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The purpose of this study was to develop exercise program for children and adolescent students with ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactive disorder) and to evaluate the usefulness of this program. For the purpose, 4 students aged 7 and above executed the pre-designed exercise program for 24 weeks. The exercise program consisted of 5 types of gymnastic postures based on oriental and western medicine and the exercise was performed for 30 minutes, three-times a week. Thirteen parameters regarding ADHD diagnosis, Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, and self-esteem were evaluated at pre- and post-exercise program and the results were compared. All 4 students completed the 24 weeks of exercise program. Even though the number of subjects was small the exercise program showed a improving tendency especially in depression/agitation, concentration, and internalization parameters. Further study including larger number of subjects is needed.

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of the winter exercise program on body composition and basal fitness, health related index in collegiate ski players. The subjects were participated in this study who ski players male 7, female 5 in K university The result was not change in weight, but significantly 1.16% reduced body fat(p<.05), Body mass .77 (kg) increased (p<.01), BMI was 0.54 (kg/m2) increased (p<.01) too, and the girth of thigh 1.15 (cm) increased (p<.01). Basal fitness were not change back strength, muscle endurance, flexibility but significantly in equilibrium was 3.54 sec increased (p<.01), and 1,000m run was about reduced 10sec (p<.01). And the case of health related that Total cholesterol was 2.38 (mg/dl) reduced (p<.05), HDL-c 1.55 (mg/dl) increased (p<.01) but LDL-c 3.85 (mg/dl) reduced (p<.05). But Triglyceride (TG) was not change. In conclusion, long time’s winter training was significant change ski players body composition, health related index, but basal fitness was not only significant change in equilibrium, cardiopulmonary.

This study is to evaluate the influence of the exercise program for 12 weeks on 30 patients over age of 60 with degenerative lumber disease under the prescribed medication of P Family physician in seoul. The exercise program for 12 weeks executed for the experiment group(n=15) for 55 minutes 3 times per week, consist of the education of elderly health care and exercises for lower back pain, while the comparison group(n=15) took medicine for relief from chronic degenerative lumbar disease, like the experiment group, and both groups were banned from doing any exercise except executing the program. Algometer(JTECH Medical, USA), a per and post measurement tool of the program, was applied to measure the low back pain two times and Dualer IQ(JTECH Medical, USA) to measure a power lumber motion. Date collected from these tools were analyzed by Window SPSS/PC 11.0 for a mean and a SD in paired t-test(paired-samples t-test). All statistical significance level was set at ɑ=. 05. The result is as follow. (1) In the change of lower back pain degree, the mean fo change in the experiment group decreased more than it in the comparison group. However both groups showed statistically significant differences. (2) In the lumbar spine flexion and extension change for the joint operation capability and in the ROM(Range of Motion) analyzing of the sacrum hip, the mean increased more in the experiment group than in the comparison group, and there was statistically significant difference. It is concluded that the exercise program for 12 weeks employed in this study was appropriate for lumber function in the patients with degenerative disease and had a positive effect in lumber function in general.

Exercise treatements against metabolic syndrome risk factors that are accelerated by aging and hypokinetics have actively been proposed. However, the major therapeutic exercise trials against the risk factors are as aerobic exercise and moreover insufficient to the optimal form and intensity for the strength exercise. Strength exercise is known to increase muscle mass and strength in the various intensities, and followed by the promotion of basal metabolic rate and the reduction of fat mass. These changes play roles to reverse obesity and to regulate metabolic disease. Compared to aerobic exercise, strength exercise has shown to higher energy expenditure at rest as well as during exercise because of the increased muscle amount. Thus, it would be summarized the increase in energy consumption due to strength exercise have remarkable contribution in weight control. Moreover it has additional benefits on health such as bone density, balance, coordination, mobility to allow exercise longer and safer through the body movements and operations. On the other hand, it would be obtained more desirable metabolic responses from the combination of strength and aerobic exercise.

본 연구는 과체중 초등학생을 대상으로 적용된 운동프로그램 중 국내 연구들을 토대로 최적의 운동프로그램 개발을 위한 가이드라인을 탐색하였다. 한국학술진흥재단에서 선정한 등재 및 등재 후보 학술지로 2001년부터 2011년까지 과체중인 초등학생을 대상으로 운동프로그램의 효과를 검증한 연구 29편 중 15편을 선정하여 메타분석을 실시하였다. 선정된 연구의 운동프로그램을 운동형태, 운동빈도, 운동시간, 운동 중재를 포함한 복합중재로 구분하여 체지방률, WHR, BMI에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 첫째, 운동프로그램의 운동형태(유산소 운동, 무산소 운동, 복합 운동)가 WHR에 미치는 영향으로 유산소 운동의 평균 수정효과크기(Mean Effect Size’: MES’)는 25.58, 복합운동의 MES’는 66.01로 나타났다. 둘째, 과체중 초등학생에게 적용된 운동프로그램의 운동빈도(1-2회, 3-4회, 5-6회/1주)가 WHR에 미치는 영향으로 1-2회의 MES’는 75.00, 3-4회의 MES’는 66.01, 5-6회의 MES’는 0.87로 나타났다. 셋째, 과체중 초등학생에게 실시한 운동프로그램의 운동시간(40분 미만, 40분 이상)이 체지방률과 WHR에 미치는 영향은 40분미만의 MES’는 각각 33.18과 66.01, 40분 이상의 MES’는 각각 31.18과 25.58로 나타났다. 넷째, 과체중 초등학생에게 실시한 운동프로그램의 운동중재를 포함한 복합중재(운동과 생활습관 혹은 부모교육 등 동시에 중재)가 체지방률에 미치는 영향은 운동만 실시한 집단의 MES’는 29.79, 운동과 생활습관 및 부모교육 집단의 MES’는 35.67로 나타났다. 따라서 과체중 초등학생의 체지방 감소를 위한 운동중재는 매일 규칙적으로 유산소운동을 40분 이상 실시하는 것이 최적의 운동지침이 될 수 있으며 이를 실천하기 위한 운동중재 프로그램 개발이 요구된다.

A meta-analysis was conducted to integrate the optimal exercise time and frequence for fat loss of overweight elementary school students in Korea. From the accepted 15 studies, corrected effect size(ES’) were calculated and used for comparison according to variables which have been suggested to have effects on fat loss exercise program: exercise type, exercise frequency, exercise time, exercise interventions including the complex intervention, % body fat, waist hip ratio, and body mass index. This results were as follows: first, the exercise program applied to overweight an elementary school student are exercise type(aerobics exercise, anaerobics exercise, combined exercise) impact on the waist hip ratio with aerobic exercise mean effect size '(MES') was a 25.58, a combined exercise MES' was a 66.01. Second, the exercise program applied to overweight an elementary school student are exercise frequently(1-2day, 3-4day, 5-6day/week) impact on the waist hip ratio 1-2day MES' was 75.00, 3-4day MES' was 66.01, 5-6day MES' was 0.87. Third, the exercise program applied to overweight an elementary school student are exercise time(40 minutes or less, 40 minutes or more) impact on the percentage of body fat, waist hip ratio each 40 minutes or less MES' was 33.18 and 66.01, 40 minutes or more MES' was 31.18 and 25.58. Fourth, the exercise program applied to overweight elementary school student are exercise interventions including the complex intervention(only exercise group, exercise and lifestyle habits or parent education such as mediation) impact on the percentage of body fat only exercise group MES' was 29.29, exercise and lifestyle habits or parent education such as mediation at the same time group MES' was 35.67. Therefore optimal exercise interventions for fat loss in overweight elementary school students are over 40 min/day in aerobic exercise.

The purpose of the case study is to understand the effects of exercise therapy on the Mild triplegia in Cerebral Palsy patient. [Methods]The subject of this study is a 15-year-old female on mild triplegia in cerebral palsy. The change of her body component was measured using bio -impendence by weight, quadriceps, and hamstrings strength and her physical function was measured by 10M returning walking speed. Muscular strength is measure by Peak torque and the leg muscular strength is meaured using MicroFET. This exercise program occurs during 6months from July 2008 to December 2008. [Results] After 6 months of exercise, Her weight is increased by 4.6%, lean body mass is increased by 9.0%, percent of fat is reduced 20% and BMI is reduced by 0.6% in the body components. In addition, The speed of 10M returning walking is reduced by 6.5%. Her Rt extensor is increased by 119.1%, Lt extensor is increased by 87.9%, Rt flexor is increased by 23.4% and Lt flexor is increased by 208.2%. Most of the lower extremity is increased. [Conclusions] By this we can see that constant exercise more than 6 month would give positive effect for Cerebral palsy patient on thier muscular strenth. It gives good effect to their physical function as well.

Objective To assess the effect of combined hospital and home-based exercise programs on functional capacity and quality of life (QoL) among uncorrected atrial septal defect-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (ASD-PAH) patients. Methods This study was a randomized controlled trial with uncorrected ASD-PAH patients as the subjects. They were allocated randomly into control and exercise groups. Exercise group subjects performed hospital and home-based exercise programs, completing baseline 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and EQ-5D-3L QoL test (Utility Index and EQ-VAS scores), and were followed up for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were 6MWT distance and EQ-5D-3L score at week 12. The N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level was also assessed. A repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to detect endpoint differences over time. Results The exercise group contained 20 subjects and control group contained 19. In total, 19 exercise group subjects and 16 control group subjects completed the protocol. The 6MWT distance, Utility Index score, and EQ-VAS score incrementally improved significantly in the exercise group from baseline until week 12, with mean differences of 76.7 m (p<0.001), 0.137 (p<0.001) and 15.5 (p<0.001), respectively. Compared with the control group, the exercise group had significantly increased 6MWT distance and utility index score at week 12. The EQ-VAS score increased in the exercise group at week 12. The NTproBNP level decreased at week 12 in the exercise group. Conclusion Combined hospital and home-based exercise program added to PAH-targeted therapy, improving functional capacity and QoL in uncorrected ASD-PAH patients.

ABSTRACT Background Sprengel’s deformity is a malpositioning anomaly characterized by dysplasia and elevation of the scapula. After Sprengel’s deformity corrective surgery, an abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm can be generated because of relative stiffness. An elaborate corrective exercise program is needed to prevent the recurrence of the deformity and maintain the effect of the surgery. Study design A single-subject case study. Observations The scapular elevation height and scapular upward rotation angle were measured to confirm the scapulohumeral rhythm during 80° shoulder abduction using am electromagnetic system in an 8-y-old girl who had undergone Sprengel’s deformity corrective surgery 3 y earlier. Shoulder abductor strength were measured using a Smart KEMA strength measurement system, with and without restricted scapular elevation. An elaborate corrective exercise program, including five types of exercises, was prescribed for 6 wk. The child’s parents were instructed to ensure that scapular elevation was restricted during the exercises. Scapular elevation and upward rotation were measured pre, 2, 4, and 6 wk after an elaborate corrective exercise program. Scapular elevation and upward rotation during 80° shoulder abduction were significantly decreased, and shoulder abductor strength with restricted scapular elevation was significantly increased 6 wk after the elaborate corrective exercise program. Conclusions After Sprengel’s deformity corrective surgery, an elaborate corrective exercise program is necessary to enable control of scapular elevation during humeral elevation.

Objective: To examine the effect of the telerehabilitation program on sleep quality and fatigue level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was aimed in this study. MS is a demyelinating disease defined by various signs and symptoms that affects physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning. Fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment are the among common symptoms of MS.Methods: The study implemented an individual exercise program for twice a week for 12 weeks via telerehabilitation. In the home-based video exercise group, the same exercises were given as video recordings and the patients were asked to do the exercises twice a week for 12 weeks. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Scale-54 and Timed 25 Foot Walk Test were used in the evaluation. The trial is registered with the number of NCT04979845 on ClinicalTrials.gov.Results: PSQI scores changed from 5.6 (2.1) to 3.66 (2.09) in telerehabilitation group (p=0.03) while no significant change were seen in the video exercise group. Similarly FSS scores decreased from 4.37 (1.42) to 3.67 (1.68) in telerehabilitation group (p=0.04) while no significant changes were seen in the video based exercise group.Conclusion: The telerehabilitation program is thought to be an effective and accessible non-pharmacological application that can be used in the treatment of sleep quality and fatigue in individuals with MS.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of a public health center-based aerobic and resistance training program for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with visual, auditory, or physical/brain impairments. Methods The study included 25 adults aged >40 years who lived in Cheorwon-gun in South Korea, had a disability registered for visual, auditory, or physical/brain impairments under the Disability Welfare Act, and had either known cardiovascular disease or two or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The program comprised four education sessions and 12 weeks of customized aerobic and strengthening exercises performed twice a week at moderate intensity, with each exercise session lasting for 1 hour. The body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and 30-second sit-to-stand test results were measured at baseline and on program completion. Results Seventeen subjects (68%) completed the program. There were significant decreases in BMI and percent body fat (both p<0.05), with a significant increase in 30-second sit-to-stand strength (p<0.05) but no changes in the 6MWD. In subjects with visual or auditory impairments, BMI and percent body fat were significantly decreased after the program; however, there was no significant change in the results of the 30-second sit-to-stand strength test or the 6MWD. Conclusion In people with disabilities, a 3-month community-based exercise program can decrease body mass index and percent body fat and increase sit-to-stand strength. The 30-second sit-to-stand test may be a useful measure of the strength and endurance of the lower extremities in people with disabilities.

Objective To examine the effects of a bedside exercise program on the recovery of swallowing after a stroke.Method Fifty stroke patients with dysphagia (<6 months post-stroke) were enrolled and classified into two groups, the experimental (25 subjects) and control groups (25 subjects). The control group was treated with conventional swallowing therapy. The experimental group received additional bedside exercise training, which consisted of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and respiratory exercises, 1 hour per day for 2 months, and they were instructed regarding this program through the nursing intervention. All patients were assessed for their swallowing function by Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS), using the New VFSS scale, the level of functional oral intake, the frequency of dysphagia complications, the presence (or not) of tube feeding, the mood state and quality of life before the treatment and at 2 months after the treatment.Results After 2 months of treatment, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the swallowing function at the oral phase in the New VFSS Scale than that of the control group (p<0.05). Further, they also showed less depressive mood and better quality of life than the control group. However, there was no significant change in the incidence of dysphagia complication and the presence (or not) of tube feeding between the two groups.Conclusion Bedside exercise program showed an improvement of swallowing function and exhibited a positive secondary effect, such as mood state and quality of life, on subacute stroke patients with dysphagia. For improvement of rehabilitation results on subacute stroke patients with dysphagia, this study suggests that additional intensive bedside exercise would be necessary.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of advanced practice nurseeguided home-based rehabilitation exercise program (HREPro) among patients with lower limb spasticity post-stroke. Methods: This randomized controlled study recruited 121 patients with lower limb spasticity poststroke. Intervention (n = 59) and control (n = 62) groups underwent 12-month HREPro and conventional rehabilitation, respectively, after discharge. The FugleMeyer assessment of spasticity measurement, modified Ashworth scale of motor function, 10-Meter Walk Test of walking ability, and Barthel index of activities of daily living (ADL) were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge. Results: Significant differences were found in spasticity degree, motor function, walking ability, and ADL at 6 and 12 months after discharge between the control and intervention groups. Lower limb spasticity and ADL in the intervention group were significantly improved. Conclusion: HREPro is effective for rehabilitation of patients with lower limb spasticity post-stroke and has favorable home application.

Objective To investigate the eff ect of self exercise in cardiac rehabilitation on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity for selected patients with coronary artery disease. Method The subjects of this study were patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and who participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program. The supervised exercise group participated in 6-8 weeks of aerobic exercise training with telemetry ECG monitoring in hospital. Th e self exercise group, whose exercise risk was low, was instructed to participiate in self exercise training in a community exercise environment according to the exercise tolerance test (ETT) using a modified Bruce protocol. Both groups underwent ETTs before and 6 months after initiation of the cardiac rehabilitation program. We compared the supervised group with the self exercise groups on exercise capacity. Results After 6 months, the supervised exercise group showed significant changes in maximum oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, resting heart rate, and submaximal rate pressure product. The self exercise group also showed significant improvement of maximum oxygen consumption and submaximal rate pressure product. However, the changing rate of maximum oxygen consumption was signifi cantly higher in the supervised exercise group than the self exercise group. Conclusion Both the supervised and self exercise groups showed similar improvement of cardiopulmonary exercise capacity after 6 months’ participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program. However, the changing rate of maximum oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, and resting heart rate were significantly higher in the supervised exercise group than the self exercise group.

Background: Prolonged sitting, low physical activity, and trunk muscle weakness in university students increase the risk of low back pain (LBP), which can alter gait and lower-limb muscle activation. Purpose: To investigate the effects of a 4-week trunk stabilization exercise program on spatiotemporal gait parameters, lower-limb muscle activation, and functional disability in university students with LBP. Study design: Single-group pre-post intervention study. Methods: Twenty-seven university students with LBP performed 16 trunk stabilization exercises once daily for 40 minutes, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Gait was assessed using a pressure-sensing walkway to obtain stance phase, single-limb stance, and stride length. Surface electromyography recorded activation of six lower-limb muscles during gait and was normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Functional disability was evaluated using the Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI). Pre-post differences were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Stance phase duration significantly decreased, whereas single-limb stance and stride length significantly increased (p<.01). Soleus and biceps femoris activity increased (p<.01), while rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and popliteus activity decreased (p<.05); gastrocnemius showed a non-significant increase. K-ODI scores decreased from 29.40+/-5.60 to 23.62+/-5.01 (p<.01). Conclusions: A 4-week trunk stabilization program improved gait efficiency, reorganized lower-limb neuromuscular activation, and reduced functional disability in young adults with LBP. Trunk stabilization may be used as a practical, non-invasive intervention in university populations.

Purpose: The present study was to examine the effect of a meditation-based exercise program on the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson﹑s disease (PD). Methods: Sixty three PD patients who were recruited from a university hospital were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n 食 33) and to the control group (n 食 30). Participants completed an 8-week Mindfulness Meditation-based Complex Exercise Program (MMBCEP) that included 6 sessions. Before and after the intervention, the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), elastic band pull, chair stand test, and 2.45-meter walk test were administered for the motor symptoms and the Korean Version of Geriatric Depression Scale, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Parkinson﹑s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and the Quality of Life of Patients with Parkinson's Disease (PDQL) were administered for non-motor symptoms. Results: Significant improvements in the motor symptoms (i.e., muscle strength (lower and upper extremity), balance, and muscle endurance) and in the non-motor symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, cognitive functions, sleep disturbance, quality of life, and activities of daily living) were observed. Conclusions: MMBCEP, a complex exercise program-based on mindfulness meditation, is associated with increased motor symptoms, decreased emotional disturbances (anxiety and depression) and sleep disturbance, and improved cognitive functions, quality of life, and activities of daily living. Future research should test the effects of MMBCEP with more representative PD patients.

Objective To determine correlation of the Korean version of Falls Efficacy Scale-International (KFES-I) with other gait and balance parameters through exercise program in older men. Methods Between July 2015 and April 2018, 50 men of 103 participants in an exercise program for preventing falls who aged over 60 years, completed the evaluation before and after the program, had fear of falling (FOF), and could walk independently as an outpatient were enrolled retrospectively. The program comprised lower extremities and core muscle strengthening exercises following stretching exercises twice a week for 8 weeks. FOF using the KFES-I, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), stair up and gait categories in MBI (MBI-gait), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) were evaluated. Quantitative gait and balance parameters were measured by gait analysis, posturography, and isokinetic dynamometer. They were compared before and after the program. Moreover, correlations of KFES-I with other parameters were examined. Results Fifty participants were enrolled. After the program, significant improvements were noted in right stride length (p=0.013) in gait analysis, MBI (p=0.012), BBS (p<0.000), TUG test (p<0.000), and KFES-I (p<0.000) scores. KFES-I was significantly correlated with MBI (r=-0.35, p=0.013), and MBI-gait (r=-0.341, p=0.015). Conclusion Risk of falls could be significantly improved through exercise. KFES-I had significant correlations with MBI-gait parameters. Participants showed increases in gait and balancing ability on quantitative measurements through exercises. Therefore, regular stretching, strengthening, and balancing exercises may help prevent falls in older people.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of community capacity building exercise maintenance program for frail elderly women. Methods: A quasiexperimental pretest-posttest design was used with nonequivalent control group. The experimental group (n = 22) received community capacity building exercise maintenance program, whereas the control group (n = 23) received health physical exercise program for 16 sessions over 8 weeks. The data of physical fitness, body compositions, self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life were collected three times for both group: before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 8 weeks after the intervention. Analyses were conducted using c2 test, t test, Fisher's exact test, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Compared to the control group, muscular strength (p = .002), static balance (p = .013), muscular endurance (p = .003), self-efficacy (p < .001), and health-related quality of life (p = .030) were significantly improved in the experimental group. In addition, body fat percentage (p = .005) in this group was significantly decreased after the community capacity building exercise maintenance program. Conclusion: Theses results indicated that a community capacity building exercise maintenance program is feasible, and associated with exercise maintenance among frail elderly women.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors. The article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published as “Development and Effects of a Community Capacity Builded Exercise Maintenance Program for Frail Elderly Women at High Risk” (Year: 2016, Department of public health, Graduate school, Kyungpook National University). http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=ba62bd6f85b4c3a6ffe0bdc3ef48d419#redirect. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Purpose Increased fibrinogen levels may trigger cardiac events in patients with atherosclerosis. Early control of fibrinogen levels before the progression of atherosclerosis that occurs with aging and menopause may benefit women, but the effects of exercise on fibrinogen levels as a preventive value have not been examined in early to middle adulthood women with lack of regular exercise. The present study aims to identify the effect of an off-site walking-based exercise program on fibrinogen levels in such women. Methods A prospective, 12-week, randomized and controlled study was used. Fifty-two women aged 32 to 57 years who did not exercise regularly or exercised with a weak intensity level were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (IG, n = 26) or a control group (CG, n = 26) for a 12-week study. Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was measured using a microelectronic device. Fibrinogen levels were assessed using the clotting time method before and after the exercise program. Results The mean change from baseline EEE was 1.17 ± 0.98 kcal/kg/day in IG subjects (n = 24) and 0.46 ± 0.68 kcal/kg/day in CG subjects (n = 25), a 30% difference between groups (p = .01). The mean change in fibrinogen levels was ?8.0 ± 34.5 mg/dl (3% decrease) in IG subjects (n = 24) and ?3.6 ± 40.0 mg/dl (1% decrease) in CG subjects (n = 25). No significant difference in fibrinogen levels was seen between groups (F = 1.179, p = .279). Conclusion EEE increased significantly, but fibrinogen levels did not decrease significantly. The effects of a 12-week off-site walking program on fibrinogen levels were inconclusive. As implications for nursing practice, our findings have suggested fibrinogen levels are not a novel cardiovascular risk factor any more, and provide important information on safe exercise to minimize adverse effects from fibrinogen arising from exercise intensity, especially in women with advanced atherosclerosis when nurses increase exercise intensity levels. Further studies with larger sample sizes in women to confirm the effect of exercise on reducing fibrinogen levels are necessary. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(1):35?45]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a Health Mileage Program (EHMP) to promote exercise amongst the elderly and assess the feasibility of the program. Methods: A literature review to identify the effects of exercise in the elderly was conducted. Relevant cases were investigated and in-depth interviews with exercise instructors were conducted, after which the EHMP was developed based on the assessment and tested in three regions. The outcome was evaluated using indicators such as attendance rate, number of participants, proportion of participants who received health education, and proportion of participants who measured their physical and mental status. Results: Based on assessment, we developed an EHMP composed of four steps. Following application of the EHMP in three regions, ≥80% of the participants received incentives. Additionally, ≥85% of participants underwent measurement of their physical and mental status. The proportion of participants who received health education differed among regions. Conclusion: The EHMP program increased participation and interest in exercise programs for the elderly. However, there is concern regarding availability due to regional differences in resources related to elderly exercise; therefore, it will be necessary to invest in infrastructure, including facilities, and knowledgeable instructors.