Earticle

지금까지 진행된 기업사회적책임(CSR) 관련 연구들은 대체적으로 기업사회적책임을 정태적이고 제한된 시각으로 접근함으로써 포괄적이고 전략적인 접근이 필요한 CSR의 복잡성과 역동성을 보여주는데 한계를 보이고 있다. 본 연구결과는 한국 교보생명의 사례연구를 통하여 기업사회책임이 얼마나 역동적이며 기업의 역사 및 경영전략과 긴밀히 연계되어 있는지를 보여준다. 또한 본 사례연구는 기업사회책임이 다양한 경영이슈와 사회적, 제도적 환경에 영향을 받는 현상임을 보여주고 있다. 결국 CSR은 기업의 필요와 선택에 따른 포괄적이고 적극적인 기업 경영활동의 하나로 이해되어야 한다. 특히 CSR은 향후 기업의 경쟁우위 확보를 위한 경영활동으로 점점 더 중요해 질 것이고, 따라서 기업의 전략적 가치를 포괄하는 형태와 기업의 지속성을 유지하기 위한 장기적인 투자로 고려되어야 할 것이다.

Existing CSR studies largely seem to remain within the limited static and ad-hoc angle and hence fail to show how CSR is dynamic which needs holistic view and strategy. By comprehensively exploring the business case in Korea ─ Kyobo Life Insurance, our results demonstrate the extent to how CSR has dynamic characteristics and closed link to corporate history and management strategy. We reveal that CSR is affected by various issues and contexts that have a potentially huge scope. We also indicate that CSR is business-driven proactive action born from necessity. CSR, particularly, will become more important to the competitive advantage of the firm and hence CSR may be considered as a form of strategic plan and a long-term investment for sustainability.

The human body has many degrees of freedom (1-3 degrees of freedom) per joint, enabling smooth and stable walking. However, unlike humans, robots require many more joints, and their design necessitates the control of numerous motors. However, controlling more motors leads to lower walking stability. Therefore, this paper studies a real-time control method for stable walking of a bipedal robot. To enable stable walking of a bipedal robot with 12 degrees of freedom, we study a method for generating and supplementing walking patterns between each joint using numerical analysis of the multi-joint robot's kinematics and learning-based AI. This research is to apply the adaptive control of neuron networks for the real-time attitude control of Multi-articulated robot. Multi-articulated robot is expressed with a complicated mathematical model on account of the mechanic, electric non-linearity which each articulation of mechanism has, and includes an unstable factor in time of attitude control. If such a complex expression is included in control operation, it leads to the disadvantage that operation time is lengthened. Thus, if the rapid change of the load or the disturbance is given, it is difficult to fulfill the control of desired performance. In this research we used the response property curve of the robot instead of the activation function of neural network algorithms, so the adaptive control system of neural networks constructed without the information of modeling can perform a real-time control. The proposed adaptive control algorithm generated control signs corresponding to the non-linearity of Multi-articulated robot, which could generate desired motion in real time.

이 연구는 새로운 동아시아 담론 생산을 위한 준비 작업이다. 그 첫 번째 과정으로 동 아시아 담론 생산을 위한 개념적 수단을 검토하고 있다. 그 개념이 ‘서발터니티’인데, 이 연구는 우선 서발턴 개념과 그 유사개념들을 검토하면서, 이를 ‘서발터니티’라는 개념으 로 종합한다. 이 개념을 통해 서구중심적 사유나 유럽중심적 사유로부터 벗어날 수 있다. 아울러 식민/제국의 힘을 의식하면서 이 힘이 서로 다르게 작동했던 지역적 차이도 고려 할 수 있다. 이는 서발터니티라는 개념을 통해 동아시아만의 특징을 도출할 수 있다는 뜻 이다. 이처럼 다양한 힘의 관계를 검토하기 위해, 이 연구는 ‘변증법적’ 이항대립의 사유실 천을 넘어, ‘역학’이라는 개념 전략을 도입한다. 서발터니티라는 개념 안에 이러한 힘들 의 역학이 내재되어 있다. 이처럼 서발터니티라는 개념은 외부적으로는 서발터니티를 생산한 폭력의 다양한 정체를 폭로하고, 내부적으로는 서발터니티의 다양성과 차이도 사유할 수 있다. 특히 서발터니티는 자신을 생산한 폭력의 주체나 단위(지역, 국가, 아시 아, 지구)의 정체를 폭로함으로써, 이를 비판적으로 전복할 ‘가능성’의 계기도 제공할 수 있다. 이는 곧 서발터니티라는 개념적 전략이 새로운 차이만이 아니라 새로운 보편성을 생산할 수 있음(가능성)을 의미한다. 여기서 중요한 것은 이 모든 것이 취약성에 대한 사 유에서 출발한다는 점이다. 이러한 서발터니티가 배제된 존재를 규정하는 인간학적 방법이라면, 이러한 존재가 자리하고 있는 장소와 사회의 정체를 가늠하기 좋은 지정학적 방법이 있을 수 있다. 그것 이 바로 ‘방법으로서 관문도시’라는 연구 전략이다. 이 연구는 추후 연구로 서발터니티 를 생산하는 대표적인 지정학적 장소로서 ‘관문도시’라는 경계지대 연구를 제안함으로 써 연구를 마무리한다. 서발터니티는 배제를 겪고, 그 배제 생산의 구조를 드러내는 인간 학적 방법이다. 관문도시는 이러한 서발터니티가 생산되는 정치 역학을 살펴보기에 효 과적인 지정학적 장소이다. 따라서 서발터니티와 관문도시 연구의 결합은 장기적으로 새로운 동아시아 담론을 제안할 수 있는 개념적, 방법적 기반이 될 것이다. 이 연구는 이 러한 연구 과정의 첫 단계라 할 수 있다.

This study is a preparation for the production of a new East Asian discourse. As the first step, conceptual means for producing East Asian discourse are being reviewed. The concept is 'subalternity', and this study first examines the concept of subaltern and its similar concepts, and synthesizes them into the concept of 'subalternity'. Through this concept, it is possible to escape from Western or Eurocentric thinking. In addition, while being conscious of the colonial/imperial power, it is also possible to consider regional differences in which this power operated differently. This means that East Asian characteristics can be derived through the concept of subalternity. In order to examine the relationship between these various powers, this study goes beyond the practice of reasoning of ‘dialectical’ binary opposition and introduces a conceptual strategy as a called ‘dynamics’. The dynamics of these forces are inherent in the concept of subalternity. As such, the concept of subalternity externally exposes the various identities of the violences that produced subalternity, and internally, the diversity and differences of subalternity can also be considered. Especially, subalternity exposes the identity of the subject or units (local, national, regional, global regime) of violence that produced it. Because of this, Subalternity can provide an opportunity to critically overturn the subject or units. This means that the conceptual strategy of subalternity can produce not only new difference but also new universality. If the cocept of subalternity is an anthropological way of defining beings excluded, there may be a efficient geopolitical approach of critically examining the placeness where these beings are located and the identity of society. That is the research strategy of ‘gateway city as a method’. This study is concluded by proposing a border-city study so called ‘gateway city’ as a representative geopolitical place that produces subalternity as a further study. Subalternity is an anthropological method of experiencing exclusion and revealing the structure of the exclusion’s production. A gateway city is an effective geopolitical place to review the political dynamics in which these subalternities are produced. Therefore, the combination of subalternity research and gateway city research will serve as a conceptual and methodological basis for proposing a new East Asian discourse in the long term. This study can be regarded as the first step in this research process.

이 연구는 동학의 역사성과 그 의미를 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 동학은 역사성을 가진 사상이면서 문화로 볼 수 있지만 이에 대한 논의는 이루어지지 않아 역사성에 대한 고민의 필요성이 대두된다. 역사성은 동학의 정체성뿐만 아니라 현실성 등을 파악할 수 있는 논의의 가치가 충분한 주제이지만 논의가 이루어지지 않아 논의의 필요는 충분하다. 동학은 역사성을 구성하는 요소로서 인간이 주체가 되어 역사를 이끌어나가야 한다는 관점을 강조하고 있다. 동학에서의 인간은 그 가치나 위상에 대한 지배적인 인식이 잘못 전해지고 있다는 점을 지적하고 그것에서 그들만의 새로운 인간의 개념에 대한 역사를 세워나가는 장이었다. 동학은 인간관의 기반을 다진 데에서 역사를 통해 사상이 가진 사회적 적응과 대응을 모색해 가는 과정을 밟아나가면서 사상의 정체성과 실천성을 보다 수준 높게 역사성을 확보해나갔다. 동학은 시간을 중심으로 하는 역사성을 형성하고 있으면서도 중시하기도 한다. 최제우가 보인 역사에 대한 성격을 두고 고민한 흔적은 특별한 것이기도 하고 근원이 오래되기도 하여 동학 역사성의 형성에 기본적인 틀로 축적되어 온 문화적 토양으로부터 물려받은 것으로 간주할 수 있다. 그것은 동양에서 시간을 인식하는 근본적인 관점의 한 양상인 순환론적 시간관을 따른다는 것이다. 동학에서는 시간이 역사의 주요한 점이며 그것이 순환하면서 무한으로 반복한다는 기본적인 생각을 가지고 있다. 이런 점에 따라 지금의 시대는 후천개벽의 시대에 해당하는데 이는 소강절의 역학론에 따른 시대구분을 끌어들여 역사를 구분하고 있는 것이다. 용어를 끌어들일 뿐만 아니라 시대가 진행되는 시간도 5만년으로 설정하는데 이런 점도 소강절의 역학론의 중요한 잣대를 시간 단위로 수용한 것이다. 동학이 가진 역사성은 동학이 발생한 시기의 역사전개과정에서 가장 심각한 사회문제로 대두한 것은 무엇이며 이를 해결하기 위해서는 어떤 인식을 지니고 역사를 바라보아야 하며 그 과정에서 이론과 실천을 어떻게 결합하고 조절하는지를 고민하고 있다는 의미를 갖고 있다. 역사의 본질에 대해 계속하여 질문을 던지고 인간이 역사에서 차지하는 위상이 어떠해야 하는가를 반성적으로 탐색한다는 점은 동학 역사성의 정체성과 생명력을 확보하는 요소로 작용한 것이다. 이와 같은 것 이외에도 동학의 역사성에는 사상이 사회와 만나 지속을 하면서 축적하는 측면은 무엇이고 지속에서 단절로 바뀌면서 폭발하는 측면은 무엇인지를 보여준다는 의미를 갖기도 한다.

This study is to examine the historical characteristics of Donghak and its meaning. Donghak can be regarded as both a historical ideology and a culture, but there is no discussion about it, which raises the need to worry about historicality. Historicality is a topic that is worth discussing not only the identity of Donghak, but also the reality, but the need for discussion is sufficient because there is no discussion. Donghak emphasizes the point of view that humans must lead history as a component of historicality. Humans in Donghak pointed out that the dominant perception of their value or status is being misrepresented, and from that, it was a field to build a history of their own new human concept. Donghak has secured the identity and practicality of the ideology to a higher level as he has pursued the process of seeking the social adaptation and response of ideology through history from laying the foundation for the human view. Donghak also emphasizes while forming a historicity centered on time. The traces of Choi Je-woo's agonizing over the history of history are both special and old, so they can be regarded as inherited from the cultural soil that has been accumulated as a basic framework for the formation of Donghak's historicity. It follows a circular view of time, an aspect of the fundamental view of time in the East. Donghak has the basic idea that time is the main point of history and that it repeats infinitely as it cycles. In accordance with this point, the present era corresponds to the era of the later period, which divides the history by bringing in the period division according to the dynamic theory of Sogangjeol. Not only does the term draw in the term, but the time period is set at 50,000 years, and this is also the acceptance of the important criterion of the dynamic theory of the sublime in units of hours. The historical nature of Donghak is what emerged as the most serious social problem in the process of history development at the time when Donghak occurred, and in order to solve it, we must look at history with what kind of perception, and consider how to combine and control theory and practice in the process. It has the meaning of doing. The fact that he constantly asks questions about the essence of history and reflects on what human status should be in history served as an element to secure the identity and vitality of Donghak's historicity. In addition to these things, the historicality of Donghak also has a meaning to show what aspects of ideology accumulate while meeting society and continuing, and what aspects exploded from continuity to disconnection.

This study has investigated the characteristics shown in Japanese articulation focusing on its intensity, height and length including the paralinguistic Information of Korean Japanese learners by orally dividing it into a beginning and end. As a method, Korean language and Japanese sentence having the intention of ‘admiration’, ‘disappointment’, ‘indifference’, ‘doubt’ and ‘neutral’ was made to be articulated by the native speaker to investigate the characteristics of oral beginning and end, and verified whether the influence was caused to the Japanese language spoken by the Korean Japanese learners. As a result, for intensity, for both oral beginning and end, the learners spoke more strongly than the native Japanese people and for expressing intention, it was thought to reflect the characteristics of Korean which uses intensity control. But, the difference in intensity between intentions against Korean did not show significantly. For height, oral beginning was shown to be pronounced higher. This seems to be caused by the Japanese accent rather than Korean, and in the case of ‘admiration’, the fact it was lower than the intention having a different ratio of high pronunciation at the oral beginning, it can be seemed to reflect the influence of Korean language which speak high for the oral end. For length, both the oral beginning and the end were shown longer than the Korean language and the native Japanese language. This, unlike Korean language which controls the length of the oral beginning per intention, the tendency of Japanese language which controls the length of the oral end was reflected in the articulation of Japanese language by Korean learners.

コミュニケーションにおいて、話し手の聞き手へ発する言語には、語彙、音声、文の構造などの様々な言語情報が含まれている。特に、音の強弱・高低・長短といった音声的な要素、いわば｢パラ言語情報｣には、意味情報のみならず、話し手の感情情報も含まれており、コミュニケーションにおいては欠かせない習得要素といえる. しかし、多くの韓国人日本語学習者は、パラ言語情報については意識していない場合が少なくない。韓国人学習者の日本語パラ言語情報の発話について明らかにすることにより、円滑な日本語コミュニケーションのヒントを提供することが必要なものと思われる。そこで、本稿では、韓国語と日本語、および韓国人学習者の日本語発話に現れるパラ言語情報の音声的特徴を、句頭と句末に、さらに表現意図をを＇感心’、‘落胆’、‘無関心’、‘疑問’、‘中立’に分け、各々の強さ、高さ、持続時間を調べ、比較分析した。 調査の結果、韓国語の発話では、句末のほうが句頭よりも強く発音されており、意図によって強さに差が見られることから、句頭と句末の発音の強さがパラ言語情報に関わっており、感情要素が含まれると句末が上昇する傾向があることがわかった。一方、日本語の発話では、強さは意図の区別とはあまり関わりが見えず、高さは句頭のほうが句末より高く発音され、句末区間の高さの差が小さかったのは、句末に上昇が見られる‘疑問’であった。また、持続時間は句末が句頭より長く発音され、話し手の意図によって差異が見られることから、パラ言語情報に深く関わっていることが明らかになった。

최근 당진-평택시에 위치한 서해대교에서 낙뢰로 인한 케이블 단선사고가 발생하였다. 이것은 자연발생 사고로 결론이 났지만 케이블교량의 단선으로 인하여 안전문제를 재검토하는 과정이 매우 중요한 일임을 상기하게 된 사건이다. 즉, 케이블 교량에서 케이블의 역할은 구조물의 안전에 지대한 영향을 미치며 이로 인해 전체구조체계에 대한 영향을 파악할 필요가 대두 되었다. 케이블 교량은 주 탑을 세우고 바닥판을 케이블로 지지하는 경제적 교량으로 케이블의 영향은 주 부재로써 전 교량시스템의 안전에 영향이 큰 부재이다. 사장교에서 케이블은 케이블의 장력이 변할 때 발생하는 사하중으로 인한 처짐의 변화 때문에 비선형 성을 가진다. 동적해석은 변형 된 사하중 접선강도행렬을 사용하여 되며 새로운 개념은 전체 교량에 대한 케이블 진동 (면내 및 스윙 모두)의 효과를 연구하기 위해 케이블을 여러 요소로 분할하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 전반적인 교량 역학에 케이블 진동의 중요성을 보여준다.

Recently, a cable disconnection accident occurred due to a lightning strike at the Seohae Bridge located in Dangjin-Pyeongtaek City. This is a natural occurrence, but it is a recall that it is very important to review the safety issues due to the disconnection of cable bridges. In other words, the role of cables in cable bridges has a profound effect on the safety of the structure, and it has become necessary to grasp the effect on the entire structural system. The cable bridge is an economic bridge that builds the main tower and supports the bottom plate by cable. The influence of the cable is the main member, which is a big influence on the safety of the whole bridge system. In the cable-stayed bridge, the cables exhibit nonlinear behavior because of the change in sag, due to the dead weight of the cable, which occurs with changing tension in the cable resulting from the movement of the end points of the cable as the bridge is loaded. Modal analysis is conducted using the deformed dead-load tangent stiffness matrix. A new concept was presented by using divided a cable into several elements in order to study the effect of the cable vibration (both in-plane and swinging) on the overall bridge dynamics. The result of this study demonstrates the importance of cable vibration on the overall bridge dynamics.

본고는 구석기 고고학 연구에 있어서 전통적인 연구 성향의 제약을 극복하고 다양성의 탐구를 지향하기 위해 임진-한탄강유역의 구석기 유물군을 계량적으로 분석, 석기에 반영된 고인류 행 위의 역동성을 명료화 하고자 하였다. 구체적인 분석 대상은 장산리, 전곡리, 주월리·가월리, 장 흥리유적에서 발견된 석기군으로서 적절한 절대 연대치를 보유하고 있으며 각 석기군마다 고유 한 기술적 특징을 확인할 수 있다. 석기군 분석에 있어서 가장 중요한 변수는 크기라는 점에 착 안, 기존의 석기 크기 측정에 있어서 애매모호함을 지적하고 새로운 변수로서 평면크기(P), 입방 크기(V), 세장도(P) 등을 산술적으로 계산하여 정의하였다. 구체적인 접근 방법은 탐색적 자료 분석법을 활용한 각 변수들의 계량화로서 서열배치법에 근거한 네 석기군의 비교가 주요 방법론 이다. 분석 결과 장산리, 전곡리, 가월리, 장흥리의 석기군은 전체 석기의 크기 분포에 따라 각기 다른 유적 형성 과정을 겪었다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 원석으로 활용되는 박편과 소형도구간의 크기 및 세장도 차이를 관찰함으로서, 고인류의 다양한 기술적 선택이 차별적으로 각 석기군에 반영되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 분석 결과 얻어진 잠정 결론은 기존의 이 지역 구석기 의 전통적 서술 방식에 대한 대안으로 자리 잡을 수 있을 것이다.

This article is aimed to explore the lithic diversity by overcoming the constraint of past research trend, and to clarify the dynamics of hominid's behavior by quantitatively analyzing the IHRA lithic assemblages. Four assemblages have recently acquired radiometric dates and their unique technological traits can be discerned from locality to locality:Jangsanri, Jeongokri, Juweolri·Gaweolri, and Jangheungri. The ambiguity of the size concept, being one of the most important variables for analysis, is critically examined and such new variables as plane size(P), volumetric size(V), and elongatedness(E) are operationally defined. The quantification of these variables are based on the EDA approach, and the rank- sequence method was chosen for comparing the numerical distribution patterns of variables from four assemblages. The result is : 1) four lithic assemblages were formed by different formation processes and 2) hominid's different technological choices contributed to the variability in the patterns of blank exploitation and of tool modication. is provisional result derived from the analysis can be accepted as an alternative explanation to the traditional lumping of the overall IHRA lithic assemblage into Middle Pleistocene Acheulian-like industry.

Rimbaud’s Poetic Dynamism through the poem Ma Bohême Min-Seok KWAK (Hannam University) Arthur Rimbaud seemed like a teenager in rebellion against all the conventions and traditions both in everyday and in literary life. In life and in his poetic career, he continued to move forward in search of novelty. He never rested, but always moved towards freedom without constraints, as we see in most of his poetic works, even in one of his early poems, Ma Bohême that we analyze here. The “passage”, this incessant movement, is one of his characteristics that attracts the reader: for example, the passage personal from Europe to Africa through the Middle East, and the poetic passage from the Parnassian verses to the prose poems of the Illuminations. In Rimbaud’s poetic world, we can verify without difficulty the frequent use of dynamic poetic words such as “movement”, “become”, “change”, “progress”, “walk”, “departure”, “forward”, etc. With his preference for the dynamics, Rimbaud shows his relentless search for novelty not only in his poetical works, but also in life. He constantly looks for something new, leaving everything ‘old’ behind, in life and in poetry. In his poetic world, Rimbaud wanted to reform and renew the established dogmatic orders so as to create a new universe of his own. He chose to refuse the means set by the poetic conventions or the poetic traditions and through it reform the poetic language: a quest for new forms and ideas. As he stated, “This is to arrive at the unknown through the disordering of all the senses (Il s’agit d’arriver à l’inconnu par le dérèglement de tous les sens.)”

System Dynamics는 OR 또는 Industrial Engineering의 수량적(數量的)이고 이론적(理論的)인 분석방법(分析方法) 위에 Management 의사결정(意思決定) 과정(過程) 도입(導入)한 System 적(的) 방법(方法)이다. 그러므로 사회(社會) System의 장래예측(將來豫測)과 아울러 대안(代案)의 검토(檢討) 및 선택방법(選擇方法)으로서는 가장 유효(有効)한 수리적(數理的) 방법(方法)이라고 할 수 있다. 경제기초가설(經濟基礎假說)에 의거(依據)하여 개발(開發)된 도시활동(都市活動)의 생성(生成) Model을 System Dynamics 화(化)하여 토지이용(土地利用)-교통(交通) System Dynamics Model을 구축(構築)하였다. 그리고 대구지성(大邱地城)의 적용례(適用例)에 의(依)하여 Model의 유효성(有効性)을 검토(檢討)하였으며 그 결(結果) 유의(有意)하였다.

The system dynamics is a systematic method supplemented by the decision making Process of management to the numerical and theoretical analyses in the field of the operation research or the industrial engineering. The system dyamics seems to be one of the most useful mathematical methods for forecasting the future social system or for evaluating the alternative plans. Land-use/transportation system dynamics model is constructed from the urban activity generation model based on the economic base hyphothesis using the DYNAMO simulation language. The model was applied to Daegu city and showed the validity.

The present study has been conducted to simulate dynamics of a gas engine-driven heat pump (GHP) for design of control algorithm. The dynamics modeling of a GHP was based on conservation laws of mass and energy. For automatic control of refrigerant pressures, actuators such as engine speed, outdoor fans, coolant three-way valves and liquid injection valves were PI or P controlled. The simulation results were found to be realistic enough to apply for control algorithm design. The model can be applied to build a virtual real-time GHP system so that it interfaces with a real controller in purpose of prototyping control algorithm.

For high speed railway vehicles, we consider a vibration of flexible track/wheel system. It is very important to deal with the complex phenomena of high-speed vehicles that can be occurred in the vertical vibration of the system. From a viewpoint of multibody dynamics, this kind of problem needs accurate analysis because the system includes mutual dynamic behaviors of rigid body and flexible body. The simulation technique for the complex problems is also discussed. We consider the high-speed translation, rail elasticity, elastic supports under the rail and contact rigidity. Eigen value analysis is also completed to verify the mechanism of the coupled vertical vibration of the system.

This paper presents the analysis results of dynamics in the billiards game within the frame­work of rigid-body mechanics and a numerical simulation program. The friction exists between the ball and the table bed as well as between the ball and the rail. There are three parts in the dynamic behavior of the ball on the table bed; motion of the ball on the table bed, collision between balls, and collision between the ball and the cushion. During the development of the simulation program, the dynamics problems such as rolling motion and three-dimensional frictional impact motion have been analyzed in detail. The theoretical issues are implemented into a viable graphic simulation program and its efficacy is demonstrated through the experi­mental validation of the billiards game. The resulting analysis results are verified quantitatively and qualitatively using high-speed video camera. Through the experimental tests, it was found that the physical parameters such as coefficients of restitution and friction vary according to the motion variables and corresponding empirical formulations were developed. The simulation and experimental results agree well.

A mixed-culture of Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO 3172 and Saccharomyces uvarum IFO 0751 was per-formed in a synthetic medium. the optimal inculum ratio of G. suboydans and S. uvarum for mixed-culture fermentation was 150:1. The optimum pH, incubation temperature and aeration rate for mixed-culture fer- mentation were 5.0, 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 2.25vvm, reapectively. As a result of batch pure-and mixed-culture fer-mentation, specific growth rate in pure-culture of both strain was lower than that in mixed-culture. The yield of cell mass from S. uvarum exclusively decreased. The growth rate of the mixed-culture was very similar to the pure-culture in the begining of culture, but it has been decreased after 16hrs. In the mean time, S. uvarum in mixed-culture fermentation could grow due to fructose converted, but it could not row in pure-culture fermentation. Thus, the relationship was a sort of commensalism. The kinetic parameters cal-culated through steady-state results during continuous fermentations are as follows :{TEX}$$\mu$_{max1}${/TEX}=0.118({TEX}$h^{-1}${/TEX}), {TEX}$Ks_{1}${/TEX}=0.330(g/L),:{TEX}$$\mu$_{max2}${/TEX}=0.162({TEX}$h^{-1}${/TEX}), {TEX}$Ks_{2}${/TEX}=0.038(g/L). The yield of bacterial cell mass relatively constant, but yield of yest cell mass was gradually decreased.

Global climate change has become the most significant challenge of modern times, confronting the lives and security of vulnerable societies around the world. The anticipated impact of climatic variability will be severe on local communities, particularly those residing near high-risk prone zones such as coastal areas and mountain regions. The indigenous knowledge and locally-held beliefs act as a refuge, which also prompt and prohibit the responsiveness towards climatic instabilities. Subsequently, ensuring food and nutritional security is the primary task of strategy makers. Hence, comprehensive knowledge of the indigenous traditional food habits and cultural values, beliefs, and gendered norms need to be explored on a priority basis to address the adverse impact of environmental changes, emphasizing the urgency of the Himalayan societies. Despite that, the integration of indigenous knowledge is not on the priority list of the researcher. Thus, this article reviews the existing literature on customary food habits to analyze the bidirectional association between climate change and the dietary practice of the indigenous communities for adaptation policy. PRISMA Statement technique is used for a systematic review of Scopus and Web of Science databases identified 24 related studies from 14 countries, with a specific focus on the Himalayan region, which resulted into four themes viz. impact of climatic variability of indigenous societies, the impact of climate change on community’s customary food beliefs, the impact of climate change on gender defined norms, climate change adaption strategies. The findings show that the current literature has failed to include the socio-ecological beliefs of traditional communities associated with dietary habits. Thus, the focus should be given to integrate the locally held beliefs of customary societies for the successful adoption of climate change adaptation and food security programs.

PURPOSE: This study examined the distribution dynamics and proposed determinants, including morphological measurements, clinical laboratory tests, and lifestyle factors among young Korean men aged 20 to 29 years with the coexistence of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and obesity (CALSMO). METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-six participants were divided into two groups based on their skeletal muscle mass index, with 12 individuals categorized in the CALSMO group and the remaining 654 in the normal group. The proposed determinants variables consisted of three main components: morphological measurements, clinical laboratory tests, and lifestyle factors. The morphological measurement variables were height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and skeletal muscle mass index. The clinical laboratory tests were fasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The lifestyle factors considered were alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Complex sampling analysis was performed for the evaluation. RESULTS: The distribution dynamics were determined to be 1.81(1.02-3.18) %. Morphological factors, such as height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and skeletal muscle mass index, showed significant differences (p < .05). The clinical laboratory test variables, specifically the fasting glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels, also exhibited significant differences (p < .05). The lifestyle factor, alcohol consumption, also showed a significance (p < .05). CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the distribution dynamics. The proposed determinants in young Korean individuals with CALSMO are height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, skeletal muscle mass index, fasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and alcohol consumption.

Sclerostin (SOST), a regulator of bone formation in osteocytes, inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling by interacting with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) to prevent Wnt binding. Loss-of-function mutations of the SOST gene caused massive bone outgrowth and SOST-null mouse exhibited a high bone density phenotype. Therefore, SOST has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis. A few previous studies with X-ray crystallography identified the binding interfaces between LRP6 and SOST, but there are limitations in these studies as they used truncated SOST protein or SOST peptide. Here, we analyzed the conformational dynamics of SOST-LRP6 E1E2 complex using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We examined the effect of the C-terminal tail of SOST on LRP6 conformation upon complex formation. HDX-MS analysis suggested a new potential binding interface for the C-terminal region of SOST that was missing from the previous crystal structure of the SOST-LRP6 E1E2 complex.

Text has evolved along with the history of art as a means of communicating human intentions and emotions. In addition, text visualization artworks have been combined with the social form and contents of new media to produce social messages and related meanings. Recently, in text visualization artworks combined with digital media, communication forms with viewers are changing instantly and interactively, and viewers are actively participating in creating artworks by direct engagement. Interactive text visualization with additional viewer's interaction, generates external dynamics from text shapes and internal dynamics from embedded meanings of text. The purpose of this study is to propose a visual dynamics model to express the dynamics of text and to implement a text visualization system based on the model. It uses the deconstruction of the imaged text to create an interactive text visualization system that reacts to the gestures of the viewer in real time. Visual Transformation synchronized with the intentions of the viewer prevent the text from remaining in the interpretation of language symbols and extend the various meanings of the text. The visualized text in various forms shows visual dynamics that interpret the meaning according to the cultural background of the viewer.

The 'one-day-shopping' concept that we experience today in a modern mega mall changed the propensity to consume compared to the past. The idea of a mega mall originated in the U.S. and the first suburban shopping malls as we know them today were built in the 1950s. The convenience of these malls had a great impact not only on consumers but also on the retail industry in general and the new mega mall idea has since spread around the world, with the largest ones located in China and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, Korea had the fastest-growing economy during the last three decades and with that boom the compositional structure of domestic retail facilities became extremely diverse. Today, there are 36 new mega mall development plans to be completed before 2016, which represent a rapid and dynamic change in consumerism lifestyle in Korea. In this regard, this study will re-evaluate the first mega mall in Korea, the COEX Mall, and identify initial errors regarding its circulation plan and provide an ideal design strategy for future commercial mega malls based on literature review and comparison analysis.

Unsteady numerical study has been conducted on combustion dynamics of a lean-premixed gas turbine with a swirl injector. A three-dimensional computation method utilizing large-eddy-simulation (LES) technique with finite rate chemical reaction was applied with the message passing interface (MPI) parallel architecture. The unsteady turbulent flame dynamics are carefully simulated so that the flow motion can be characterized in detail, showing fairly comparable results with the experimental data. It was observed that some fuel lumps escape from the primary combustion zone, and move downstream and consequently produce hot spots and large vortical structures in the azimuthal direction. The correlation between pressure oscillation and unsteady heat release is examined by the spatial Rayleigh parameter. In addition, it is shown that the complicate heat-release-structure can be precisely regenerated by means of modal analysis using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD).