Earticle

이 글은 중국어 관용어의 의미에서 나타나는 은유성에 대해서 논의하는 것이다. 본 연구의 토대가 되는 중국어 관용어의 의미적 특징에 대해 논의하고 관용 어를 구성하는 단어의 의미가 동기를 부여하여 관용의미를 유추할 수 있다는 것 이 존재한다는 것을 살피는 것이다. 관용어의 의미적 특징으로 관용의미에는 합 성성이 존재하며, 또한 관용의미의 합성성에는 정도성이 있다고 보았다. 여기서 관용의미의 합성성은 은유와 환유와 같은 인지의미론 이론으로 설명되는 관용어 와 관습적 지식을 통해 설명되는 관용어에서 볼 수 있다. 그리고 관용의미의 합 성성에 정도성이 있는데 관용어들의 관용의미 사이에는 정도의 차이가 존재하는 것을 말하며, 이 글에서는 관용의미의 합성성의 유무에 따라 나타나는 정도성이 존재하며 합성성이 나타나는 관용어 중에서 은유성이 나타나는 중국어 관용어들 을 개별적으로 분석하고 그 양상을 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to cognitive semantic study which is properties and aspects of metaphor that take effect on meaning of Chinese idioms. For the purpose of this study, first, the conception of metaphor was grounded through Gibbs and Nayak(1989). Then I made researches the properties and the aspects of metaphor which took effect on meaning of Chinese idioms. For the purpose of this study I defined concept of idiom from the cognitive semantic point of view. That is, idioms are not only that the meaning of idiom can't be composed of its words' meaning, but also that the meaning of idiom can be composed of its words' meaning which are motivated. And on the basis of this definition, I prescribed that the semantic properties of idiom are ‘compositionality of idiom's meaning’ and ‘degreed of idiom's meaning’. As a result of this study, the aspects of metaphor which took effect on meaning of Chinese idioms were the much almost the same as Gibbs and Nayak(1989).

The purpose of the study is to analyze the semantic structures of light verbs and their deverbal nouns based on the Generative Lexicon by Pustejovsky and to examine the compositional mechanism on the light verb constructions. This study also aims to show the interactions between light verbs and deverbal nouns, as well as that light verbs do not place limits on the selection of deverbal nouns in terms of meanings. The compositional mechanism on the light verb constructions are as follows: First, the subject in the constructions is a human being with intention and volition. Second, the deverbal noun is represented as an event-entity in that it has both specificity and eventivity. Third, the event structure in the light verb is reflected in that of the construction. Fourth, the qualia structure in the deverbal noun is mirrored in that of the construction, which provides the relevant interpretation of the whole construction.

This paper examines Korean speakers' knowledge of semantic computation of telicity in English. Precisely, it addresses the question of whether Korean learners are aware that telicity in English is encoded by the cardinality of objects. To this end, six different types of object NPs were used: eat an apple/the apple/two apples/a piece of cake/apples/cake. Only the first four objects of specified cardinality make a predicate telic. Results of a temporal modification test show that Korean learners have largely acquired that telicity in English relies on the cardinality of objects; crucially, they were able to accept the telic predicates but to reject the atelic predicates with the in X time adverbial. However, they failed to make the telic-atelic distinction regarding the event cancellation test, incorrectly accepting the telic predicates with the continuation denoting the cancelled event. It is argued that this fluctuation is attributable to L1 transfer. The transferred properties of Korean perfectives (i.e., partial completion interpretations) overrode their developing knowledge of telicity in English.

This paper investigates the semantic properties of the multiple distributivity marker constructions in Korean, mainly with ssik, kakkak, and maypen. More specifically, it shows how the available interpretations of the constructions can be derived compositionally and how the multiple distributivity marker constructions can provide additional empirical evidence for a proper semantic account of each distributivity marker. Adopting Oh (2006a) regarding the basic semantics of ssik, this paper proposes an LF D-operator approach to the other ditributivity markers. The proposed account has an advantage over a lexical approach in that it successfully derives the complex distributive interpretations of the constructions in a compositional manner without modifying the lexical denotation of the distributivity markers for each different occasion, and accounts for the seemingly puzzling facts observed from the interpretations.

단어길이가 단어재인에 미치는 영향은 억제효과 또는 무효과가 주로 보고되었으며, 단어의 구성성분을 처리하는 방식이 순차적인지 병행적인지 결정하는 데 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 최근에 보고된 단어길이의 촉진효과는 이러한 병행-순차 처리 해석을 지지하지 않는다. 본 연구는 단어길이의 촉진효과에 어종과 합성성이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험 1은 고유어를 사용하였으며, 1음절 단어, 2음절 단일어, 2음절 합성어를 비교하였다. 1음절 단어의 어휘판단이 2음절 단어에 대한 어휘판단보다 느린 단어길이효과가 나타났으며 합성어보다 단일어에서 길이효과가 더 컸다. 실험 2는 1음절과 2음절 한자어를 비교하였으며 촉진적 단어길이효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 실험 1과 2의 결과는 병행-순차 처리 가설에 의해서도 이상적 단어길이 가설에 의해서도 설명이 어려우며, 따라서 대안적 설명들을 검토하였다.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the facilitatory effect of word length (the number of syllables in a word), a new phenomenon showing that bisyllabic words are recognized faster than monosyllabic words. In Experiment 1, three types of native Korean words were compared: monosyllabic words, bisyllabic simplex words, and bisyllabic compounds. The results showed that lexical decision was faster for bisyllabic words than monosyllabic words, confirming the facilitatory effect of word length in Korean. The word length effect was bigger for high frequency words than low frequency words. In Experiment 2 using Hanja words, the facilitatory word length effect was replicated, and the interaction of word length and frequency was found to be significant. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 were not consistent with the serial-parallel processing explanation and the ideal length hypothesis. An alternative explanation was attempted based on the properties of native Korean and Hanja words.

Chae, Hee-Rahk. 2016. A Comprehensive Syntactic Analysis of Korean [... V ... V] Expressions III: Idiomatic Constructions and Compounds. Korean Journal of Linguistics 41-1, 119-163. This paper is an attempt to achieve the goal of providing a comprehensive analysis of Korean [... V1 ... V2] expressions. Under the assumption that these expressions can be divided into auxiliary predicate constructions, converb constructions and idiomatic constructions (ICs), we focus on the analysis of ICs in this paper, under the spirit of mono-stratal approaches. ICs contain semantic and/or syntactic anomalies, which have been very difficult to deal with properly. Adopting the representational system of H-R Chae (2014, 2015), we have established a framework for the analysis of various types of idioms. One of the best merits of the framework is that it can capture the syntactic flexibility of idioms very effectively, as well as their syntactic rigidity and semantic non-transparency. In addition, it enables us to make it clear that many of the assumed compounds, which allow the insertion of delimiters in-between, are not really compounds. The framework is under the assumption that there are three major components constituting the grammar of a language: a set of words (i.e. a lexicon), a set of rules, and a set of idiomatic constructions. Positing the third component leads to, among others, a simplification of the lexicon and the rule set of a grammar. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

The issues of compositionality, materialized ever since Frege (1982), are critically re-examined in language first mainly and then in all other possible representational systems such as thoughts, concept combination, computing, gesture, music, and animal cognition. The notion is regarded as necessary and suggested as neurologically correlated in humans, even if a weakened version is applicable because of non-articulated constituents and contextuality. Compositionality is crucially involved in all linguistically or non-linguistically meaningful expressions, dealing with at-issue content, default content, and even not-at-issue meanings such as implicatures and presuppositions in discourse. It is a constantly guiding principle to show the relation between representation and mind, still posing tantalizing research issues.

Based on morphological phenomena found in Japanese, a highly agglutinative language, this paper investigates how we might approach intra-word compositionality. First, we elucidate the concept of compositionality to properly frame the central issue. Second, we observe some word-formation phenomena that seem to apparently contradict lexical (or morphological) integrity as well as word-internal compositionality. These involve mismatches?bracketing paradoxes?between morphological constituency vis-a-vis syntactic or semantic constituency. Then, the center piece phenomena of this paper displaying even more drastic bracketing paradoxes are introduced as case studies, namely, the ones involving the negative morpheme and the sized inalienable possession construction. These serve as a testing ground for the concept of word-internal compositionality. The viability and, arguably, advantage of a (direct) compositional approach to word-formation is demonstrated in light of their behavior and the current accounts furnished for them. Finally, after a summary of the paper, further conceptual issues regarding compositionality and word-formation are taken up.

The purpose of this study is to explore semantic compositionality of idioms from the etymological perspective. Idioms have been regarded as an exceptional phenomenon of compositionality, which violates the principle of compositionality. This paper shows that idioms do not violate the principle of compositionality by considering the etymology of the seven most opaque idioms. In other words, the seven idioms strictly observe the principle of compositionality. Originally idioms did not violate the principle of compositionality, but over time they have changed their meaning by a variety of mechanisms of semantic change, such as metaphor, metonymy, and so forth. We can apply this result to our English education, for it will motivate students to learn English in a systematic way, differing from a traditional learning of idioms by rote.

In this paper we revisit the semantic principle of compositionality and argue that compositionality is bidirectional optimization. Underspecification approaches to natural language interpretation generally start with an underspecified or weak meaning, which is strengthened by contextual information. By contrast, the bidirectional optimization approach we advocate proceeds from the strongest possible meaning. This meaning can be changed or weakened by contextual information. Under this approach, the meaning of an utterance is composed in a functional rather than a concatenative way, while contextual sources of information play a major role. Yet, because the context of any utterance is in principle the same for the speaker and the hearer, composition and decomposition proceed hand in hand. Hence, bidirectional optimization ultimately guarantees (functional) compositionality.

This paper starts from this question and argues that word formation has compositionality. First of all, I analyse features of complex words by using two criteria, [coherence] and [compositionality]. The [compositionality] is related to functional possibility and the [coherence] is decided whether there are other additional elements beyond constituents of words. I argue that specific construction including additional elements also has compositionality because the functional relation can be valid at least. Principle of compositionality as a functional relation makes meaningful results in word formation by revealing clearly the context( α ) elements on word formation process. In this process, I review Chae(2012) that examined word formation with paradigmatic relation as a center, then try to highlight advantages of word formation-based syntagmatic relation. In addition, I argue that covert context( α ), not paradigmatic relation of overt base of words, is central element for catching lexical relatedness between words in lexicon in spite of word formation-based paradigmatic relation.

In this paper I introduce the model-theoretic reconstruction of Jackendoff’s(1990) Conceptual Semantics by Zwarts & Verkuyl(1994), and show that, combining with some formal semantic devices like λ-expressions and functional application rule, it can be successfully implemented in the description of Korean locomotive verb constructions and manner-of-motion verb constructions. Three kinds of adjunct correspondence rules are formulated along with the argument linking principle, and it is elucidated how those rules and the principle are interconnected with syntactic procedures.

This paper aims to explain the nature of non-compositionality of complex expressions and their meaning construction in terms of conceptual blending theory. Objective semantics which is logic-oriented accepts the principle of compositionality that the meaning of the complex expression is the sum of the meanings of the parts constituting the whole expression. However, many phenomena, such as some noun compounds, idioms, figurative expressions, and expressions based on pragmatic interpretations, and collocations, violate the principle. The meaning construction of complex expressions such as noun phrases and compounds among these expressions is dealt with clearly under the framework of the conceptual blending theory. The conceptual blending theory posits the four-space network consisting of two input spaces, the generic space, and the blended space. Conceptual blending is a cognitive process which subsumes the combination of input space construction, cross-space mapping, and selective projection. The meaning of language is constructed by the operation of conceptual blending.

This paper aims to examine the origin of the discourse on compositionality in the linguistic community and the discourse on compositionality in the field of Korean linguistics, and then explore the desirable direction of the discourse on compositionality. The present paper reviews several issues related to compositionality and found the following thinngs. First, the concept of compositionality, initiated by Gottlob Frege, has undergone gradual modifications through subsequent research. It has been discovered that there have been discussions on compositionality from a distinctive perspective within the domestic academic community. In particular, a series of discussions, referred to as 'α설', are not helpful in capturing the essence of compositionality. Second, as pointed out by Professor Igor Mel'cuk, the core attribute of compositionality lies in regular union. Therefore, in discussing Korean compositionality, it is necessary to delve into the regularity of signifier, sginified and syntactic properties of linguistic complex unit. Third, the paper explains the use of quasi-predicate as a key tool for classifying compositionality.

본 논문의 목적은 개념의 구조에 관한 이론-이론의 입장이 ‘애완’-개념과 ‘물고기’-개념을 조합하는 문제에 적절한 해법이 될 수 없음을 보이는 것이다. 이론-이론은 개념화와 과학의 이론화, 개념과 과학의 이론 용어가 유사하다는 입장이다. 그에 따르면, 개념은 그것에 관한 이론 내의 다른 개념과 연관됨으로써 이론적인 구조를 갖는다. 개념이 이론적인 구조를 갖는다는 것은 개념이 그에 관한 이론에 의해서 의미가 결정된다는 것을 의미한다. 이 경우, 개념은 그것에 관한 이론 내의 다른 개념들과 연결되고, 다른 개념은 관련 이론 내에서 그 의미가 결정됨으로써 또 다른 개념과 관련될 것이며, 이는 개념 체계 전체에 있는 개념에로 퍼져간다. 이 점에서 이론-이론은 개념 전체론을 전제한다. 그런데 개념 전체론은 개념의 제한적 연결만을 허용하는 개념의 조합적 성격과 양립할 수 없다. 개념의 조합성에 따르면, ‘애완 물고기’-개념의 의미는 ‘애완’-개념의 의미와 ‘물고기’-개념의 의미에 의해서 결정되어야 한다. 하지만 개념 전체론의 방식으로 의미를 결정할 경우, ‘애완 물고기’-개념의 의미는 ‘애완’-개념의 의미와 ‘물고기’-개념의 의미에 의해서 결정되지 않는, 이를 테면, ‘화려한 색깔을 지님, 어항에 서식함’ 과 같은 의미를 포함할 수 있다. 이러한 ‘애완’-개념과 ‘물고기’-개념을 조합하는 문제에 관해 이론-이론은 그것이 참조하는 이론의 성격을 분명히 함으로써, 또는 구성요소 개념의 의미 유사성에 호소함으로써 해법을 제시할 수 있다. 하지만 그러한 전략은 개념의 의미를 결정하는 이론의 범위를 확정할 수 없어서, 그리고 애완 물고기끼리 서로 유사한 점은 애완동물끼리 유사한 점과 물고기끼리 유사한 점의 총합을 통해 도출할 수 없어서 성공적이지 않다.

This paper aims to argue that the theory-theory in conceptual structure theories is not an alternative for the pet fish problem about the compositionality of concepts. The theory-theory is a view that conceptualization is similar to theorization of science and also concept is similar to theoretical term in science.According to the view, a concept has a theoretical structure by being related to other concepts in the theory. The theory-theory used to supported by the psychological essentialism that we judge categories of concept sorting to things, from not only its superficial features but also essential features triggering it. That a concept has the theoretical structure means that the meaning of concept is determined by the relevant theory. In that case, a concept is related to other concept in the theory, and the other concept is related to another concept in the relevant theory by determining its meaning in the theory, this meaning determining manner spread to whole conceptual system. In this behalf, theory-theory presupposes a conceptual holism. However, conceptual holism can’t be compatible with compositional feature of concept. According to the compositionality, for example, the meaning of PET FISH have to be determined by the meaning of PET and the meaning of FISH. But, in case of meaning of concept is determined in the manner of conceptual holism, the meaning of PET FISH can include such meaning as being colorful, living in a fishbowl that would not be determined by the meaning of PET and the meaning of FISH As regards the pet fish problem, theory-theory tries to suggest the solutions by clarifying the nature of theory or by appealing the method by which the meaning of constituent concept is composed similarly but not identically. But that strategies is not successful either.

이글의 목적은 포더의 정보적 의미론이 그가 제안한 조합성 조건을 만족시킬 수 없음을 보이는 것이다. 포더는 개념의 구조에 관해서는 원자론을 주장하고, 그것을 위한 개념의 내용에 관한 이론으로 정보적 의미론을 주장한다. 정보적 의미론에 따르면, 개념은 신빙성 있는 원인에 의해 그것의 내용을 획득한다. 아울러 포더는 개념 이론의 협상 불가능한 조건으로 조합성을 제안하고, 기존의 순방향 조합성에다가 역방향 조합성을 더함으로써 조합성 조건을 보다 강화시킨다. 그에 따르면, 이러한 강화된 조합성이 성립하기 위해서는 단순 구성요소 개념의 내용이 맥락과 무관하게 그리고 균일하게 구성되어야 한다. 그런데 정보적 의미론에 따라 개념의 내용이 그것의 신빙성 있는 원인에 의해 구성된다면, 개념의 내용은 맥락 독립적으로 균일하게 구성될 수 없다. 이점에서 정보적 의미론은 근본적으로 조합성 조건을 만족시킬 수 없다.

The main aim of this paper is to show that Fodor’s informational semantics does not satisfy his own compositionality condition. On structures of concepts, Fodor maintains a conceptual atomism, while he advocates informational semantics on contents of concepts. According to informational semantics, concepts acquire their contents from reliable causes for each of them. Also, Fodor takes compositionality as a non-negotiable condition for every acceptable concept theory, and he reinforce the compositionality condition by adding ‘reverse compositionality’ to the original ‘forward compositionality’. According to Fodor, in order for the strengthened compositionality condition to hold, the contents of constituent concept should be constituted independently of context and uniformally. However, the contents of constituent concepts can not be constituted independently of context and uniformally, if they are constituted from their reliable causes as informational semantics says. So, informational semantics can not satisfy the compositionality condition fundamentally.