Earticle

The purpose of this study is to enhance sound insulation of a window by discovering its exact location where sound is leaked out. Referring to KS F 2808 Korean Industrial Standard, the experiment was run by reinforcing either the gap between windows or the interior of a window frame in order to produce the optimal efficiency. It turned out that the higher sound insulation was resulted from the enhancement of the material on the gaps between windows.

Recently the world is trying to reduce carbon emissions for global warming. Reducing use of fossil fuels can decrease carbon emission. In this reason the construction field has tried to reduce the use of fossil fuels relating to heating and cooling of buildings. An energy loss through the window system is about 10 to 30 percent of energy consumption of the whole building. The use of window film insulation is increasing to control the heat loss at the windows. The window film insulation absorbs solar radiation and makes the surface temperature of windows high. In this study, window surface temperature is measured, and an impact on indoor air is identified after attaching window film insulation. Finally, we found that cooling load decreases through simulation.

본 논문에서는 타겟의 산란계수를 통한 RCS 측정 시, 타겟 위치 변화에 따라 발생하는 FT(Fourier Transform) 윈도우 크기 패턴에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 윈도우 크기 패턴에 미치는 영향의 객관성을 확 보하기 위해 측정 대상의 RCS 시뮬레이션 값과 실험 결과를 비교하여 오차율이 가장 작은 지점에서 윈도우 크기 값을 추출하였다. 실험 결과 측정 대상인 타겟의 거리가 증가함에 따라 윈도우의 오프셋 포인트는 점차 감소하였 으나, 윈도우의 폭은 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 타겟 위치에 따라 변화하는 윈도우 크기 패턴을 시스템에 내재 되어있는 Lookup Table로부터 적용하고 획득 데이터를 저장하여, RCS 측정에 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 또한 연속적 으로 산란계수 기반의 실시간 RCS 데이터처리가 가능하도록 시스템을 구성하였다. 패턴 분석을 통해 RCS 측정 의 정확성과 소요 시간을 확보할 수 있다.

In this paper, the effect on the FT window size pattern that occurs according to the target position when measuring RCS through the scattering coefficient of the target is proposed. In order to get objectivity of the effect on the window size pattern, the RCS simulation value of the measurement target was compared with experimental results, and the window size value was extracted at the point where the error rate was lowest. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the offset point of the window gradually decreased as the distance of the target to be measured increased, but the width of the window increased. Reliability was secured by applying the window size pattern that changes according to the target position from Lookup Table inherent in the system and saving the acquired data. In addition, the system was configured to enable continuous real-time RCS data processing. By analyzing the pattern, it can reduce time and the accuracy can be obtained.

This study presents the features and characteristics of Double-hung windows, which are major components in the Western Modern Architecture, based on 53 Modern Architectural Heritage of Korea focusing on their external design. The results are shown below. Firstly, as a result of analysis in the architectural features of the Double-hung window, the lintel and sill were installed at the same time due to the technical limitations of that time. Secondly, after analysing the width and height of the Double-hung window, the ratio of the horizontal and vertical was 1:1. This determines that the Double-hung windows had the square forms in general at that time. Furthermore, it had the ratio of 1:2.2 by the vertical arrangement. If the ratio were larger than 1.:2.2, the arch and upper window were added. Thirdly, by analysis the relationship between the floor and window height, it shows that the ratio between them are 1 : 0.4(Max)․ 1 : 0.8(Min)․1 : 0.6(Ave). Therefore, the floor height determines the Double-hung Window height. If the floor height changes its size, the window height will change accordingly. Fourthly, the numbers of mullion maintained the certain basic forms. From the subjects of this study showed 21 numbers of 2×2 mullions and 14 numbers of 3×3 mullions which showed that the equal division was preferred at the time. And lastly, in order to create the elevation with visual effect, the Double-hung window used various highlight techniques which are, particularly, increasing numbers of mullion, symmetry forms in upper and lower mullion and emphasising on its mouldings.

본 연구에서는 자동차 창문의 개폐에 따라 공기의 내부 유동 해석을 통하여 여름철에 운전자와 동승자의 쾌적한 운전환경을 고찰하였다. 실제 운전 환경을 고려하여, 자동차 창문 개폐 상태로서의 에어컨 입구 조건들을 유동 해석에 적용하였다. 자동차 에어컨 토출구, 시트 그리고 실내를 모델링하였고, 차 내부에서의 공기유동을 해석하여 공기의 유동 형상과 내부의 온도분포를 확인하였다. 본 해석에서는 공기 유입부와 배출구를 정하고 자동차 내부를 단열상태로 가정 하고 내부공기와 창문 개폐의 영향만을 고려해서 결과를 보았다. 각 조건들의 해석을 고찰해보면 본 연구 모델들이 쾌적 한 환경이 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 차량 창문 개폐에 따른 내부에서의 유동에 대한 본 해석 결과는 디자인 분야에 융합 하여 적용될 수 있다고 보인다.

In this study, the pleasant driving environment of the driver and passenger in the summer was investigated through the internal flow analysis of air due to the opening and closing of the car windows. The conditions on the entrance of the air conditioner with the opening and closing status of vehicle window were applied to the flow analysis by taking into consideration the actual driving environment. The automotive air conditioning outlet, the seat and the inside of car were modeled. As the air flow inside the car was analyzed, the air flow configuration and the temperature distribution were examined. In this analysis, the results were taken in consideration of only the effects of internal air and the opening and closing of window, assuming the interior of the vehicle as insulation. The analysis of each condition shows that these models maintain a pleasant environment. It is seen that this analysis result on the internal flow analysis according to the opening and closing of vehicle window can be applied by converging with the field of design.

Nowadays, window plays an immeasurable role in residential buildings. It is one of the main factor which influences the design of façade and function; it also represents the style and form of architecture. Beijing is not only the capital of China but also the cradle of traditional Chinese culture and modern civilization, with thousands of years history. But the traditional architecture with Chinese culture is becoming less and less. However, with the high-rise residential building’s development, the residential building which imbues with Chinese style began to be emerged in Beijing; it still continues the concept which is called ‘Si He(四合)’ style of the Chinese traditional residential buildings. For this study, the types, forms and materials of Chinese traditional window were studied. And then analyzed the use forms and materials of window in contemporary housing, and examines how the form of Chinese traditional window is followed and used in modern times. However, because the quality level of Chinese housing is improving and the policy is changing, the design elements of Chinese traditional window are incarnated by another form in contemporary residential housing. The Beijing Cathay View(北京觀唐) Housing is located on northeast part of the central residential area just near the Beijing Capital Airport Expressway. On the basis of old official house(清制官式住宅), the Cathay View impersonates the Chinese architectural language and culture, moreover, the traditional wood window is used in the housing. Formal characteristic and acceptant tendency the form and characteristics of traditional window in modern Chinese residential buildings is analized by the survey of Beijing Cathay View Housing as a case study.

Currently, a vast amount of hydrologic data is accumulated in real-time through automatic water level measuring instruments in agricultural reservoirs. At the same time, false and missing data points are also increasing. The applicability and reliability of quality control of hydrological data must be secured for efficient agricultural water management through calculation of water supply and disaster management. Considering the characteristics of irregularities in hydrological data caused by irrigation water usage and rainfall pattern, the Korea Rural Community Corporation is currently applying the Hampel filter as a water level data quality management method. This method uses window size as a key parameter, and if window size is large, distortion of data may occur and if window size is small, many outliers are not removed which reduces the reliability of the corrected data. Thus, selection of the optimal window size for individual reservoir is required. To ensure reliability, we compared and analyzed the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) of the corrected data and the daily water level of the RIMS (Rural Infrastructure Management System) data, and the automatic outlier detection standards used by the Ministry of Environment. To select the optimal window size, we used the classification performance evaluation index of the error matrix and the rainfall data of the irrigation period, showing the optimal values at 3 h. The efficient reservoir automatic calibration technique can reduce manpower and time required for manual calibration, and is expected to improve the reliability of water level data and the value of water resources.

본 연구는 아동학대 가해자인 부모들이 자녀에게 폭력을 왜 하게 되는지를 세대 간 폭력의 전이 관점에서 살펴보고 전이의 과정에서 어떤 요소가 가장 큰 영향을 미치는지에 대한 메카니즘을 알아보고자 하였다. 먼저 세대 간 폭력의 전이를 설명하는 이론으로 사회학습이론, 애착이론, 사회적 정보처리이론, 신경생리학모델, 행동유전학 이론들을 제시하고 그 핵심적인 특징을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 자녀의 정서에 대한 부모의 정서조절 방식이 학대적인 양육으로 이어지면서 자녀의 정서와 행동 패턴, 생리적 반응에 영향을 미치게 되고, 이러한 과정이 어떻게 세대 간 폭력의 전이를 설명하고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 셋째, 세대 간 폭력의 전이를 예방하기 위해서는 부모의 정서조절 방식의 변화가 필요하며, 이를 위해서 어떠한 감정이든 효과적으로 경험하고 처리할 수 있는 상태인 정서내성범위(Siege, 1999)를 적용하여 부모의 정서조절 시스템이 이 범위 안에 있는 것의 중요성을 설명해 보고자 한다. 마지막으로 이와 관련된 선행연구들을 검토하고 정서내성범위를 확장하는데 효과적인 요인들을 살펴보고, 학대적인 양육을 경험한 부모들의 상담과 교육과정에 반영해야 할 내용들을 제안하였다.

This study examines why parents, who are perpetrators of child abuse, violently against their children, from the perspective of the intergenerational transmission of violence, and to find out the mechanisms of what foactors affect the most in the process of transmission. First, social learning theory, attachment theory, social information processing theory, neurophysiological models, and behavioural genetics were presented as theories that explain the intergenerational transmission of violence, and its core characteristics were examined. Second, parents’ affect regulation of their children’s emotions leads to abusive parenting, affecting their emotions, behavioral patterns, and physiological responses, and how this process explains the intergenerational transmission of violence. Third, it is necessary to change the parents’ affect regulation strategy to prevent the intergenerational transmission of violence, to this end, we will try to explain the importance of the parent’s affect regulation system within this range by applying the window of affect tolerance(Seigel, 1999), which is a state in which any affect can be effectively experienced and controlled. Finally, we reviewed previous studies related to this, examined the factors effective in expanding the window of affect tolerance, and suggested contents that should be reflected in the counseling and curriculum for parents who have experienced abusive parenting.

In Korea, it is necessary to improve the performance of buildings with respect to the energy efficiency while improving the quality of occupants' lives through a sustainable built environment. During the design and development process, building projects must have a comprehensive, integrated perspective that seeks to reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads through climate-responsive designs. The aim of this study is to assess the optimal window-to-wall ratio of multi-rise residential units in the early design phase in Korea. The study analyzed the variation of annual heating and cooling energy load in two apartment prototype units located in Seoul city using different WWRs. The analysis was conducted using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 tool. The study found for total annual building load reductions WWR on the south and north face should be studied independently based on the room function. It also found reducing the WWR for bedrooms and windows on the northern façade resulted in reduced total annual building load.

본 연구는 부산광역시의 15개 자치구에 대한 2003년부터 2007년까지의 5년간 자료를 가지고 DEA 와 DEA/Window 분석을 적용하여 자치구의 단일기간의 효율성 및 시대별 효율성 변동을 분석하였다. 분석을 위해 투입요인으로 공무원 수, 인건비, 인구수, 주민 세출액을 선정하였으며, 산출요인으로 민원처리건수, 지방세 정수액, 그리고 재정자립도를 선정하였다. 본 연구는 서로 다른 자치구의 효율성이 시대별로 어느 정도 변동하고 있는지를 분석할 수 있는 평가 모형을 제시하고 있으며, 분석결과로는 자치구의 효율성이 2003년부터 줄어들고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 실증분석은 비효율성이 일부 자치구의 특정 시점에서 존재하고 있음을 밝히고 있으며, DENWindow 분석의 필요성을 보여주고 있다. DENWindow 분석은 윈도우 1에서 윈도우 3으로 갈수록 자치구의 효율성이 점차 낮아지고 있음을 보여주고 있다.

This paper applies DEA windows analysis in order to determine the efficiency of the Districts of Busan Metropolitan City over time for 5 years (2003 - 2007). This paper used such factors including Number of solutions of civil petitions, Local Tax Collection, and Financial Independent rate as output, Total Labor Costs, Government Employees, Population and Expenditure as inputs. This study concludes that the efficiency of the different District can fluctuate over time to different extents and efficiency of most District decreases from 2003. Indeed, the empirical results reveal that substantial inefficiency exists in some Districts at some point in time. In consequence, this validates the necessity for using DEA windows analysis in preference to an analysis based upon cross-sectional data. This paper shows that Districts' efficiency decreases as Window goes to 1 to 3.

우리나라의 생명보험산업은 IMF 사태와 방카슈랑스의 도입 등 많은 변화를 겪어왔으며 앞으로 시행될 자본통합법의 시행도 추후에는 생명보험산업에 많은 영향을 미칠 것으로 보이며 생명보험회사의 경쟁력 강화를 위해서는 효율성의 분석이 필수적이다. 본 논문은 DEA 모형을 이용하여 우리나라에서 영업 중인 생명보험회사들의 효율성을 분석했다. 이를 위해 투입변수는 두 가지 범주로 나누어서 분석을 시도하였고 동태적 효율성을 분석하기 위해서 DEA/WINDOW 모형을 도입하였다. 이를 통하여 생명보험회사들의 CCR, BCC, 규모효율성을 알 수 있었고 7년간(1998년$\sim$2004년)의 효율성의 추세와 안정성을 파악할 수 있었다.

With many changes such as the increase in telemarketing, internet marketing and enforcement of bancassurance, the Korean life insurance companies have undergone a startling transformation. The purpose of this paper is to measure and analyse the static/dynamic efficiency of Korean life insurance companies employing Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA). As the result of the static efficiency analysis, we provide CCR, BCC and scale efficiency, return to scale, and reference set of Korean life insurance companies in 2004. And we also describe about the trend and stability of their efficiency for 7 years(1998-2004) in the dynamic efficiency analysis.

본 연구는 최근 엔터테인먼트 산업의 핵심 분야로 각광받으며 향후 국가 경제의 새로운 성장 동력으로 주목을 받고 있는 게임산업 중 온라인 및 모바일 게임 기업 25곳을 대상으로 2014년부터 2018년까지 5년간의 효율성 분석을 진행하였다. 정태적 효율성 분석을 위해 DEA를, 동태적 효율성 분석을 위해 DEA-Window를 사용하였다. 투입 변수로 자산, 종업원 수, 비용을 선정하였으며 산출 변수로 영업이익과 매출을 선정하였다. 연구의 주요 결과로는 규모 효율성은 2014년을 제외하고 전체 평균이 0.85를 넘는 준수한 결과를 보였으나, 기술 효율성은 전체 기간 중 0.80을 넘은 연도가 없었다. 또한 기업 규모의 관점에서 상위 기업과 하위 기업의 효율성 차이가 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 효율성 평균의 추이는 2014년부터 2016년까지 상승하다가 2017년부터 하락하는 결과를 나타냈다.

This study analyzes 5-year efficiency of the game industry, from 2014 to 2018 which is aimed at 25 online and mobile game companies, that are emerging as a new growth engine of a national economy to come and as a core areas of late entertainment industry. The DEA is used for static efficiency analyze and the DEA-Window is used for dynamic efficiency analyze. This study uses assets, the number of employees and costs as input variables and it also uses operating profits and sales as output variables. The main results show that scale efficiency presents a resonable result over 0.85 on a total average except 2014. However, there has not been a year that is over 0.80 of the whole period in technical efficiency. Also, in terms of business scale, there is a huge efficiency gap between high rank companies and low rank companies and the average trend of efficiency has been increased from 2014 to 2016 but it has been decreased since 2017.

In the wireless network, TCP performs poorly because it was originally designed for wired networks and does not take into consideration wireless characteristics such as mobility, high-loss probability, and hidden-terminal problems. In particular, in the wireless multi-hop networks, a large congestion window increases the probability of contention and packet losses, and TCP performance is degraded severely as a result. So, it is necessary to limit the TCP congestion window size in order keep the probability of contention loss in the system to a minimum. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for determining the maximum congestion window size based on the measured bandwidth and Round-Trip-Time (RTT). Using ns-2 simulation, we show that the proposed scheme reduces the probability of packet contention and improves TCP performance.

Special attention is required for the design of windows due to their high thermal vulnerability. This paper examines the problems that might arise in the application of the u-value, by reflecting the changes in the u-value of the window, depending on the window-to-wall ratio obtained in an energy demand analysis. Research indicates that the u-value of a window increases with an increase in the difference between the u-values of the frames and the glass. Relative to the changes in the u-value of the windows, the energy demand varied from 1.3% to 9.3%. Windows with a g-value of 0.3 or 0.5 displayed a higher energy demand than windows with a g-value of 0.7. Therefore, when the difference between the performance of the glass and the frame is significant, especially when the g-value is small, a modified heat transmission coefficient should be applied to the window size during the evaluation of the building energy demand.

In this paper, a bi-directional sliding window decoder is proposed for spatially coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes, which improves the decoding complexity and performance compared to the conventional sliding window decoding (SWD) by sharing messages at the overlapped part of forward and backward decoding windows. Moreover, by using proper scaling factors that determine the weight of each message at the overlapped part of two sliding windows, good local decoding effects can be efficiently spread out to both ends of SC-LDPC code during decoding process. Such effective message updates of the proposed bi-directional overlapped sliding window decoding (BO-SWD) improve error floor performance compared to the conventional SWD. The validity of BO-SWD is verified by simulation with various SC-LDPC ensembles.

이동 광대역 무선접속 네트워크에서 다수의 사용자들은 한 기지국에 접속하여 다양한 서비스를 이용하게 되는데, 기지국은 고속인 유선 링크와 저속인 무선 링크의 데이터 전송을 중계하므로, 많은 사용자가 통시에 여러 서비스를 이용하게 될 경우 기지국의 버퍼 공간이 부족해 패킷이 손실된다. 하지만 종단간 신뢰성 보장을 위해 유무선을 막론하고 널리 쓰이는 TCP는 패킷 손실이 발생될 경우, 단순히 망의 혼잡에 의한 것으로 판단하여 전송률을 줄이게 되고, 이후 전송률을 다시 올리는 정도에 차이가 발생하게 되어 TCP fairness가 악화된다. 본 논문에서는 TCP 송신단의 전송률에 따라 차등적으로 그 전송률을 제어하여, 망이 혼잡해 지는 것을 미연에 방지하고 일정 수준의 TCP fairness를 보장하는 기법을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 그 성능을 분석한 결과, 제안하는 기법이 쓰이지 않을 때에 비해, 각각의 TCP flow별 처리율이 비슷하게 유지되어, TCP fairness가 일정한 수준으로 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

In a mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) network, many users access a base station (BS), which relays data transferred from high-speed wired network to low-speed wireless network. For this difference of their data rate, a BS suffers from the lack of its buffer space when many users run multiple applications at the same time, and thus packet losses occur. TCP, which guarantees end-to-end reliability, is used as transport protocol also in wireless networks. But TCP lowers their transmission rate incorrectly and frequently whenever packet losses occur. And they increase their transmission rate differently with each other; finally TCP throughput of each TCP flow varies largely, and then TCP fairness goes worse. In this paper, a scheme that controls packet transmission rate adaptively according to TCP flows' transmission rate, that prevents buffer overflows at BS, and that guarantees TCP fairness at a certain degree is proposed. As it is analyzed by simulations, the proposed scheme enhances TCP fairness by maintaining TCP throughput of each TCP sender similarly with each other.

This paper investigates the Contention Window (CW) optimization problem in multi-agent scenarios, where the fully cooperative among mobile stations is considered. A partially observable environment is employed to model and analyze the CW optimization problem, and Smart Exponential-Threshold-Linear with Deep Q-learning Network (SETL-DQN) Multi-Agent (MA) algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal system throughput through the CW Threshold optimization. In the determined scenarios, SETL-DQN(MA) can effectively cope with the mutual interaction among mobile stations. The simulation results show that our proposed method is superior from both static and dynamic scenarios and has the highest optimum packet transmission efficiency.

In the archival field, the last decade has witnessed much discussion on archives' broad responsibilities for social memory. Considering that the social role of archives has stemmed from postmodern thinking suggests a paradigm shift from viewing archives as static recorded objects to viewing them as dynamic evidence of human memory. The modern archives and archivists are products of nineteenth-century positivism, limiting their function to archiving written documents within stable organizations. The new thoughts on the social role of archives provide a chance to realize that traditional archival practices have preserved only a sliver of organizational memory, thus ignoring fluid records of human activities and memory. Archival description is the primary method for users to access materials in archives. Thus, it can determine how archival materials will be used (or not used). The traditional archival description works as the representation of archival materials and is directly projected from the hierarchy of organizational documents. This paper argues that archivists will need to redefine archival description to be more sensitive to atypical types of archival materials from various cultural contexts. This paper surveys the postmodern approaches to archival concepts in relation to descriptive practices. It also examines some issues related to representing historically marginalized groups in archival description who were previously neglected in traditional archival practices.

This study introduces the Multi-Agent, Multi-Parameter, Interaction-Driven Contention Window Optimization (M2I-CWO) algorithm, a novel Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) framework designed to optimize multiple CW parameters in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs. Unlike single-parameter or specialized multi-agent methods, M2I-CWO employs a Dueling-DQN architecture and an Adaptive Interaction Reward Function?spanning independent, cooperative, competitive, and mixed modes?and accommodates Hierarchical Multi-Agent System (HMAS) or Federated RL (FRL) for further scalability. First, multiple CW parameters are simultaneously adjusted to enhance collision management. Second, M2I-CWO consistently achieves throughput improvements in both static and dynamic scenarios. Extensive results confirm M2I-CWO's superiority in efficiency and adaptability.

본 연구에서는 Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) 기법을 이용하여 충청지역 하수도공기업의 효율성을 분석하였다. 2020년～2023년까지 하수도공기업 19개 DMU를 대상으로 효율성을 정태적․동태적 관점에서 분석하였다. 정태적 관점의 규모효율성 분석을 통해서 비효율성 원인을 기술문제와 규모로 분석하였다. DEA/Window 모형을 활용한 동태적 효율성 분석 결과를 제시하고 효율성-안정성 매트릭스를 활용해 분야별 대응 모델을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 충청지역 하수도공기업을 대상으로 효율성 분석을 실행했다는 점에 의의가 있으며, 정태적․동태적 효율성 분석결과는 향후 하수도공기업 관리 및 운영에 있어 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, the efficiency of sewage public enterprises in Chungcheong Province was analyzed using the Data Environment Analysis (DEA) technique. From 2020 to 2023, efficiency was measured from a static/dynamic perspective in 19 DMUs of sewage public enterprises. Through the measurement of scale efficiency from a static perspective, the causes of inefficiency were analyzed as scale and technical problems. The results of dynamic efficiency analysis using the DEA/Window model were presented, and a response model for each field was presented using the efficiency-stability matrix. This study is meaningful in that it conducted an efficiency analysis for sewage public enterprises in the Chungcheong area, and the results of static/dynamic efficiency analysis are expected to be used as basic data for the management and operation of sewage public enterprises in the future.