Earticle

본고는 일본어 원어민의 음성 자료가 첨부된 자연담화 데이터를 가지고 화자와 청자의 상호 작용에 의해 이루어지는 공화(共話)의 전개 형식과 기능을 분석했다. 그 결과, 화자에 의한 선행 발화의 표현 형식은 「중도발화중지형(言いさし)」，「말주저형(言いよどみ)」，「차단에 의한 중지형(遮られ中止)」의 3가지로, 청자에 의한 공화적 반응형은 「선취완결형(先取り)」，「바꿔말하기형(言い換え)」，「되묻기형(問い返し)」，「차단형(遮り)」，「반복형(繰り返し)」의 5가지로, 그리고 기능으로는 「확인(確認)」，「상대돕기(相手助け)」，「동의(同意)」，「보충(補足)」，「공감(共感)」，「반론(反論)」，「이해표명(理解の表明)」의 7가지로 각각 분류 할 수 있었다. 분석 결과에 따라 선행 발화를 이어받는 「선취완결형」의 공화적 반응형에 대해， 화자의 「중도발화중지형」의 경우는 「확인」의 기능, 「말주저형」의 경우는 「상대돕기」의 기능, 「차단에 의한 중지형」의 경우는 「보충」의 기능을 주로 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 선행 발화에 명시되지 않은 부분 또는 명시되어있는 부분에 대한 공화적 반응은, 선행 발화의 이해 표시를 위해 행해지는 경우가 많고, 예측 표시를 위해 행해지는 것은 「중도발화중지형」이 「확인」의 기능을 수행하는 경우에 한정되는 것을 지적했다.

This paper analyses the expanded form of co-construction and its functions by using natural conversations as data. As a result, speakers’ preceding speech expressions are divided into unfinished sentences, hesitation, and interruptions. Listeners’ co-construction responses are categorized into anticipation, paraphrasing, counter-questioning, interruption, and repetition. Moreover, their functions are grouped into confirmation, assistance, agreement, supplements, sympathy, counterarguments, and expressions of understanding. Our analysis of anticipation co-construction responses found that unfinished sentences functioned as confirmations, hesitation functioned as assistance, and interruption functioned as supplements. We found that the co-construction responses of speakers’ preceding speech for omitted or explicit parts often indicate an understanding of speakers’ utterances and also that prediction occurs only when anticipation functions as confirmation.

In the light of classical and creative writing methods in the works of illustrious authors, such as Rabelais, this study examines the impact of cyberlanguage on mediated communication situations in social digital environment.This work mobilizes a theoretical and methodological pluralism, a quantitative and typological approach and relies on a native digital data field on an online discussion forum, in the field of reality show. In support of the concepts of language, reduction of uncertainty, cyber-language, device, network, social bond, an exploratory study identifies elaborate and creative writing processes and establishes an enriched typology of cyberlanguage markers. The weight and concentration of cyberlanguage markers make it possible to identify a typology of cyberlanguage markers and to reveal in a dynamic of diffusion and co-construction on the web for the maintenance of the social bond.

The purpose of this study are to introduce private finance initiative(PFI) method which has been developed in Japan for the remodelling of youth facilities and to adjust this method to national and/or public youth facility construction and remodelling projects in Korea. For this purpose, the construction methods of PFI(Private Finance Initiative), BTL(Build-Transfer-Lease), BTO(Build - Transfer - Operate) are compared and alnalyzed. And also, the case studies of Japan and Korea youth facilities constructed by those methods have been analized and compared throughly. Among them are Tokyo Youth bend-Plaza, Tokushima Youth Plaza and Tokyo Tama Area Youth Plaza and in Korea, National Youngduk Youth Marine Environment Experience Center and National Kimje Agriculture and Life Center. Not only construction work but new youth programs and the management of operating facility are very important factors to maintain and to be used by many youth and children. Therefore this study investigated also in the way of private investment projects for national and public youth facilities how to organize and develop the youth activity programmes. The conclusion of this study encouraged highly to utilize PFI method on the construction and remodelling projects for the futuer youth facility.

Recently, global warming problem is a major issue in international community. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the construction industry is one of the main factors causing a global warming problem. Accordingly, various researches on CO2 emissions caused by the construction industry was carried out. However, most of the researches on CO2 emissions have been focused on CO2 emission of construction materials, the study of CO2 emission resulting from the construction site didn't carry out. Therefore, this paper introduces a system, calculating CO2 emission, which enables to calculate CO2 emission using the Construction Project Schedule Information including construction equipment in the construction phase. The system is being developed as an automated system and the system proposed is verified by a case study.

메타버스 구축과 운영에 관련되는 기술은 장래에는 우리 사회 거의 대부 분의 분야에서 활용될 수 있는 첨단과학기술로 이를 긍정적으로 활용한다 면 게임 등 여가부문 뿐만 아니라 사회·경제·문화·정치·교육 등의 제반 활동 에 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 이러한 방식은 이미 전세계적으로 하나의 트렌드가 되었으며, 해당 기술을 보유하지 못한 개인이나 단체를 위해 플랫 폼이나 메타버스 자체를 제공하는 업체가 생겨나는 등 그 자체로 이미 산업 화의 단계에 접어든 상태이다. 그러나 관련 법제도를 명확하게 정비하지 않으면 여러 가지 법적 분쟁에 휘말릴 수 있는 바, 이로 인해 메타버스의 활용이 위축된다면 산업 전반에 미치는 부정적인 효과가 매우 클 것이다. 특히, 정보통신기술의 융합으로 이루어지는 4차 산업혁명의 핵심인 인공지능의 경우 빅데이터를 기반으로 학습능력과 자기개발능력을 향상시켜 메타버스에 접목시키게 되므로, 메타 버스의 원활한 활용여부가 4차 산업혁명의 종합적인 결과물의 성패를 나타 낸다고 해도 과언이 아닐 것이다. 메타버스는 기존의 디지털 저작물과 특성이 다르며 이의 구축과 관련해 서는 우리 사회의 온라인으로의 전환이라는 시대적 사명도 띄고 있으므로, 이러한 법적 문제들을 이유로 무조건적으로 규제하거나 혹은 산업발전을 이유로 무제한 허용하는 것은 모두 바람직하지 않다. 따라서 양자의 이해관계를 적절히 도모할 수 있는 입법론이 필요한 바, 본 연구에서는 외국의 입법례 및 현행 우리 저작권법상의 규정을 참조하여 메타버스의 구현과 관련된 권리의 범위와 새로운 저작권 제한사유가 제시되고 있다.

Technology related to the construction and operation of the metaverse is a advanced science technology that can be used in almost all fields of our society in the future, and if it is used positively, it can be very useful not only in leisure sectors such as games, but also in social, economic, cultural, political, and educational activities. This method has already become a trend worldwide, and it has already entered the stage of industrialization in itself, with companies providing platforms or metaverse itself for individuals or organizations that do not possess the technology. However, if the relevant legal system is not clearly reorganized, it can lead to various legal disputes, so if the use of the metaverse is reduced, the negative effect on the industry as a whole will be great. In particular, artificial intelligence, the core of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which consists of the convergence of information and communication technologies, improves learning and self-development based on big data and is applied to the metaverse, so it is not too much to say that the active use of the metaverse determines the success or failure of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The metaverse differs from existing digital works in characteristics and has a mission of the times to transform our society into an online system when it comes to its construction. Therefore, it is not desirable to regulate unconditionally due to these legal issues or allow unlimitedly for industrial development reasons. Accordingly, a legislative theory that can properly promote the interests of the two is needed. In this study, the scope of rights related to the implementation of the metaverse and new reasons for copyright restrictions are presented by referring to foreign legislation and current Korean copyright law regulations.

Recently, global warming problem is a major issue in international community. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the construction industry is one of the main factors causing a global warming problem. Accordingly, various researches on CO2 emissions caused by the construction industry is needed and construction methods which is low CO2 emission should be developed. In this study, CO2 emission cost is compared with tile work types in construction phase. As a result, the CO2 emission costs of tile work is the highest. This project basic information for selecting appropriate construction methods in aspect of low CO2 emission cost.

『Act on Facilitation of Purchase of Small and Medium Enterprise – Manufactured Products and Support for Development of Their Markets』 was created and implemented. The act states that the materials designated by the Small and Medium Business Administration are directly purchased from the small and medium enterprises and provided to the construction companies so that the materials can be provided as GFGI (Government Furnished and Government Installed) in the case of a public construction project. This thesis is aimed to analyze the current status on the problems of each project party and understand their improvement requests so that mutually beneficial plans can be sought and improved process is presented for the continuous development of the direct construction material purchase system as well as successful construction projects. And This thesis summarized the purpose of the institutions and their change histories, and related law as well as codes for the better understanding of administrative procedures for the purchase system and the analyses as well as the improved process on the difficulties in complying with the current institutions.

Under the circumstance that China Tower unified construction of 4G telecommunications infrastructure, how do the three operators fairly and reasonably share the telecommunications infrastructure cost is the key problem of Chinese telecom industry at present, and also is a hot issue for scholars. To alleviate this problem, after comparing the advantages and disadvantages of current methods of cost allocation, this paper try to introduce risk correction factor into Shapley Value algorithm, and propose a cost allocation model of telecom infrastructure co-construction based on the fixed Shapley Value algorithm. The validity and practicability of the method have been proved by the test of the actual calculation. With the help of this model, it is able to provide a more effective strategy for the cost allocation problem in the construction of China's telecom infrastructure.

현재 국내 프랜차이즈 업계의 가맹점주 관리 시스템의 필요성이 점차 대두되고 있다. 국내 프랜차이즈 업계가 외형에 집중되고 부피가 커지고 있는 반면에 내부적인 가맹점 관리시스템의 부재 및 부실이 가맹점의 폐점과 분쟁으로 나타나고 있으며 본사의 가맹점 관리시스템이 필요하다는 것을 증명해 주고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이런 문제점을 보완하고 시스템화 시키는 방안을 보험사와 보완하고 새로 운 시스템 구축 및 활용하도록 연구해 본다.

Domestic franchise industry is growing rapidly as a promising business in 21st century and also ordinary people business. Domestic franchise headquarters and franchisees have increased exponentially. However, because of tough competition in the industry, headquarters’ lack o fawareness of recruiting and managing franchisees, and reckless expansion strategy for the structural problem of profit structure and lack of experts, systematic management and support system are not going well. For these reasons, the need of franchisee management system is growing up in this industry. Domestic franchise industry is focused on appearance, the volume, while absence and lowness of internal management systems are making stores shut down and conflicts proving necessity of management system. In this study, we find and study the way to compensate these problems and systematize by cooperating within surance companies to manage franchisees, and eventually to be able to set up and use new systems including franchise management system, initial services, on goin gservices, lega lservices ,tax services, labor services, and financial analysis and planning services.

김해연. 2002. Co-Construction as an Interactional Achievement in Korean Conversation. 사회언어학, 10(2). 본 연구는 한국어의 대화자료를 분석하여 대화상에서 화자가 시작한 말을 다음화자가 받아서 그 말을 끝내는 상호협력구문이 어떤 상황에서 발생하며 또 그러한 협력구문은 어떠한 사회행위를 수행하는가 하는 문제를 다루고 있다. 여기서는 먼저 대화상황을 검토하여 협력구문의 유형과 빈도를 조사한 다음, 협력구문의 기능을 사회행위의 수행이라는 관점에서 보고 협력구문은 대화참여자들간의 사회행위의 상호성취라는 것을 보이고자 한다. 이전에 협력구문에 대한 연구는 존대와 개인영역의 정보에서 연유하는 화용적 요인, 투사성, 그리고 말차례 후반부 발언의 지연과 관련하여 논의되어 왔다. 이 논문은 협력구문의 발생에 대해 설명하는 기존연구의 문제점을 지적하고 협력구문은 대화참여자들이 서로 알고있거나 추론할 수 있는 정보에 근거하여 협력을 하고자 하는 사회행위를 수행하는 과정에서 발생한다는 면에서 사회행위의 상호성취라는 관점에서 협력구문을 논의해야 함을 보이고 있다. 그리고 본 연구는 대화상에서의 협력구문에서는 협력적 태도의 제시, 동일관점이나 근거의 제공, 청자로부터의 동의나 의견 구하기 등의 사회행위가 수행된다는 것을 보이면서 이러한 사회행위의 수행과정에서 발생하는 협력구문은 대화참여자들간의 상호작용의 성취라는 측면에서 논의되어야 함을 보이고 있다. 나아가 이러한 협력구문은 대화와 사회행위, 그리고 문법간의 상호작용관계를 보여 준다는 점에서 언어와 사회라는 관점에서 문법연구를 재조명할 수 있음을 보인다.

A 2D grid-like (4, 4)-connected topology coordination polymer, $[Co(BTA)_2(H_2O)_2]_n$ (1), where HBTA = 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)acetic acid, has been synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that 1 displays octahedral metal centers with secondary building units (SBUs) [$Co(BTA)_2(H_2O)_2$] bridged by the $BTA^-$ ligands. In the crystal, the 2D supramolecular architecture is further supported by $O-H{\cdots}O$, $O-H{\cdots}N$, $C-H{\cdots}O$ hydrogen bonds and ${\pi}{\cdots}{\pi}$ stacking interactions. The SPS of polymer 1 indicates that there are positive response bands in the range of 300-600 nm showing photo-electric conversion properties. There are good relationships between SPS and UV-Vis spectra.

유전자를 이소성으로 발현하고 억제하는 것은 유전자의 기능 연구에 있어서 매우 유용하다. 본 연구에서는 표적 유전자의 동시 과발현, 조직/발달 단계 특이적 발현 및 스트레스 유도성 발현을 위해 pPZP를 골격으로 다양한 binary 벡터를 제작하고 그 유용성을 검증하였다. 변형된 CaMV 35S 프로모터를 이용하여, 다른 두 개의 유전자를 동시 과발현시키는 binary 벡터를 제작하였고, 이 벡터가 동시에 그리고 같은 장소에서 다른 두 개의 표적 유전자를 과발현 하는데 효과적임을 확인하였다. At2S3, KNAT1 및 LFY 프로모터를 포함하는 조직 또는 발달 단계 특이적 발현 binary 벡터들을 제작하고 분석한 결과, 이 벡터들은 각각 배/유식물 시기, 새싹 끝의 분열조직 및 잎 원기 특이적 발현에 유용하였다. RD29A와 AtNCED3 프로모터를 포함하는 스트레스 유도성 발현 binary 벡터들은 고염, ABA, MV 또는 저온과 같은 비생물성 스트레스에 의한 유전자의 이소성 발현에 유용하였다. 본 연구에서 제작된 binary 벡터들은 표적 유전자의 이소성 발현을 통해 유전자의 생물학적 기능연구, 분자생물학적작용 기작 연구에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, we constructed various kinds of binary vectors with the pPZP backbone for co-overexpression, tissue- or development-specific expression and stress-inducible expression, and validated them for ectopic expression of target genes. Using a modified CaMV 35S promoter, a binary vector was generated for co-overexpression of two different genes and was confirmed to be efficient for overexpressing two different target genes at the same time and place. Binary vectors containing At2S3, KNAT1 or LFY promoters were constructed for tissue-specific or development-specific gene expression, and the binary vectors were suited for embryo/young seedling stage-, shoot apical meristem- or leaf primordia-specific expressions. Furthermore, the binary vectors containing RD29A or AtNCED3 promoters were validated as suitable vectors for gene expression induced by abiotic stresses such as high salt, ABA, MV and low temperature. Taken together, the binary vectors constructed in this study would be very useful for analyzing the biological functions of target genes and molecular mechanisms through ectopic expression.

A great quantity of $CO_2$ is emitted to the atmosphere during the different phases of a building's life cycle: in the production of materials and products, in the construction of the building itself, in the setting up of the site, in the exploitation, the renovations, the later rehabilitations, up to the final demolition. The present paper shows the possibility of reducing the embodied energy in building materials up to 55% and the $CO_2$ emissions produced up to 43% in the construction phase, through a careful selection of sustainable building materials. The purpose of this study is to quantify the total amount of $CO_2$ emissions and embodied energy that can be saved by the method presented in the particular phase of the material selection within the life cycle of a building. This material selection, as well as the bioclimatic characteristics, must be defined from the early design project phase. The research presented here has been carried out as a case study on an existing high-rise residential building in the UAE constructed in a conventional way and with no specific selection of materials. The building is compared to a hypothetically created building with similar characteristics but using sustainable building materials.

본 연구에서는 소리의 전달에 대해 개인모형 구성과 모둠모형 구성이 혼합된 수업 전략의 실행에서 나타나는 실제 교실 상황에서의 모둠모형 구성 유형을 분류하고 각 유형별 정보의 흐름을 분석하여 실제 교실 환경에서 모형의 공동 구성을 위한 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. 서울 소재 남녀 공학 중학교 2학년 1개 학급의 33명을 대상으로 소리전달에 대한 2차시 수업이 진행되었고 총 65개의 개인모형과 16개의 모둠모형 구성 과정이 분석되었다. 모둠모형 구성 유형은 정체형(Unchanged), 열거형(Enumerated), 정교형(Elaborated)으로 분류하였다. 정체형(Unchanged) 구성은 8개 모둠, 열거형(Enumerated) 구성은 3개 모둠, 정교형(Elaborated) 구성은 5개 모둠에서 나타났다. 정체형과 나열형 구성에서는 정보의 1차 전파자이며 개인 모형의 독자적 구성자(i.I)가 모둠모형에 기여하는 경우가 많이 나타났다(각 50.0%, 54.5%). 정체형 구성에서는 1명의 정보가 모둠원 전체에게 전달되는 방사형 흐름이 나타났으며, 나열형 구성에서는 정보 전파의 시작점이 두 군데에서 나타났다. 정교형 구성에서는 모둠 내 정보의 흐름이 선형으로 전달되는 '전달형' 흐름이 나타났으며, 정보의 2차 전파자이며 반성적 구성자(2d.R)가 모둠모형에 기여한 경우가 두드러지게 나타났다(58.3%). 본 연구는 이상적인 상황이 아닌 실제 교실 맥락에서 나타나는 복잡한 모형구성 과정을 이해할 수 있는 하나의 관점을 제안하였으며 이를 통한 실질적이고 구체적인 전략을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 한국 소집단 문화의 특징을 고려한 모형구성 전략의 필요성을 제안하며, 추후 연구를 통해 풍부한 논의가 진행될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

In this study, we classified the group model construction types in the actual classroom situation implementing the instructional strategy mixed with individual model construction and group model construction types. The purpose of this study is to analyze the information flow and the individual construction types of each group model construction type to obtain implications for model co-construction in a real classroom environment. A two-session class on sound propagation was carried out for thirty-three 8th grade students in Seoul. A total of 65 individual model construction and 16 group model construction processes were collected and analyzed. The group model construction types were classified as unchanged, enumerated, and elaborated. The unchanged type was found in 8 groups, the enumerated type in 3 groups, and the elaborated type in 5 groups. The isolated individual and independent construction (i.I) were found mostly in the unchanged group construction type (50.0%) and enumerated group construction type (54.5%). In the unchanged type, the radial shape of flow in which one student's information is transmitted to all the members of the group appeared. In the enumerated type, the starting point of the information flow was observed from two individuals. In the elaborated type, linear information flow appeared and both the second dissemination and reflective construction (2d.R) contributed to the group model construction (58.3%). This study suggests a viewpoint that enables to understand the process of complex model construction in an actual classroom context rather than in an ideal situation. The result of this study suggests the necessity of a modeling strategy considering the characteristics of Korean small group culture. It is expected that the discussion will progress through further studies.

이 논문의 목적은 이론적인 차원에서 이용자 능동성 개념을 재구성하고 역사적인 차원에서 능동적 이용자의 초기 형성 과정을 규명하는 데 있다. 우선 이 논문은 정보기술이 일방적으로 그 이용자의 능동성을 결정한다고 보기보다는 이용자와 정보기술이 상호구성한다는 관점을 채택하고, 커뮤니케이션 시스템의 내용, 논리, 물리의 세 층위 모두에서 이용자의 개입과 참여의 능동성이 가능하다고 보면서, 이용자의 능동적 행위능력을 재설정과 재매개로 개념화한다. 이를 이용자 능동성의 이론틀로 삼아 1980년대 후반부터 1990년대 초반에 활발했던 전자게시판의 이용자 문화에 적용해 분석한다. 개인용 컴퓨터와 전자게시판의 이용에서 비싸고 불편한 문제적 상황을 정보의 공개와 공유를 통해 집단적으로 해결하고 개선하면서 나타난 초기 이용자의 능동성은 단지 정보(메시지)의 생산과 공유뿐만 아니라 그 물리적 하부구조를 마련하고 소프트웨어를 고쳐 쓰거나 새로 개발하는 해킹 활동에서 두드러졌다. 초기 이용자의 재설정과 재매개의 능동적 행위는 컴퓨터 통신망을 쌍방향 커뮤니케이션을 위한 온라인 공동체 미디어로 발전시키는 동력이 되었고, 정보기술의 민주화와 온라인 참여 문화의 활성화에 기여했다.

The aim of this paper is both re?|conceptualization of user’s activity theoretically and exploration of the early active user’s emergence historically. Most of established perspectives on user’s activity assume that digital media and information technology(hereafter IT) would enable users to be active, and their activity goes far up to the participation in production of message or content. Rather than IT’s determination of user’s activity as such, this paper takes an approach of co?|construction of user and IT, and maintains that it would be possible for users to potentially intervene in and creatively participate in IT in all three layers of communication systems such as logical and physical layer as well as content layer(message production). It also suggests reconfiguration and remediation as concepts of active user’s agency to creatively appropriate IT. As a case study, BBS(Bulletin Board System) users’ culture from the late 1980s till the early 1990s in South Korea is analyzed and assessed base on these theoretical frame. In the 1980s, personal computer users tried to establish their own computer network from below, whereas new data communication services similarly modelled on the broadcasting media system were initiated and launched by the government and corporations. When firstly introduced popular ITes such as personal computer and BBS, their early users tried to solve the problems of IT which were expensive and inconvenient at those days, and to improve the systems in terms of reconfiguration and remediation, ranging from content creation and information sharing to software development and even setup of their own physical infrastructure. All of those active user’ reconfiguration and remediation have transformed computer network technology designed and given from above as a consumption model into online community?based bidirectional communication media as a community model, which contributed to democratization of IT and promotion of participatory and active users’ online culture. So this paper argues that active users’ culture not emerged recently but existed at least since the introduction of popular ITes, and user’s activity was not granted by IT but was co?|constructed with it, resulting from user’s intervention and appropriation in accordance with their needs and desires.

이 연구는 중학교 기권 단원에서 스마트 기기를 활용한 과학적 모형의 사회적 구성(the co-construction of scientific model, 이하 CCSM) 수업을 실행하기 위한 실천 연구이다. 기존의 과학적 모형의 사회적 구성, 즉 CCSM 관련 연구와 달리 일반 학교에서 CCSM를 수업에 적용하는 과정을 제시하고, 학급 모형 형성 단계를 활성화할 수 있는 교수 전략을 찾아보고자 한다. 연구자가 실제 수업을 구성하고 수업 실행하는 과정을 분석하였다. CCSM 수업 모듈을 설계하고 실행하는 철차를 구체적으로 기술하였다. 연구결과를 토대로 일반학교에서의 CCSM 수업 모듈을 적용하기 위하여 모형 기반 교수-학습 전략의 적용이 필요하였다. 또한, 표현된 모형으로의 표현과 모둠 간 모형 평가와 수정의 상호작용을 활성화하기 위하여 스마트 기기의 도움을 받았다. 특히, 학급 모형을 형성하는 단계에서 교사는 스마트 기기를 이용하여 모둠의 모형을 목표 모형과 거리가 먼 모형부터 가까운 모형 순으로 발표하도록 하였다. 모둠 간 모형 평가와 모형의 수정이 이루어지는 상호작용이 발생함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 일반 학교 현장에서 CCSM 수업을 실천할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다.

his study is a action research for the co-construction of scientific model(CCSM) using smart device. The CCSM practices on the unit of atmosphere in the middle school. In contrast to the existing research on CCSM, we propose the process of applying the CCSM to the class in the general school, and try to find a teaching strategy that can activate the formation of the class model. We analyzed the process of constructing the actual CCSM class and executing the CCSM. We have specifically described the steps to design and implement the CCSM module. Based on the results of the study, It is necessary to apply the model - based teaching & learning strategy to the CCSM in general school. It has also been assisted by smart devices to facilitate the interaction between the representation of the expressed model and the evaluation and modification of the model between the groups. In particular, at the stage of forming the class model, the teacher used the smart device to present the model in the order of model that is far from the target model and close to the target model. We can confirm that interactions occur between groups’ model through model evaluation and model modification. Based on the results, we also proposed a method to practice classroom teaching in general school.

本稿では、韓国人日本語学習者(以下、KLJと称する)が使用する共話的反応の型と機能に着目し、言語能力レベル ごとの使用傾向を明らかにした。そして、共話的反応の型が談話の中でどのように用いられ、どのように談話を展開している か、その特徴について母語話者と比較·考察し、次のような結果が得られた。 1．共話的反応の型においては、初級から「先取り」、「遮り」、「繰り返し」、中級からは「言い換え」の使用が確認 できた。機能においては、初·中級では「補足」、「反論」、「同意」、上·超級ではこれに加えて「相手助け」の使用 が確認できた。 2．学習者と母語話者の相違による、共話的反応の型および機能の違いについては、母語話者にみられた「問い返し」 と「確認」がKLJにはみられなかったことが挙げられる。非母語話者には共話の使用が難しいという水谷の指摘はこの「確 認」の機能に絞った議論のようである。超級になっても唯一、使いこなせない「確認」の機能は、自然習得が難しく指導 の必要が考えられる。 3. また、学習者は「遮り」を、母語話者は「先取り」を、最も多く使用することが分かった。共話的反応の型の5種類の 分類の中で「先取り」と「遮り」だけが、会話に意味内容を積極的に付け足すことができ、会話の内容を進めていくことが 可能である。ただし、「遮り」は、相手が話しているところに割って入ることから、相手に不快感を与える場合もあるため、母 語話者は多用しないのだと考えられるが、KLJは多用していることから円滑な談話展開の妨げになっている可能性が考えら れる。 以上から日本語の共話は日本人との日々のコミュニケーションによって習得されていくと推測される。しかし一方、自然習 得の難しさも浮き彫りになった。共話的反応を運用し、円滑なコミュニケーションを行うために日本語教育の立場からの支援 が必要と言える。

This study examines the tendency of the usage of co-construction responses and their functions according to the proficiency of Korean learners of the Japanese language (hereinafter referred to as KLJ). The following results were obtained by examining how they are used in the discourse and how they are involved in the discourse development, and comparing the characteristics of co-construction responses used by Korean learners of the Japanese language with those used by native Japanese speakers. 1. As for co-construction responses, the use of ‘anticipation’, ‘interruption’, and ‘repetition’ was identified at beginner’s level and the use of ‘paraphrasing’ at intermediate level. As for their functions, ‘supplements’, ‘counterarguments’, and ‘agreement’ were used at beginner’s and intermediate levels. And ‘assistance’ function was identified at advanced and superior levels. 2. As for the differences in the use of co-construction responses and their functions by KLJ and native Japanese speakers, ‘counter questioning’ and ‘confirmation’ which were used by native Japanese speakers were not found in KLJ. The report of Mizutani in 1995 that foreign learners of the Japanese language have difficulty in using co-constructions is seen as a discussion focusing on this function of ‘confirmation’. It is considered necessary to provide well-informed guidelines on the usage of the co-constructions to KLJ since it is difficult to naturally acquire the ability to properly use the function(s) of ‘confirmation’ which is often not available even at advanced level. 3. Moreover, it was found that KLJ use ‘interruption’ most frequently while native Japanese speakers use ‘anticipation’ most frequently. Among 5 types of co-construction responses, only ‘anticipation’ and ‘interruption’ can make a significant contribution　to conversation and keep the conversation going on. However, since ‘interruption’ is to interrupt while others are talking and sometimes they can be offended, it is considered that KLJ are likely to use it frequently and smooth conversation development can be interrupted, while Japanese native speakers do not use it frequently. It is assumed that the usage of co-construction responses can be naturally acquired through daily communication with Japanese people. On the other hand, the difficulty of natural acquisition of the usage was also highlighted. Support of smooth operation and communication of co-construction responses is necessary in Japanese language education.

미즈타니(水谷1980)에 의해 공화(共話)가 일본어 회화의 특징 중의 하나로제창된 이래 다각적인 측면에서 공화에 관한 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 본고에서는일본어의 청자언어행동을 재분류하여 그 가운데 공화를 이루는 후행발화를「공화적반응형」이라 명명하여, 연령과 성별이라는 대인관계에 따라 그 사용경향을 살펴보았다. 주된 특징은 다음과 같다. 공화를 이루는 공화적반응형은 주로 20대에서 그 사용이 확인되었다. 먼저20대 여성은 자신보다 연상상대에게「선취완결형(先取り)」이나 「반복형(繰 り返し)」의 공화적반응형을 사용하며, 이러한 공화적반응형은 「동의」나「공감」의 기능을 하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편, 20 대 남성은 자신보다 연상상대에게 「선취완결형(先取り)」과 「바꿔말하기형(言い換え)」의 공화적반응형을사용하며 이러한 반응형은 「동의」의 기능을 주로 지니는 것으로 드러났다. 이러한　20대의　결과를 통해 대화상대가 동년배인지 연상인지에 따라 공화적반응형을 달리 사용하는 것이 확인되었다.대화상대의 연령이라는 사회적요인이 일본어의 공화라는 회화 형태에 영향을 미친다는 사실이 밝혀졌다. 대화자서로간의 공통적 인식이 없으면 공화가 이루어지기 어렵다는 미즈타니의 주장과는 달리, 첫대면 회화에서 상대방의 발화에 공화적반응형을 적극적으로 사용해 상대방에게 동의나 공감을 표현하여 담화의 전개를 원활히 유지하려는 하나의 회화 전략으로 짐작된다. 반면 30대에서는 출현회수가 적어 대화상대의 연령, 성별의 사회적요인이 공화적반응형의 출현에 영향을 미치는 지에 대해서 분명히 하지 못했다. 다만, 30대에서는 공화적반응형이 아닌 다른 형태의 예를 들면 맞장구표현(あいづち 表現)등의 청자언어행동을 선호할 가능성이 생각된다.

In the poetry of Shang Chin, 28 poems were existed in the co?construction of the person and the same being, where 18 of them presented the corresponding relationships of “the person?captivity?the reality” and “the same being?escape?the hyper?reality”. The person in the poems was imprisoned in the reality, while the same being played the role in escape that presented the method and weapon of breaking through the reality of captivity. Captivity and escape demonstrated the models of escaping from self?captivity, escaping from the sad and dreary reality,and escaping from confined spaces. Captivity was the reality, and the desire of escape was another reality in mind that the two co?constructed the hyper?reality,a more authentic reality. With the co?construction of the person and the same being, Shang Chin completed his construction of hyper?reality, gave expression to the collective spirits of the ridiculous and miserable time he had experienced, as well as called the power for self?healing and rescue out of the collective spirits.