Earticle

Ubiquitous in the country's entire industry is playing an important role. In addition, construction management and field management in the construction industry gave the terms of the existing management a lot of changes. At the heart of ubiquitous is RFID technology. RFID is a technology that can send and receive information without contact, and a wide range of use. In the construction industry at the workforce management, the quality management, the process management, the security management, the logistics management, etc. are applied. And human resources management and safety technology already is universal. However, when you apply RFID to the construction site has caused many problems. For this reason, difficult to apply in some small and medium-sized companies. The study is that Find out the difficulties of human resources and has proposed Using RFID to offer efficient management of human resources.

This paper proposes a quick response (QR) barcode watermarking algorithm in order to improve readability of the QR barcode in a JPEG image. The proposed algorithm embeds a watermark in a wavelet based-low frequency band for watermark robustness, and visually extracts a QR barcode after embedding the QR barcode image with confidential information into the original image via imperceptible watermarking technology. The visually extracted QR barcode watermark uses an approach to authenticate the ownership more easily through a common hardware and software-based mobile barcode reader app. Therefore, the QR barcode watermark may improve the ability to easily detect watermarks efficiently as well as imperceptibility and robustness, which is the main watermark requirement by embedding the QR barcode with watermark text information in a digital image and when compare to conventional watermarks.

최근 중국의 경제가 급속도로 발전하며 2차원 바코드 기반의 간편 결제 서비스가 활성화되었으며 모바일 결제 기반이 부족한 개발도상국들이 도입할 현금 없는 사회 모델로 주목 받고 있다. 이와 함께 기존의 고객관계관리 방법은 모바일기반 고객관계관리라는 모바일 디바이스 중심의 고객 콘텐츠 활용시장으로 확장되고 있으며 온라인 광고와 융합하여 실용적 성과를 높이려는 모델과 그 방법에 대한 연구가 활발하다. 이에 따라, 본 연구를 통해 2차원 바코드를 활용하는 온라인 광고와 고객관계관리의 융합 모형에 대한 개념과 현황을 살펴보고 모바일 디바이스와 소셜 네트워크 서비스를 활용하여 판매시점에서 지역광고주와 고객이 광고정보와 거래 부가정보를 효과적으로 전파하고 공유하는 방법과 시스템을 설계 및 구현하였다. 또한 2차원 바코드를 활용하는 광고 공유 콘텐츠 모형에 대한 응용 방안을 제시하였다.

In recent decades, China's economy has grown rapidly and two-dimensional bar code-based payments services have been activated. This is a model that will be introduced by developing countries that lack mobile payment infrastructure, and countries that are looking to leap into cashless societies are also drawing attention. Along with this, the existing CRM market is expanding around the mobile device called m-CRM, and research is active on the importance of collective use for online advertising and two-dimensional bar code-based payments services. Therefore, through this study, we have explored the concepts and status of online advertising and customer relationship management which using the two-dimensional bar code-based system, and designed and implemented the method and mobile application system to effectively disseminate transactional advertising information at the point of sale or at the point of share. We also presented an application approach to look at the direction of two-dimensional bar code-based ads contents sharing system and its development.

A 2D barcode region detection method based on embedded system for augmented reality applications was developed. For the successful 2D barcode candidate region detection, the range of variance and frequency of gray level distribution in the test 2D barcodes was modeled and it was combined with the corner features to localize the final 2D barcode candidates. An automatic 2D barcode localization software was developed with the multiple features mixture method and we tested our system on real camera images of several popular 2D barcode symbologies.

This study performed molecular genetic identification using DNA barcode markers such as internal transcribed spacer(ITS) marker and nuclear large subunit(nLSU) marker in ribosomal DNA regions on 51 mushroom specimens which were previously classified as poisonous mushrooms according to the morphological identification method in Rural Development Administration(RDA). As a result, nine of the 51 mushroom specimens were identified as different species from the previously identified species, and one of them was identified as edible and medicinal mushroom, not as a poisonous mushroom. Based on the results of this study, it is considered that more accurate species identification results can be obtained by performing molecular genetic identification method using DNA barcode marker as well as morphological identification method in mushroom species identification.

The herbal pill is usually made into several kinds of herbal medicines and supplementary excipients, such as starch, wheat flour, and honey. However, the verification of correct constituents of herbal pill is very difficult because it is composed of powders mixed with diverse herbal medicines. To determine the material composition of an unknown herbal pill, we analyzed DNA barcode sequences and NCBI GenBank nucleotide database on trial. Among the several DNA barcodes, nuclear ribosomal RNA gene internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) amplified sufficient PCR products to analyze the nucleotide sequences and provided valuable informations to determine the constituents of herbal pill on GenBank blast search. These valuable information is enough to estimate approximately the main herbal medicines as well as excipients. Therefore, we suggest DNA barcode sequence analysis depending on the GenBank database as a tool of quality control method with chemical analysis for herbal pills.

바코드 검사기의 성능에 결정적인 영향을 미치는 것은 입력 영상으로부터 바코드 영역을 추출하는 세그먼테이션 과정이며, 기존의 세그먼테이션 기법에는 여러 가지 문제점이 존재한다. 첫째, 허프 직선 변환 방법은 길이 임계값에 매우 민감하여 임계값을 정하는데 어려움이 있다. 둘째, 모폴로지 변환은 영상을 수축, 팽창하는 과정에서 많은 지연시간이 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 바코드 검증에서 지연 현상을 해결하고 주변 영향을 적게 받는 해리스 코너 검출 기법 융합형 바코드 영역 검출 기법을 제안한다. 그리고 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘을 검증하기 위해 실제 라인과 유사한 실험 환경을 구성하고, 다양한 크기의 바코드 영상과 다양한 위치에서의 바코드 영역 추출실험을 하였다. 결과적으로 제안 기법은 기존의 알고리즘에 비해 주변 환경이나 임계값 설정의 어려움과 영상 처리의 지연 문제를 해결하였고 모든 테스트 영상에 대해 바코드 영역을 100% 추출하는 성능을 보였다.

A segmentation process extracts an interesting area of barcode in an image and gives a crucial impart on the performance of barcode verifier. Previous segmentation methods occurs some issues as follows. First, it is very hard to determine a threshold of length in Hough Line transform because it is sensitive. Second, Morphology transform delays the process when you conduct dilation and erosion operations during the image extraction. Therefore, we proposes a novel Converged Harris Corner detection-based segmentation method to detect an interesting area of barcode in Data Matrix. In order to evaluate the performance of proposed method, we conduct experiments by a dataset of barcode in accordance with size and location in an image. In result, our method solves the problems of delay and surrounding environments, threshold setting, and extracts the barcode area 100% from test images

기존의 바코드는 정보 배열이 나란히 나열된 선 모양을 가지며 이를 1차원 바코드라 부른다. 이에 반해 2차원 바코드는 점자방식 또는 모자이크방식 코드로 작은 정사각형 도는 직사각형 안에 정보를 표현한다. 2차원 바코드는 기존의 1차원 바코드보다 작은 공간에 많은 데이터를 표현 가능함으로써 보다 효율적인 바코드의 구현이 가능하다. 현재 ISO 국제 표준화된 2차원 바코드는 총 4가지로 분류되는데 QR Code, Data Matrix, PDF417, MaxiCode가 있다. 본 논문에서는 ISO 국제 표준화된 바코드 중 하나인 Data Matrix의 Base 256 모드에 대한 기본 개념, 구성 방법, 인코딩 및 디코딩 방법을 상세히 제안한다. Data Matrix 심벌에 저장된 데이터를 보다 효율 적으로 구성하기 위해 숫자, Alphanumeric 문자, 이진법에 따라 다른 인코딩, 디코딩 방법을 사용하게 되는데 본 논문에서는 이를 고려한 디코딩 방법에 초점을 맞춰 기술할 것이다.

Conventional bar code has the appearance of line bars and spaces, called as one-dimensional bar code. In contrast, the information in two-dimensional bar code is represented by either a small, rectangular or square with the types of mosaic and Braille. The two-dimensional bar code is much more efficient than one-dimensional bar code because it can allow to store and express large amounts of data in a small space and so far there is also a little information about decoding the Data Matrix in base 256 mode. According to the ISO international standards, there are four kinds of bar code: QR code, Data Matrix, PDF417, and Maxi code. In this paper, among them, we focus on describing the basic concepts of Data Matrix in base 256 mode, how to encode and decode them, and how to organize them in detail. In addition, Data Matrix can be organized efficiently depending on the modes of numeric, alphanumeric characters, and binary system and expecially, we focus on describing how to decode the Data Matrix code by four modes.

Dipsaci Radix was described as the roots of Dipsacus asperoides in the Korean pharmacopoeia, namely Sok-dan. In Korea, a herbaceous plant species Dipsacus japonicus belong to the same genus also distributed. Unfortunately, due to the morphological similarity of the areal parts and dried root, the accurate identification of these two plant is very difficult depending on the morphological features. Therefore, we introduced the genetic tools to distinguish D. asperoides and D. japonicus at the species levels based on the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region sequences. In comparison of ITS2 sequences using 7 and 2 samples of D. asperoides and D. japonicus, respectively, we identified seven distinct species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely marker nucleotides, enough to discriminate both two plant species. Furthermore, these two species were clearly classified into distinct two group depending on species in the phylogenetic analysis of 7 Dipsacus species. These results indicate that the sequence variability and species-specific nucleotide substitutions of ITS2 region are useful genetic marker for identifying authentic Dispsaci Radix.

The original plant species of Magnoliae Cortex (Hu-Bak in Korean and Hòu-Pò in Chinese) is prescribed as the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson, Magnolia officinalis var. biloba Rehder & E.H.Wilson, and Magnolia ovobata Thunb. However, the stem bark of Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc. also has been used as a domestic Magnoliae Cortex, To-Hu-Bak. To prevent the distribution of inauthentic Machilus Cortex, we introduced psbA-trnH DNA barcode analysis and established a reliable method for distinguishing between Manoliae Cortex and Machilus Cortex. In comparative analysis of the psbA-trnH sequences using 18 samples of four species, thus, we obtained distinct nucleotide sequences, such as distinct indels (insertions and deletions of nucleotide) and substitutions, enough to differentiate these two herbal materials and evaluated the phylogenetic relationship of these species. The sequence differences at the corresponding alignment positions are useful marker nucleotides to authenticate official Magnoliae Cortex from closely related adulterant of Machilus thunbergii. These marker nucleotides would be useful to standardize the Magnoliae Cortex by the providing of specific genetic information that can distinguish official herbal medicine from inauthentic adulterants for Hu-Bak.

Araliae Continentalis Radix has been known as a representative herbal medicine distributed with inauthentic adulterants such as the roots of Angelica biserrata and Levisticum officinale. In this study, we identified a new additional commercial adulterant used as Araliae Continentalis Radix. To define the taxonomic origin of the new commercial adulterant, we analyzed ITS2 sequence similarity and identity using NCBI BLAST. The BLAST analysis revealed that the new commercial adulterant belong to the genus Gypsophila but not identical to any plant species. To verify the accurate species, we compared ITS2 sequences of the new commercial adulterant and related taxa including Ar. continentalis, An. biserrata, L. officinale, G. oldhaniana, G. pacifica, and other Gypsophila species and confirmed the new commercial adulterant was the root of G. facifica. These results provide an useful information to prevent the adulteration of Araliae Continentalis Radix and suggest an effective method to verify the origin of commercial herbal medicines.

Most camera-based barcode reading systems are scanline-based and designed to work with barcodes attached on flat or smooth surfaces. These systems are likely not able to deal with barcodes on surfaces with high level of deformation, thus making it difficult to find a scanline passing through readable regions. In this paper, an approach that addresses the decoding of deformed barcode images is presented. Our method is based on constructing a scangraph that covers over the area of the barcode, and creating a scanpath that walks through the scangraph by avoiding the regions that are less readable. Barcode digit templates are then used to decode the data sampled along the scanpath. Preliminary results show that some challenging deformed barcode images can be correctly decoded with the presented technique.

Under the background of the current food safety issues highlighted, to improve the Under-forest economic product tracing efficiency, and reduce the tracking and monitoring cost, and as the under-forest economic product is sensitive to environmental parameters, this paper proposed a new method integrating RFID Barcode sensor technology to keep track of all stakes, in this process, in the traceability of storage, circulation, processing information, and the system can monitor circulation of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and the paper analyzed the integrated approach of traceability system. The created system offers unique identification for under-forest product by barcode technology. And it also monitors the real-time environmental parameters of under-forest economic product by RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) electronic tag and sensor technology. The constructed system integrates the key links: the planting, processing, storage, sales, transportation and consumption of product. And it supplies enterprises, suppliers, agents and customers with under-forest product’s quality traceability. In addition, this system provides a feasible scheme for exact quality traceability of under-forest economic product.

실리콘 웨이퍼를 사용하여 에탄올과 플루오르화수소산의 혼합용액을 전해질로 하여 전기화학적 에칭법으로 다공성 실리콘을 제작하였다. 이 때 전기를 sine wave의 형태로 걸어주어 rugate filter를 제작하여 400 nm에서 1000 nm의 가시광선 영역에서 단일한 스펙트럼을 나타내는 multi lyaer를 형성시켰다. 또한 이 파장을 합하여 코드화 하였다. 결과적으로 다양한 sine wave의 간섭으로 barcode화가 가능함을 확인하였다. 이렇게 형성된 다공성 실리콘을 박리하여 smart dust를 쉽게 제작할 수 있으며, 이에 magnetic을 삽입시켜주고, 그 위에 페인트를 칠해도 변함없이 본래의 스펙트럼이 나오는 것을 통해 barcode로써의 가능성을 확인하였고, 그 스펙트럼은 페인트를 칠한 후 열처리를 하였을 경우에도 변하지 않았다. 하지만 열처리 온도가 200oC 보다 높아질 경우 열경화 현상으로 인하여 silicon wafer표면에 달라붙어 제거시 어려움이 따르므로 더 높은 온도에서 열처리를 할 경우 별도의 표면 처리가 이루어 져야 할 것이라 생각된다.

Porous silicon films are electrochemically etched from crystalline silicon wafers in an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid(HF). Careful control of etching conditions (current density, etch time, HF concentration) provides films with precise, reproducible physical parameters (morphology, porosity and thickness). The etched p attern could be varied due to (1) current density controls pore size (2) etching time determines depth and (3) complex layered structures can be made using different current profiles (square wave, triangle, sinusoidal etc.). The optical interference spectrum from Fabry-Perot layer has been used for forensic applications, where changes in the optical reflectivity spectrum confirm the identity. We will explore a method of identifying the specific pattern code and can be used for identities of individual code with porous silicon based encoded nanosized smart particles.

As camera phones have permeated into our everyday lives, two dimensional (2D) barcode has attracted researchers and developers as a cost-effective ubiquitous computing tool. A variety of 2D barcodes and their applications have been developed. Often, only monochrome 2D barcodes are used due to their robustness in an uncontrolled operating environment of camera phones. However, we are seeing an emerging use of color 2D barcodes for camera phones. Nonetheless, using a greater multitude of colors introduces errors that can negatively affect the robustness of barcode reading. This is especially true when developing a 2D barcode for camera phones which capture and store these barcode images in the baseline JPEG format. This paper presents one aspect of the errors introduced by such camera phones by modeling the camera phone capture channel for JPEG color barcode images wherein there is camera auto-focus.

Neurotransmitters has been implicated in a number of physiological and behavioral functions, such as control and regulation of affective behavior, sleep, vigilance, reward system, motor and cognitive function, and neuroendocrine function. The nanotechnology-based bio-barcode- amplification analysis offers an innovative approach to detect dopamine. We evaluated the efficacy of this protein-detection method in detecting dopamine in normal and oxidative stress damaged dopaminergic cells. In this study, a coupling of DNA barcode and bead-based immnunoassay for detecting neurotransmitter with PCR-like sensitivity is reported. The method relies on magnetic nanoparticles with antibodies and nanoparticles that are encoded with DNA and antibodies that can sandwich the target protein captured by the nanoparticle-bound antibodies. The aggregate sandwich structures are magnetically separated from solution, and treated to remove the conjugated barcode DNA. The DNA barcodes were identified by PCR analysis. The concentration of dopamine in dopaminergic cell can be easily and rapidly detected using bio-barcode assay. The bio-barcode assay is a rapid and high-throughput screening tool to detect of neurotransmitter such as dopamine. Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (2009-0080860) and by the Nano/Bio Science &Technology Program (M10536090001-05N3609-00110) of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and by Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea as "The Eco-technopia 21 project".

In this paper, we propose a multiple watermarking algorithm which embeds an integrated watermark into content using traditional watermarking algorithm. The integrated watermark consists of multiple watermark information and it is useful to trace illegal distribution. The information is generated by using Dot Code A, which can express multiple user information with error correction. An orthogonal transform and code division multiplexing technology are used to spread Dot Code A. This also ensures the algorithm is robust. The embedding range of the AC coefficients is within [-0.5, -0.3] and [0.3, 0.5] in the discrete cosine transform domain. At an embedding strength of 0.7, the signal-to-noise ratio of the test audio is over 53 dB, and we are able to extract the Dot Code A from the watermarked audio exactly.

2D barcodes have successfully captured people's attention among mobile applications by capturing images from various devices without hardware modification processes, and providing a possible mechanism for bridging the physical world of printing and the cyber world of the Internet. Therefore, this study suggests a mobile-based product and shelf life management application that uses barcodes to manage various products and their shelf life. The suggested system implements barcode data identification through a mobile camera device, with product categorizing and expiry date notification service on mobile devices. Compared to the RFID-based solutions of existing systems, the suggested barcode-based mobile application does not need any special hardware and it can capture barcodes directly with a mobile camera system, with very limited computing resources and without the need for keyboard input, so that the focus is on designing an effective product and shelf life management system to ensure that users use the purchased products more efficiently and appropriately.

본 연구에서는 DNA barcode 시험법을 이용하여 시중 유통 중인 도미와 옥돔 수산가공식품의 위변조현황을 분석하였다. 참돔 12건, 돌돔 4건, 황돔 7건, 감성돔 2건, 나일틸라피아 7건, 옥돔 6건, 옥두어 8건 총 46건의 시료에 대해 실험을 진행하였다. 생물 종 판별에 주로 이용되는 mitochondrial DNA의 COX I (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I) 유전자 영역을 분석하여 원재료의 종을 판정하였다. NCBI에서 제공하는 BLAST Search 프로그램을 이용하여 분석된 염기서열과 NCBI에 등록된 각각 어류의 유전자 염기서열을 비교하였다. 분석 결과 염기서열 상동성(identity)이 97% 이상인 종을 원재료 종으로 판별하였다. DNA barcode 시험법을 이용해 시중 유통되는 참돔, 돌돔, 황돔, 감성돔, 나일틸라피아, 옥돔, 옥두 수산가공품 46건에 대해 조사한 결과 위변조 사례는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 시장에서 통용되는 일반명칭과 식품공전에 기술된 표준명칭이 상이하여 소비자의 혼란을 야기할 수 있어 수산물 가공식품 표기에 일반명칭과 더불어 표준명칭 또는 학명을 같이 기술하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

DNA barcode sequences of commercial seafood products, which are difficult to morphologically discriminate, were analyzed to determine cases of food fraud. The gene sequences were analyzed by amplifying the COX I (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I) gene region of mitochondrial DNA, which is mainly used for species identification. The DNA barcode sequences were compared with the gene sequence of each fish registered in the US National Center for Biotechnology. A total of 46 processed seafood products (12 Pagrus majo, 4 Oplegnathus fasciatus, 7 Dentex tumifrons, 2 Acanthopagrus schlegelii, 7 Oreochromis niloticus, 6 Branchiostegus japonicus, 8 Branchiostegus albus) were investigated. Having DNA sequence identity of more than 97% was judged as the same species. As a result of this study, no cases of forgery and alteration were detected. However, some disparities in the commercial names used in local markets and the standard names given in the Korea Food Code were found, which may cause confusion for consumers. It is therefore suggested that the standard name or scientific name be displayed on seafood product labels.