male adolescents aged 12e13 years and their parents should be the main target of these interventions.

Online video telephony systems have been increasingly used in several industrial areas because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread. The existing session initiation protocol (SIP)-based video call system is being usefully utilized, however, there is a limitation that it is very inconvenient for users to transmit additional information during conversation to the other party in real time. To overcome this problem, an enhanced scheme is presented based on augmented real-time reality (AR). In this scheme, augmented information is automatically searched from the Internet and displayed on the user's device during video telephony. The proposed approach was qualitatively evaluated by comparing it with other conferencing systems. Furthermore, to evaluate the feasibility of the approach, we implemented a simple network application that can generate SIP call requests and answer with AR object pre-fetching. Using this application, the call setup time was measured and compared between the original SIP and pre-fetching schemes. The advantage of this approach is that it can increase the convenience of a user's mobile phone by providing a way to automatically deliver the required text or images to the receiving side.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of auditory cues in the form of a metronome on gait initiation (GI) in Parkinson's disease (PD). 2 patients (mean age: 54 yrs) with idiopathic PD participated in the study. All patients (Hoehn and Yahr disability score of 2.0) were tested in the "on" state approximately 1.5 hours following the administration and fully responding to their PD medications. Subjects first initiated walking at self-initiated speeds to determine their cadences. Then, subjects were asked to initiate gait along the walkway while keeping pace with a metronome. The metronome rate (in beats/min) was set at a cadence 85% (slow condition), 100% (normal condition) and 115% (fast condition) of gait for each subject. Subjects were able to increase the speed of GI with faster cadence, but the speed of GI for the slow condition was similar to that of the normal condition. Swing toe-off was 578.3 ms for the fast condition, 709.4 ms for the normal condition and 736.2 ms for the slow condition. Respective times for swing heel-strike were 894.3 ms, 1110.2 ms and 1119.1 ms, and stance toe-off were 1105.4 ms, 1338.5 ms, and 1343.1 ms. Except for stance unloading ground reaction forces were greatest for the fast condition and smallest for the slow condition. It appears that PD patients were able to modulate GRFs and temporal events in response to auditory cues to achieve the peak acceleration force of the swing and stance limb. The findings from this study provided preliminary data, which could be used to investigate how PD patients modulate GRFs and temporal events during GI in response to tasks.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the specific fracture mechanics response of cracks that initiate at the stem-cement interface and propagate into the cement mantle. Two-dimensional finite element models of idealized stem-cement-bone cross-sections from the proximal femur were developed for this study. Two general stem types were considered; Rectangular shape and Charnley type stem designs. The FE results showed that the highest principal stress in the cement mantle for each case occurred in the upper left and lower right regions adjacent to the stem-cement interface. There was also a general decrease in maximum tensile stress with increasing cement mantle thickness for both Rectangular and Charnley-type stem designs. The cement thickness is found to be one of the important fatigue failure parameters which affect the longevity of cemented femoral components, in which the thinner cement was significantly associated with early mechanical failure for shot-time period.

본 연구는 기독교 입문(Initiation)의 본질적 의미를 회복하고자 초기 교회의 통합된 예전 구조인 ‘세례-견신-성찬’의 단일성을 추적하고, 현대 에큐메니칼 예배회복운동의 흐름 속에서 견신이 지녀야 할 신학적 정체성과 목회적 실천 방안을 모색하는 데 목 적이 있다. 역사적으로 기독교 입문은 물과 성령의 사건이 유기적으로 결합된 단일의 례(Single Rite)로 시작되었으나, 서방교회는 행정적·목회적 이유로 견신을 세례로부터 분리하여 독립된 의례로 발전시켰다. 이 과정에서 견신은 세례를 보완하는 ‘미완의 성 례’ 혹은 성찬 참여를 위한 ‘조건적 관문’으로 전착되었으며, 특히 종교개혁 이후 개신 교 전통에서는 지식 전달 위주의 건조한 교리문답 교육으로 전락하며 그 안에 내포된 풍성한 성령론적 역동성을 상실하게 되었다. 이에 본 연구는 제2바티칸 공의회의 성 인입문예식(RCIA) 이후 전개된 현대 예배개혁의 흐름을 분석하였다. 북미 성공회, 루 터교, 장로교, 감리교의 예식서 개정 과정을 살펴본 결과, 각 교단은 안수와 도유의 관용구에서 시제를 변화시키거나 성령의 은사를 위한 기도를 세례 현장으로 전면 배 치함으로써 ‘세례의 완전성’을 확보하려 노력했음을 확인하였다. 특히 현대 예전학적 담론은 견신을 세례의 결핍을 채우는 사건이 아니라, 이미 세례 시 내주하신 성령의 사역을 지속시키고(sustain), 일깨우며(stir up), 강화하는(strengthen) ‘현행화’(actualization)의 과정으로 재정의한다. 이러한 신학적 성찰을 바탕으로 본 연구는 한국교회 목회현 장을 위한 몇 가지 실천적 모델을 제안한다. 먼저, 견신은 일회성 통과의례를 넘어 신 자의 생애 주기마다 세례 언약을 갱신하는 ‘강화의 예식’(Rite of Intensification)으로 재설계되어야 한다는 것이다. 다음으로, 물이 채워진 세례반 주변에서 의례를 거행하 고 성유(chrism)와 같은 상징을 사용하여 세례의 은총을 감각적으로 기억하도록 도와 야한다는 것이다. 셋째, ‘기도 후원자’ 제도의 의례화와 ‘서술형 고백’의 도입을 통해 견신을 개인의 지적 동의를 넘어 공동체적 위탁과 인격적 만남의 사건으로 변모시켜 야 한다는 것이다. 견신은 세례라는 거대한 바다를 향해 평생토록 흐르는 은총의 강 줄기이다. 본 연구는 견신이 세례 및 성찬과의 유기적 통합성을 회복할 때, 비로소 신 자가 ‘세례적 삶’을 살아내는 능동적 제자로 파송될 수 있음을 논증하였다. 이러한 예 전적 회복은 다음 세대를 위한 영성 형성뿐만 아니라, 하나의 세례를 공유하는 보편 적 교회의 일치를 실현하는 에큐메니칼 운동의 핵심 토대가 될 것이다.

This study seeks to recover the essential meaning of Christian Initiation by tracing the unity of the early Church’s integrated liturgical structure of Baptism–Confirmation–Eucharist, and by exploring the theological identity and pastoral direction that Confirmation ought to embody within the contemporary ecumenical movement for liturgical renewal. In the early Church, Christian Initiation was understood as a single rite in which the events of water and the Spirit were organically united. In the Western Church, however, administrative and pastoral factors led to the separation of Confirmation from Baptism and its development as an independent rite. In this process, Confirmation came to be interpreted as either a supplement to Baptism or a prerequisite for full participation in the Eucharist. Particularly after the Reformation, in many Protestant traditions it was often reduced to a catechetical exercise centered primarily on doctrinal instruction, thereby diminishing its rich pneumatological dimension. In response, this study analyzes the trajectory of modern liturgical reform following the Second Vatican Council and the promulgation of the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA). A comparative examination of revised liturgical books in North American Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Methodist traditions demonstrates that these churches have sought to affirm the “fullness of Baptism” by adjusting the tense of formulaic prayers related to laying on of hands and anointing, or by relocating prayers for the gifts of the Spirit to the baptismal context itself. Contemporary liturgical scholarship thus redefines Confirmation not as a completion of a deficient Baptism, but as an “actualization” of the Spirit’s indwelling already bestowed in Baptism—one that sustains, stirs up, and strengthens the baptized for lifelong discipleship. On the basis of this theological reflection, this study proposes several practical models for pastoral application in the Korean church context. First, Confirmation should be re-envisioned not as a one-time rite of passage but as a “Rite of Intensification” that renews the baptismal covenant at significant stages of the believer’s life. Second, the rite should be celebrated in proximity to the baptismal font and accompanied by symbolic elements such as chrism, enabling participants to experience and remember baptismal grace in tangible ways. Third, the ritualization of prayer sponsors and the incorporation of narrative confession may transform Confirmation from a merely intellectual assent into an event of communal entrustment and personal encounter. When Confirmation recovers its organic integration with Baptism and Eucharist, the faithful may be more fully formed as active disciples who embody a baptismal way of life. Such liturgical renewal provides not only a foundation for the spiritual formation of future generations but also a vital basis for the ecumenical realization of unity within the one baptism shared by the universal Church.