Earticle

목적 : 감각통합접근 부모교육 프로그램이 발달지체 아동의 감각처리능력에 대한 부모의 이해도에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 연구 방법 : 연구 대상자는 발달지체 아동의 부모 30명으로, 연구 기간은 2015년 3월 15일부터 동년 5월 10일까지이었 다. 실험군과 대조군은 임의로 배정하였고, 실험군 15명에게는 감각통합접근 부모교육을 1:1로 집중적으로 시행하 였다. 대조군 15명에게는 중재를 실시하지 않았다. 아동의 감각처리능력에 대한 부모의 이해도 변화는 단축감각프 로파일(Short Sensory Profile: SSP)과 부모의 이해도 설문지로 측정하였다. 집단 간 치료 효과는 독립표본 t-검정 을 사용하여 분석하였고, 집단 내 치료 전후의 효과는 대응표본 t-검정을 사용하였다. 결과 : 단축감각프로파일의 총점은 통계적으로 유의미하게 낮아졌으며 부모의 이해도 설문지의 총점은 높아졌다. 이를 통해 감각통합접근 부모교육 프로그램이 발달지체 아동의 감각처리능력에 대한 부모의 이해도를 변화시킬 수 있는 효과 있는 중재방법임을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 장애아동을 대상으로 감각통합치료를 제공하는 치료사들에게 아동의 감각처리능력에 대한 부모의 이해도를 높일 수 있는 부모교육 프로그램으로서 좋은 모델을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of parent education program with sensory integration approach on the parent’s understanding of sensory processing ability of their own children with developmental delays. Methods : The period of this study is from March 15, 2015 to May 10, 2015. The participants of this study were thirty of parents who have children with developmental delays. The participants were randomly divided as experimental group (15 parents) and control group (15 parents) and an educational program was provided to those parents in the experimental group. The education program was developed based on sensory integration approach and 1:1 intensive individual counseling education. Short Sensory Profile (SSP) & a specially designed questionnaire were used to evaluate the parent’s understanding of sensory processing ability of their children with developmental delays. The effect of between the groups was analyzed using an independent two samples t-test, and the effect of the intervention within a group was measured using the paired t-test. Results : After the intervention of parent education program, the total score of SSP was significantly decreased and the score of the parent questionnaire was significantly increased (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of this study show that parent education program with sensory integration approach is effective to improve the parent’s understanding of sensory processing ability of their children with developmental delays. This study can be used as a good resource for therapists who is planning to provide sensory integration treatment for children with disabilities.

본 연구는 개인이 출산에 대한 결정을 지연하게 되는 이유와 맥락을 다차원적으로측정할 수 있는 신뢰롭고 타당한 척도를 개발하고 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를위해 출산 경험이 없는 만 25~40세 성인 남녀를 대상으로 두 개의 독립표본을 수집하였다. 연구 1에서는 탐색적 요인분석(EFA)을 통해 척도의 구성요인을, 연구 2 에서 확인적 요인분석(CFA)을 실시하여 요인 구조의 적합성을 검증하였다. 분석결과, 출산 결정 지연은 경제적 부담, 개인 선택권 추구, 출산․양육 건강 부담, 사회적 지원 부족, 미래 세대 염려, 사회문화적 압박의 6요인, 총 20문항으로 구성됨이 확인되었다. 개발된 척도는 양호한 내적 합치도를 보였으며, 수렴 및 변별 타당도가 확인되었다. 출산 의향, 우울, 행복과의 준거 관련 타당도가 지지되었고, 법칙적 망조직 분석을 통해 출산 결정 지연이 출산의향을 부적으로 예측함이 확인되어구성 타당도 또한 지지되었다. 본 척도는 출산 결정 과정에 관여하는 심리사회적요인을 체계적으로 평가할 수 있는 도구로서, 저출산 현상에 대한 실증 연구 및 정책적 논의를 확장하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This study aimed to develop and validate a scale designed to capture how individuals perceive and evaluate delayed childbearing decisions across multiple psychosocial dimensions. Data were collected from 1,347 childless adults aged 25?40 years, and a cross-validation approach using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses was employed. The findings supported a 20-item, six-factor structure encompassing economic burden, prioritization of personal autonomy, health-related concerns, lack of social support, concerns about future generations, and sociocultural pressure. The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity. Criterion-related validity was supported by theoretically consistent associations among fertility intentions, depression, and subjective well-being. Furthermore, nomological network analyses indicated that delayed childbearing decisions significantly predicted fertility intentions, providing additional support for construct validity. Overall, this scale provides a comprehensive tool for researchers and clinicians to systematically assess the psychosocial processes underlying childbearing decision making.

급속한 도시화에 따라 도시지역은 지속적인 인구 및 교통량 증가로 인한 심각한 교통 혼잡 문제에 직면하고있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 도시지역 초장대 지하도로 건설이 활발히 추진되고 있으며, 이에 따라지하도로 특성상 내부 이용자의 안전성 확보가 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지하도로 내부 화재 발생시 화재 연기가확산되는 시간을 지연시켜 터널 내부 이용자가 안전구역으로 대피하는데 필요한 시간을 확보하도록 하여 화재 연기피해를 최소화할 수 있는 화재연기 확산지연장치 연구개발을 진행하였다. 연구결과 무동력 방식의 스프링 탄성 이용연기확산 지연장치가 대심도 복층터널에 적용이 용이하며, 화재연기 확산지연 효과가 우수한 것으로 분석되었다.

Urban areas are faced with a serious traffic congestion problem due to the constant population and traffic increase with rapid urbanization. In order to solve these problems, long span underground roads in the urban areas are being actively constructed, and safety of internal users is required due to the characteristics of underground roads accordingly. Therefore, in this study, we have carried out the research and development on the fire smoke diffusion delay device which can minimize the damage of the fire smoke by securing the time needed for the users inside the tunnel to evacuate, by delaying the spread of the smoke when the internal fire occurs in the underground road. As a result of the study, it was analyzed that it is easy to apply the smoke diffusion delay device that uses spring elasticity of non-powered type for the Great depth underground double deck tunnel, and that it has an outstanding fire smoke diffusion delay effect.

목적 : 발달지연 아동을 대상으로 Ayres 감각통합중재를 적용하여 감각처리능력과 운동발달에 미치는 영향을 알아 보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 만 3-5세의 발달지연 아동을 대상으로 실험군 9명과 대조군 8명이 본 연구에 참여하였고 Short Sensory Profile(SSP), Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2(PDMS-2)를 사용하였다. 실험군은 Ayres의 중심원리 에 따른 개별 감각통합치료를 40분씩, 주 2회, 8주간 총 16회기를 실시하였다. 분석은 SPSS 24.0 의 카이스퀘어 검정, 맨휘트니 U검정, 윌콕슨 부호순위 검정, Cohen’s d 검정으로 하였다. 연구결과 : Ayres의 감각통합중재를 실시한 실험군은 중재를 실시하지 않은 대조군에 비해 감각처리능력은 전체 점수와 움직임 민감성, 청각 여과하기, 낮은 에너지/허약함에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 실험군과 대조군의 운동발달은 대근육운동발달지수, 소근육운동발달지수, 전체운동발달지수 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 결론 : Ayres의 감각통합중재는 발달지연 아동의 감각처리능력과 운동발달에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Ayres’s sensory integration (ASI) intervention on the sensory processing ability and motor development in children with Developmental Delay. Methods : 9 children in the experimental group and 8 children in the control group participated in this study for Developmental Delay children aged 3-5 years. For research tool, the Short Sensory Profile (SSP), Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2 (PDMS-2) are used. In the experimental group, individual sensory integration therapy according to principle of ASI was performed for twice a week, 40 minutes, and 16 times for 8 weeks. Methods for the data analysis included Mann Whitney U test, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon’s signed rank test, Cohen's d test of SPSS 24.0. Results : In the ASI Intervention group, the sensory processing ability showed statistically significant difference in total score, movement sensitivity, auditory filtering and low energy/weak compared to the control group without ASI intervention (p<.05). In the ASI Intervention group, the motor development showed statistically significant difference in Gross Motor Quotient, Fine Motor Quotient and Total Motor Quotient compared to the control group without ASI intervention (p<.05). Conclusions : In this study, ASI intervention had a positive effect on the sensory processing and motor development in children with Developmental Delay.

이 연구는 McCormack(2014)의 시간조망의 발달 2단계와 반사실적 사고, 만족지연과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 시간조망 2단계의 주요한 특징은 과거와 미래의 차이를 구별하는 것이다. 4, 5, 6세 유아 72명을 대상으로 시간조망과 반사실적 사고에 대해 질문했다. 유아의 만족지연은 어머니가 만족지연척도를 이용하여 평정했다. 5세와 6세 유아들은 과거의 사건은 바꿀수 없으나 미래의 사건은 바꿀수 있음을 이해했다. 시간조망은 반사실적 사고와 아무런 관계가 나타내지 않았다. 그러나 5세에게서 만족지연은 시간조망과의 관계를 보였다. 시간조망과제 중 지식과제의 미래질문에 올바르게 답한 5세 유아는 수용어휘를 통제한 후에도 만족지연을 더 잘했다.

This study investigated the development of McCormack(2014)’s 2nd stage of temporal perspective and its relations to counterfactual thinking and delay of gratification. One core feature of the 2nd stage is the distinction between past and future. Seventy two 4- to 6-year-old children were interviewed for their temporal perspective and counterfactual thinking. Mothers rated children’s delay of gratification on the Delay of Gratification Scale. 5- and 6-year-old children understood that events in the past are unalterable but the events in the future are potentially alterable. Counterfactual thinking was not related to children’s temporal perspective. However, delay of gratification was related to 5-year-old children’s temporal perspective. 5-year old children who answered the future questions in the knowledge task better were better at delaying gratification even after controlling for receptive vocabulary.

본 연구는 아동초기 실행기능과 자기조절 능력의 발달을 기술하고 그 관련성을 검증하고자 설계되었다. 이를 위하여 3세, 4세, 5세 40명씩 총 120명의 아동을 대상으로 실행기능을 측정하는 Flanker과제와 자기조절을 측정하는 만족지연과제를 실시하였다. 그 결과, Flanker 과제에서의 정확도와 반응시간이 연령에 따른 차이를 나타냈고 만족지연과제에서의 총 만족지연시간과 주의조절비율이 연령에 따른 차이를 보이며 발달함을 확인하였다. 관련성 분석에서 아동의 월령과 실행기능에서의 억제점수와 전환점수, 자기조절에서의 총 만족지연시간 및 주의전환비율 간 유의미한 상관을 보였다. 이러한 관련성이 연령의 효과를 통제하였을 때 어떠한 경향성을 가지는지 구체적으로 살펴본 결과, 만족지연 과제에 성공한 집단이 실패한 집단 보다 실행기능의 억제 및 전환능력에서 유의미하게 높은 능력을 나타냈다.

The present study examined the development of executive function in early childhood and investigated its relation to self-regulation. For these ends, a total 120 participants were given a Flanker task and a Delay of Gratification task(DG). Our results show age-related changes in the Flanker task and DG. In addition, there were significant correlations between ages, inhibition, shifting skills in the Flanker task, and attention deployment and waiting time in DG. Furthermore, after controlling for the age effect, the success group in DG showed higher levels of inhibition and a shifting ability in executive function compared with the failure group in DG. These findings support the hypothesis that the development of Executive Function is one of the underlying factors of self-regulation in early childhood.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sensory integration training on children with developmental delays. To achieve this goal, an educational experiment is conducted in five main areas: gross motor ability, fine motor ability, adaptive ability, language and social ability in children with developmental delay. The study subjects were children with developmental delays aged 3-6 years diagnosed at Beijing Institute of Pediatrics and Beijing Medical University and received sensory integration intervention and home-based training at the Golden Rain Forest Beijing Tongzhou Center from 2018 to 2021. According to the purpose of the analysis, the data collected are subjected to descriptive statistics using SPSS 21.0 statistical program, Two-way MANOVA analysis, and data analysis method of multivariate analysis is used to process the collected data. In addition, a total of 39 subjects were selected, including 19 children who received sensory integration training and 20 children who only received family training. The results show that the sensory integration training group outperformed the home training group in all aspects and developmental quotient, but the home training group also showed higher levels of significance for improvements in gross motor, fine motor and developmental quotient.

본 연구는 유치권제도로 인해 도시개발 사업이 중단되고 방치되는 상황에 초점을 두고 도시 및 부동산 분야에서 해결해야 할 큰 과제로 제도적 개선이 필요하다는 측면에서 연구를 진행하였다. 연구방법으로 대법원 판례분석을 통해 어떠한 형태로 유치권이 문제가 되고 있는지 분석하였으며, 판례분석결과를 기반으로 전문가 FGI를 거쳐 유치권이 도시개발사업 지연을 유발하는 주요 문제점을 유형화하여 제시함으로서 도시공간의 효율적 이용을 위한 제도적 개선방안을 모색해 보았다. 연구결과 허위, 과장 유치권 문제, 현황조사와 유치목적물평가 문제, 유치권공시와 점유의 불완전성 문제, 유치권의 인수주의 문제, 유치권에 기한 경매청구권의 실효성 문제, 유치권자의 대항력 문제, 유치권의 성립요건인 견련성 문제 등 7가지 요인을 주요 문제점으로 제시하였다. 연구결과에 따른 시사점으로는 부동산 등기법 개정과 전문법원 신설을 제안하였다.

The study conducted a study on the need for systematic improvements in urban and real estate sectors, focusing on the need for urban development projects to be stalled and neglected in the context of urban development. Based on the analysis methods of the Supreme Court, the analysis analyzed how the lien is problematic, and based on the analysis results of the expert case, the expert analyzed the systematic improvement of the urban spatial environment by presenting the major problems that lead to delays in urban development projects. Seven factors were cited as the main problems of determining the validity of false issues, the problems of the status quo, the status of the assessment, the question of the status of a lien, the issue of the rights of the lien, the question of inadequacy of the lien, the effectiveness of the lien on lien, the resolution of the lien and the establishment of a lien on lien, and the establishment of a lien on the lien. According to the research findings, the amendment to the Real Estate Registration Act and the establishment of a specialized court were suggested.

본 연구는 유치권으로 발생되는 여러 문제점 중 유치권으로 인해 부동산 개발사업의 지연과 도시공간의 효율적 이용을 저해된다는 점에 초점을 두고 여러 문제점들 간 상호 인과관계를 DEMATEL 분석을 활용해 어느 문제점이 원인적 요인이 되는지 또 원인적 요인에 영향을 받아 결과적 성격을 갖는지를 살펴보았다. DEMATEL 분석과정을 통해 직접인과행렬, 표준화된 직접인과행렬, 종합인과행렬 등을 각각 구한 뒤 종합인과행렬 인과점수에 기반해 영향도(D), 피영향도(R), D+R(중심도), D-R(원인자)를 도출하였다. 분석결과 유치권으로 발생되는 문제점으로 중요도는 유치권공시와 점유의 불완전성(D3), 허위‧과장 유치권 문제(D1), 유치권에 기한 경매청구권의 실효성 문제(D5), 유치권의 성립요건인 견련성 문제(D7), 현황조사와 유치목적물 평가 문제(D2), 유치권의 인수주의 문제(D4), 유치권자의 대항력 문제(D6) 순으로 인과점수가 나타났다. 이 중 부동산 개발사업의 지연 및 도시공간의 효율적 이용에 가장 원인이 되는 유치권 관련 문제점 요인은 유치권공시와 점유의 불완전성(D3)으로 나타났으며, 허위‧과장 유치권 문제(D1)가 다른 요인들에게 영향을 받는 결과적 성격이 강한 지연요인으로 분석되었다.

This study intends to improve the problem of conflict between owners who have not participated in the study and the reconstruction promotion committee in the consent form to meet the requirement of the member 's consent of the divisional owners in the maintenance area necessary for approval of the reconstruction union establishment for the housing reconstruction maintenance project. The Urban and Residential Environment Improvement Act provides an exception to the scope of the housing reconstruction project in Article 41 of the same Act for the improvement of this problem, but the conflict between the classification owners and the reconstruction promotion committee is deepening. In this study, the theoretical foundation of land division related system is constituted through theoretical review and reference literature, and case analysis shows problems in land division request. The causes of the conflicts are classified into six types of conflicts as the basic data of the reconstruction business districts in Seoul, Gyeonggi - do and Incheon, and analyzed the problems in negotiations for conflict resolution. In the case of unconfirmed land acquisition, if the union is authorized to establish a union, the conflicts between the two parties are producing another conflict. If the beginning of the conflict is a disagreement between the two parties before the union is established, the unilateral land division lawsuit is causing new conflicts. The best of conflict resolution was the amicable agreement of both sides.

본 연구는 한국형 베일리 영유아 발달검사 소근육 운동 영역 구성 요소를 기반으로 개발된 미술 재활 프로그 램이 발달지연 유아의 소근육 운동 발달에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위한 사례연구이다. 발달지연이 있는 유아의 소근 육 운동 발달을 증진하기 위해서는 조기 중재가 필요하며 체계적인 중재 프로그램에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 대상 유 아는 소근육 운동 발달이 지연된 36개월 남아이며, 주 2회 총 40회 프로그램을 진행하였다. 프로그램은 안구 운동 조 절, 생애 초기 손 움직임, 공간에서 손 뻗기, 사물 잡기 및 조작, 양손 협응, 연필 잡기 및 쓰기 전 기술, 손가락 및 손 움직임 통제, 도구 사용 및 운동계획의 영역으로 구성되었다. 프로그램 실시 사전과 사후에 평가를 통해 효과를 알아보았고 유아의 변화를 질적 분석하였다. 연구 결과 발달지연 유아의 소근육 운동 영역에서 베일리 발달검사 점수 가 향상되었고 손과 손가락 조작 능력이 향상되어 유아의 소근육 발달 증진을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 신뢰도 높 은 베일리 영유아 발달검사의 소근육 운동 영역 구성요소를 기반으로 개발된 미술 재활 프로그램이 발달지연 유아의 소근육 운동 발달에 효과적인 중재 방안임을 확인해 준다. 본 연구는 유아의 소근육 운동 발달을 증진하기 위한 미술 재활 프로그램의 활용을 제안하며 유아의 발달 증진을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

This study aimed to examine the effects of an art rehabilitation program developed based on the fine motor skills component of the Korean Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development(K-Bayley-Ⅲ) on the fine motor development of children with developmental delays. Early intervention programs for children with developmental delays are crucial, as they can significantly enhance motor skills during formative stages. The study focused on a 36-month-old boy with delayed fine motor development, and the program was implemented twice a week for a total of 40 sessions. The program included the following areas: Eye Movement Control, Early Stage Hand Movements, Reaching in Space, Object Grasping and Manipulation, Bilateral Coordination, Pre-writing Skills and Pencil Grasp, Finger and Hand Movement Control, Tool Use and Motor Planning. Pre- and post-program assessments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the program, and the changes in the child were qualitatively analyzed. The results confirmed that the child's scores in the fine motor domain improved and his hand and finger manipulation skills improved. This study suggests the use of an art rehabilitation program to promote fine motor development in children, and serves as a foundation for their further developmental progress.

DCS has many processing components and various communication elements. And its communication delay characteristic is affected diverse operating situation and context. Especially, binding signal which traversed from one control-node to another control-node undergo all sort of delay conditions. So its delay value has large deviation with the lapse of time, and the measurement of delay statistics during long time is very difficult by using general oscilloscope or other normal instruments. This thesis introduces the design and implementation of PC-based BDAS(Binding Delay Analysis System) System developed to overcomes these hardships. The system has signal-generator, IO-card, data-acquisition module, delay-calculation and analyzer module, those are implemented on industrial standard PC/Ethernet hardware and Windows/Linux platforms. This system can detect accurate whole-system-wide delay time including io, control processing and network delay, in the resolution of msec unit, and can analyze each channel's delay-historic data which is maintained by realtime database. So, this system has strong points of open system architecture, for example, user-friendly environment, low cost, high compatibility, simplicity of maintenance and high extension ability. Of all things, the measuring capability of long-time delay-statistics obtained through historic-DB make the system more valuable and useful, which function is essential to analyze accurate delay performance of DCS system. Using this system, the verification of delay performance of DCS for nuclear power plants is succeeded in KNICS(Korea Nuclear Instrumentation & Control System) projects

Local zoning decisions for multifamily housing development are understood as an outcome of interactions among multiple participants in the decision-making processes, including state and local government, local politics and professional planning groups. From the perspectives of transaction cost and hierarchical governance, a hierarchical linear model enables us to examine both local and state-level factors affecting local multifamily housing development within a single model. The analytical results show that the decision delay for multifamily housing zoning is better understood when we consider state smart growth effort, state authority over local land-use authority, majority agreement of managerial political actors, and professional engagement controlling for socio-physical contexts.

The problem of sound source localization is to determine the position of sound sources using the measurement of the acoustic signals received by microphones. To develop a good sound source localization system which is applicable to a mobile platform such as robots, a time delay estimator with low computational complexity and robustness to background noise or reverberations is necessary. In this paper, an explicit adaptive time delay estimation method for a sound source localization system is proposed. Proposed explicit adaptive time estimation algorithm employs direct adaptation of the delay parameter using a transform-based optimization technique, rather than...

Delays are one of the biggest problems facing by the construction industry and they have significant financial and social impact in construction projects. The paper presents a framework of Delay Analysis System (DAS) with the aim of analysing the impact of delay factors in Libyan construction projects. The system has designed by integrating the possible delay factors, critical activities of a project using@risk simulator. A case study of building project was demonstrated to identify the impact of delays and the sensitivity of delay factor. The case study result showed that the project might be delayed by 97 to 103 days in comparison to the planned duration. The developed DAS is a tool for analysing and identify the impacts of delay factors and assist to construction manager to take necessary measure in reducing the delay impact. The paper provides a methodology for analysing the possible delay impact in a construction project and informing to construction manager in advance of the possible delay factors.

The problems of mixed $H_2/H_{\infty}$ filtering design fer continuous and discrete time linear systems with time delay are investigated. The main purpose is to design a stable mixed $H_2/H_{\infty}$ filter which minimizes the H$_2$Performance measure satisfying a prescribed H$_{\infty}$ norm bound on the closed loop system in continuous-time case and discrete-time case, respectively. The sufficient conditions of existence of filter, the mixed $H_2/H_{\infty}$ filter design method, and the upper bound of performance measure are proposed by LMI(linear matrix inequality) techniques in terms of all finding variables. Also, we present optimization problems in order to get the optimal mixed $H_2/H_{\infty}$ filter in continuous and discrete time case, respectively.

In this paper, we consider the H$_2$(or guaranteed cost control) and H$_{\infty}$ controller design methods for singular(or descriptor) systems with input time delay. Also, a mixed H$_2$and H$_{\infty}$ controller design algorithm is treated by combination of the proposed H$_2$and H$_{\infty}$ controller design method. The sufficient conditions for the existence of controllers and controller design methods are introduced at each Lemma and Theorem. Furthermore, we present optimization problems to get the upper bound of performance measures. The proposed methods are checked by examples.