Earticle

본고는 90년대　이후의 중국어법학계의 配价理论 标记理论 认知语法 등 중국어　어법이론　범주의 연구동향 및 연구성과에 대하여 살펴보았다. 중국어 어법이론연구는 80년대를시작으로 이전과는 달리 새로운 연구동향이 나타났고. 특히 90년도 중반부터는 서구의 언어학이론을 운용하여 중국어 고유의 어법체계를 확립하는데 주력하여 연구영역、연구이론 및연구방법 등 많은 부분에서 눈부시게 발전했으며, 상당한 수준의 연구 성과가 이루어졌다. 본고는 90년대 이후의 관련 현황을 살펴보고, 연구 성과에 대하여 간단하게 정리， 평가를하였고 동시에 연구 과제별로 나누어 좀 더 심도 있게 분석하였다. 아울러 이 시기에 보여지는 몇 가지 특징적인 연구동향들을 정리、분석、평가하였으며 앞으로 좀 더 깊이 있게 연구가치가 있다고 생각되는 과제들을 제시함으로써 관련연구의 앞으로의 전망도 제시하였다이를 중국어 어법이론 연구 및 중국어 어법교학에 도움이 되리라고 생각한다.

There have been many influential research accomplishments in Chinese grammar both at home and abroad , quite a few of which have been made by scholars’ exposure to the language reality, their rigorous study style and great concentration on research, and many of which have been made by learning from and drawing on the oversea linguistic theories and approaches. The development of the language discipline requires everyone, in fact, everyone has such responsibility, to create new originative theories and approaches of language research analysis on the basis of taking Chinese for a major. This paper summarizes the developing survey and the research situation of Chinese Cognit ive　Grammar, and points out the problems of research. The author thinks this kind of g rammar research　has a very good prospect． This paper describes the valency theory markedness theory and congnitive theory of grammar as well as in China's development research, pointed out the problems and shortcomings, suggests future research directions.

본 논문은 최소신장트리를 쉽고 빠르게 구하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 먼저, 그래프의 가중치 간선의 수를 축소시키는 방법으로 그래프를 단순화 시켰다. 간선 수를 축소시키는 방법으로는 그래프 정점의 결합가가 3 이상인 경우, 최대 가중치 간선을 제거하는 방법을 적용하였다. 다음으로, 그래프를 단순화 시킨 축소된 모집단 간선 들을 대상으로 사이클이 발생하는 부분을 확인하여 사이클 발생 간선들 중에서 최대 가중치를 갖는 간선을 삭제하는 방법을 적용하였다. 다양한 9개 그래프에 대해 제안된 사이클 최대 가중치 간선 제거 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 그래프 의 사이클 개수만큼만 수행하여 MST를 쉽게 구하는 장점을 보였다. 모집단 축소 기법을 적용한 결과, 9개 그래프의 사이클 개수를 66%로 감소시키는 결과를 얻었으며, 최소 2개에서 최대 8개의 사이클에서의 최대 가중치 간선만 삭제 하면 MST를 얻는 효과를 얻었다.

This paper suggests a method that obtains the minimum spanning tree (MST) far more easily and rapidly than the present ones. The suggested algorithm, firstly, simplifies a graph by means of reducing the number of edges of the graph. To achieve this, it applies a method of eliminating the maximum weight edge if the valency of vertices of the graph is equal to or more than 3. As a result of this step, we can obtain the reduced edge population. Next, it applies a method in which the maximum weight edge is eliminated within the cycle. On applying the suggested population minimizing and maximum weight edge deletion algorithms to 9 various graphs, as many as the number of cycles of the graph is executed and MST is easily obtained. It turns out to lessen 66% of the number of cycles and obtain the MST in at least 2 and at most 8 cycles by only deleting the maximum weight edges.

본 논문은 최소신장트리를 보다 빠르게 구하기 위해 그래프의 간선 모집단을 축소시키는 방법을 제안하였다. 기존의 최소신장트리 알고리즘은 그래프의 모든 간선을 대상으로 한다. 반면에, 제안된 알고리즘은 사전에 결합가가 3 이상인 정점에 대해 최대 가중치 간선을 삭제하는 방법을 적용하여 간선 모집단 크기를 축소시킨다. 다음으로 축소 된 간선 모집단을 대상으로 Borůvka, Prim, Kruskal과 역-삭제 알고리즘을 최적으로 종료시키는 종료시점 기준을 적 용하였다. 9개 그래프에 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 MST에 기여를 하지 못하는 간선을 사전에 평균 38% 축소 시킬 수 있었다. 또한, 원래의 그래프를 대상으로 하는 경우와 비교 결과 알고리즘에서 비교되는 간선의 수를 Borůvka는 38%, Prim은 37%, Kruskal은 39%, 역-삭제 알고리즘은 73%를 단축시켜 신속하게 최소신장트리를 구하였 다.

This paper suggests a method of lessening number of a graph's edges population in order to rapidly obtain the minimum spanning tree. The present minimum spanning tree algorithm works on all the edges of the graph. However, the suggested algorithm reduces the edges population size by means of applying a method of deleting maximum weight edges in advance from vertices with more than 2 valencies. Next, it applies a stopping criterion which ideally terminates Borůvka, Prim, Kruskal and Reverse-Delete algorithms for reduced edges population. On applying the suggested algorithm to 9 graphs, it was able to minimize averagely 83% of the edges that do not become MST. In addition, comparing to the original graph, edges are turned out to be lessened 38% by Borůvka, 37% by Prim, 39% by Kruskal and 73% by Reverse-Delete algorithm, and thereby the minimum spanning tree is obtained promptly.

본 논문은 알고리즘 수행 횟수를 줄여 최소신장트리를 빨리 얻는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 선 택과 삭제 과정을 수행한다. 선택 과정은 먼저, 그래프의 모든 정점들에 대해 Borůvka의 첫 번째 단계를 수행하고, 특정 정점들에 대해 Borůvka의 첫 번째 단계를 재 수행하여 간선들의 모집단을 축소시키는 결과를 얻었다. 삭제 과 정은 축소된 모집단 간선들에 대해 3개 정점들 간에 사이클이 발생할 경우 최대 가중치 간선을 삭제한다. 나머지 간 선들 중 최대 가중치 간선에 대해 결합가 개념을 적용하여 삭제한다. 마지막으로 결합가가 큰 정점들 간의 사이클이 발생하는 경우 최대 가중치 간선을 삭제하는 기법을 적용하였다. 선택-삭제 알고리즘을 9개의 다양한 그래프에 적용 하여 알고리즘 적용성을 평가하였다. 제안된 선택 과정은 MST 알고리즘을 최적으로 수행해야 하는 간선의 수와 비 교시 6개는 적은 개수를, 3개 그래프만이 1개 큰 간선을 선택하는 결과를 나타내어 최적으로 간선을 선택하는 방법임 을 알 수 있다. 삭제 단계를 Kruskal 알고리즘을 적용할 경우 Kruskal 알고리즘을 최적으로 수행하는 횟수와 비교한 결과 6개의 그래프는 수행 횟수가 적은 반면, 3개 그래프는 1회 많게 수행하는 결과를 얻었다. 또한, 제안된 삭제 단 계를 수행할 경우 1개 그래프는 1단계만, 5개 그래프는 2단계까지, 나머지 3개 그래프만이 3단계를 수행하는 결과를 나타내었다. 결국, 선택-삭제 알고리즘이 MST 알고리즘들 중에서 가장 적은 수행 횟수를 나타내었다.

This algorithm suggests a method in which a minimum spanning tree can be obtained fast by reducing the number of an algorithm execution. The suggested algorithm performs a select-and-delete process. In the select process, firstly, it performs Borůvka’s first stage for all the vertices of a graph. Then it re-performs Borůvka’s first stage for specific vertices and reduces the population of the edges. In the delete process, it deletes the maximum weight edge if any cycle occurs between the 3 edges of the edges with the reduced population. After, among the remaining edges, applying the valency concept, it gets rid of maximum weight edges. Finally, it eliminates the maximum weight edges if a cycle happens among the vertices with a big valency. The select-and-delete algorithm was applied to 9 various graphs and was evaluated its applicability. The suggested select process is believed to be the vest way to choose the edges, since it showed that it chose less number of big edges from 6 graphs, and only from 3 graphs, comparing to the number of edges that is to be performed when using MST algorithm. When applied the delete process to Kruskal algorithm, the number of performances by Kruskal was less in 6 graphs, but 1 more in each 3 graph. Also, when using the suggested delete process, 1 graph performed only the 1st stage, 5 graphs till 2nd stage, and the remaining till 3rd stage. Finally, the select-and-delete algorithm showed its least number of performances among the MST algorithms.

This paper pilots the grammatical functions of the postverbal ‘Noun Phrase’ in the ‘verb + NP + to-infinitive’ structures in the classes of the three verbs, ‘want, believe, and persuade.’ It investigates whether the structures of the ‘postverbal complement (NP+ to-infinitive)’ properly function in English grammar. Though the prototypical structures of these three verbs seem to have the same ‘verb + NP + to-infinitive’ construction, they are grammatically and meaningfully different in terms of the functions of the ‘postverbal complements (NP + to-infinitive).’ Just as the grammatical and semantic functions of the postverbal Noun Phrases are different, so the three verbs’ structures should be handled idiosyncratically. To explore whether these postverbal complements are correctly used in a grammatical, semantical, and logical manner, this paper analyzes the use of the ‘verb + NP + to-infinitive’ structures of the three verbs employed in English textbooks.

연구자는 학문적으로 검증적인 이해를 가능한 마소라 번역/해석을 위해 ‘노에틱 체계’와 ‘동사 결합가’이론을 활용하였다. 전도서 12장 9bα-γ은 공공적(‘백성의 지혜교사’)이고 ‘직업적인 활동’(비교-연구-정정)을 코헬렛의 활동을 소개해 주고 있다. 10절은 코헬렛의 업적을 요약하고 있는데, 그가 달아보고, 연구하고, 교정하였던 지혜의 말들에 ‘진리’라는 권위를 부여한다.

There are many interpretative views and theological diverse observations. In order to authentically translate the biblical text, every researcher of the text needs examinable, philological devices. Thus, in this research the noetic system and the theory of verbal valency are applied to understanding the Masoretic text of Ecclesiastes 12:9-10. The researcher explains about the functions of weqatal and the semantical meaning of the stem Piel. The former expresses iterative events. In the relation between the subject and its verb, the latter formulates a habitual characteristic. So theses evidences could indicate that Qohelet was working as a occupational and professional. Through the study, we have come to the following conclusion in regard to the translation/interpretation of Ecclesiastes 12:9-10: epilogue (9aα); Qohelet as a wise man (9aβ); his occupation (9bα-γ)public (9bα) teaching wisdoms for the people and professional (9bβ-γ) weighing up, examining, correcting; sum of his achievement (10)selecting the pleasant words (10a) + writing the truths (10b).

The current paper focuses on a descriptive approach to valency decreasing in five SESL (Amharic, K?stane, M?sqan, Harari and End?ga?). As a result, a simple descriptive viewpoint does not compel the data analysis to comply with an explicitly theorized framework. By using the elicitation method, native speakers were consulted to access the data. It has been debated whetherthe value is a semantic or syntactic concept. As a syntactic concept, it is used to denote the number of arguments in construction and, semantically, to refer to the participants in an event. Since SESL is spoken in Ethiopia, we can identify various transitivity classes of verbs: verbs that are intransitive; those that are transitive; and verbs that are used ditransitively. Aside from these, verbs can be used in transitive or intransitive sentences. The existence of grammatical relations in the language is clearly demonstrated, which is essential to the examination of the concept of valency in SESL. Similar to many other languages, SESL has morphosyntactic tools for changing the valency of verbs. The valency of verbs changes depending on how these morphosyntactic processes are used. Passivization, reflexivization, and reciprocation are the main valency-decreasing techniques in SESL.

This paper pilots the grammatical functions of the postverbal ‘Noun Phrase’ in the ‘verb + NP + to-infinitive’ structures in the classes of the three verbs, ‘want, believe, and persuade.’ It investigates whether the structures of the ‘postverbal complement (NP+ to-infinitive)’ properly function in English grammar. Though the prototypical structures of these three verbs seem to have the same ‘verb + NP + to-infinitive’ construction, they are grammatically and meaningfully different in terms of the functions of the ‘postverbal complements (NP + to-infinitive).’ Just as the grammatical and semantic functions of the postverbal Noun Phrases are different, so the three verbs’ structures should be handled idiosyncratically. To explore whether these postverbal complements are correctly used in a grammatical, semantical, and logical manner, this paper analyzes the use of the ‘verb + NP + to-infinitive’ structures of the three verbs employed in English textbooks.

Let Γ be a distance-regular graph with valency k and diameter D ≥ 3. It has been shown that for a fixed real number α > 2, if Γ has at most αk vertices, then there are only finitely many such graphs, except for the cases where (D = 3 and Γ is imprimitive) and (D = 4 and Γ is antipodal and bipartite). And there is a classification for α ≤ 3. In this paper, we further study such distance-regular graphs for α > 3. Let 𝛽 ≥ 3 be an integer, and let Γ be a distance-regular graph with valency k, diameter D ≥ 3 and at most 𝛽k + 1 vertices. Note that if D ≥ 𝛽 + 1, then Γ must have at least 𝛽k + 2 vertices. Thus, the assumption that Γ has at most 𝛽k + 1 vertices implies that D ≤ 𝛽. We focus on the case where D = β and provide a classification of distance-regular graphs having at most Dk + 1 vertices.

The ratio of trivalent to divalent copper has been determined by the redox titration for two superconducting phases of $YBa_2Cu^{3+}_{2x}Cu^{2+}_{3-2x}O_{6.5+x}$ with the onset temp. of 60K (x = 0.23 ${\pm}$ 0.01) and 90K (x = 0.35 ${\pm}$ 0.02), and for the insulating one (x ${\cong}$ 0) which was kept in an ambient atmosphere for 72 hrs. It is found that $T_c$, and the ratio of $Cu^{3+}/Cu^{2+}$ depend strongly on the annealing temperature and time. A typical orthorhombic phase can easily be obtained by a slow cooling or stepwise cooling at $PO_2$ = 1 atm, and shows a high Tc (ca. 90K) superconductivity.

The 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has been shown to be highly efficacious against invasive pneumococcal diseases and effective against pneumonia and in reducing otitis media. The introduction of PCV7 has resulted in major changes in the epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases. However, pneumococcal vaccines induce serotype-specific immunity, and a relative increase in non-vaccine serotypes has been reported following the widespread use of PCV7, leading to a need for extended serotype coverage for protection. PCV10 and PCV13 have been licensed on the basis of noninferiority of immunogenicity compared to a licensed conjugate vaccine. In this article, we aimed to review important data regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of the extended-coverage PCVs published or reported thus far and to discuss future implications for pneumococcal vaccines in Korea. After the introduction of PCV10 and PCV13, within a short period of time, evidence of protection conferred by these vaccines against invasive and mucosal infections caused by most of the serotypes included in the vaccines is accumulating. The choice of vaccine should be based on the changes in the dynamics of pneumococcal serotype distribution and diseases in the region where the vaccines are to be used. Continuous surveillance is essential for the appropriate use of pneumococcal vaccines and evaluation of the impact of PCVs on pneumococcal diseases.

In this study, the effects of counter ion valency of the electrolyte on the colloidal repulsion between two parallel cylindrical particles were investigated. Electrostatic interactions of the cylindrical particles were calculated with the variation of counter ion valency. To calculate the electrical repulsive energy working between these two cylindrical particles, Derjaguin approximation was applied. The electrostatic potential profiles were obtained numerically by solving nonlinear Poission-Boltzmann (P-B) equation and calculating middle point potential and repulsive energy working between interacting surfaces. The electrical potential and repulsive energy were influenced by counter ion valency, Debye length, and surface potential. The potential profile and middle point potential decayed with the counter ion valency due to the promoted shielding of electrical charge. On the while, the repulsive energy increased with the counter ion valency at a short separation distance. These behaviors of electrostatic interaction agreed with previous results on planar or spherical surfaces.

For a distance-regular graph with valency k, second largest eigenvalue r and diameter D, it is known that r ≥ $min\{\frac{{\lambda}+\sqrt{{\lambda}^2+4k}}{2},\;a_3\}$ if D = 3 and r ≥ $\frac{{\lambda}+\sqrt{{\lambda}^2+4k}}{2}$ if D ≥ 4, where λ = a₁. This result can be generalized to the class of edge-regular graphs. For an edge-regular graph with parameters (v, k, λ) and diameter D ≥ 4, we compare $\frac{{\lambda}+\sqrt{{\lambda}^2+4k}}{2}$ with the local valency λ to find a relationship between the second largest eigenvalue and the local valency. For an edge-regular graph with diameter 3, we look at the number $\frac{{\lambda}-\bar{\mu}+\sqrt{({\lambda}-\bar{\mu})^2+4(k-\bar{\mu})}}{2}$, where $\bar{\mu}=\frac{k(k-1-{\lambda})}{v-k-1}$, and compare this number with the local valency λ to give a relationship between the second largest eigenvalue and the local valency. Also, we apply these relationships to distance-regular graphs.

Interpreting a natural line drawing as a solid object requires simplifying assumptions in order to make the problem more tractable. Unfortunately, some of the assumptions made in the past have overly simplified the problem. Restricting the valency of vertices, and in particular allowing only trihedral vertices, distorts the problem, since algorithms which are satisfactory for the simplified problem are not satisfactory in the general case. This paper presents a test set of drawings of objects with higher-valency vertices. The intention in creating this test set is that it may be used to determine how effective various algorithms are in dealing with general (i.e. unrestricted) valency vertices.

In our research we have described the syntactic and logical-semantic valency of the wordfield 'food absorption' in korean and german verbs and compared the one with another. We have divided these verbs into several semantic classes und selected the lists that belong to each semantic class. Then we have described complements (syntactic valency) and semantic properties (logical-semantic valency) of the verbs. We have reached the conclusion that the lists of the korean and german verbs that belong to the same wordfield are not entirely equal. Even if their semantic properties are identifical, the contents of each verb are not equal. And then a one-to-many correspondence between the verbs is found or there is the case the meaning of korean verbs includes the partial meaning of german verbs. Because in the same wordfield there are not the korean verbs but the german verbs, they had to be included there as a phrasal construction. German prefixes are combined with the verbs and display various meanings. Because of the development of the german prefixes, the number of the german verbs in the wordfield 'food absorption' is more than the number of the korean. In korean there are many complex verbs that are combined with the verb ‘meokda(eat)’ in the wordfield ‘food absorption'. But their number is not abundant. The meaning of the verbs that are combined with german prefixes are expressed by the auxiliary verbs in korean.

This paper analyzed valency changes which were derived by a decrease in intransitive verbs and an increase in transitive ones in the history of English. From the OE period a syntactic structure was changed by a lexical verb that determined the number and form of argument, its assignment position with a particular theta-role, and features on the lexical aspect Asp. It means that a diachronic change of lexical verb in use between intransitivity and transitivity triggered the reinterpretation of syntactic-semantic features on the vP-AspP-VP layers. A causative affix -i in OE that was inherited from -j in Germanic derived anticausative or intransitive verbs to function as causative or transitive ones. Other causative affixes like -en, -se and -ø introduced in OE and -ate, -(i)fy and -ise borrowed from Latin and French in Early ME made it possible that anticausative or intransitive verbs came to be used as causative or transitive ones, too. The leveling and loss of inflectional ending of verbs from Late OE via ME to Early ModE rendered labile verbs, or ergative verbs available with a large extent, which brought about the effect that many lexical verbs alternated in valency without any change in their forms. The opacity of morphological varieties also induced the reanalysis of lexical aspect-feature and measure-feature like [±telicity], [±definiteness] and [affectedness], and as a result, almost all of these features have been incorporated onto the light verb v in PDE from on the lexical aspect Asp in OE.

The language of English newspapers in Korea, though grammatically almost perfect, shows many different types of “nonnativeness”. This paper is a corpus-based analysis of the language of Korean English newspapers, and its main goal is to show how its verbal valency patterns differ from those in the language of American English newspapers and to characterize the differences and/or similarities observed in the comparison. The discussions of this study are mainly based on the analysis of high frequency verbs from the Korean English Newspaper Corpus (built for this study from the three major Korean English newspapers including The Korea Herald, The Korea Times, and JoongAng Daily) and the press categories of the Frown Corpus (Categories A, B, and C).

This paper has two main goals. The first is to reexamine the concept of valency from the theoretical position of the dependency model. The second is to describe the valency structure of the Russian verb and various processes of its lexical and grammatical realization. In approaching these goals, our work presents some theoretical evaluations of the dependency model by contrast with the phrase structure model. The dependency model proposes that, theoretically, it is necessary to establish the distinction between semantic arguments (=“actants”) and syntactic arguments on the level of the deep structure. By this distinction, we can avoid confronting the difficult question how to formally select “true” (i. e., subject and complement- type) arguments from the terms that specify a given lexeme as predicate-functor; on the semantic level, every term is argument and it is enough only to describe the correspondence between semantic arguments and their syntactic counterparts in the deep structure. But, cutting the Gordian knot in this way, the dependency model has to confront a different kind of difficult task to rank the arguments on the deep syntactic level by observing various syntactico-semantic properties of lexemes individually, which is not, however, impossible to carry out. And, given the syntactic ranking of the arguments of a lexeme, we can describe how its valency is realized in the syntactic structure. In Russian, grammatical processes such as passive and reflexive voices and impersonalization affect only the realization of the first and/or second deep syntactic arguments of the verb. Concerning the realization of the other arguments, we make a description of various syntactic and semantical constraints which are imposed on their co-occurrence.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the subject of Korean double subject constructions in terms of nominal argument structures instead of verbal argument structures as in previous researches. An argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate. However, nouns do have their arguments as predicates do. And as predicates, a noun also forms a/an argument(s)-noun structure. Arguments must be distinguished from adjuncts. While a noun needs its arguments to complete its meaning, the adjuncts that appear with a noun are optional; they are not necessary to complete the meaning of the noun. Researching on nominal argument structure in double subject constructions, what we have found are as follows. First, a noun must take arguments in sentence in order to obtain its reference. Second, most nouns take zero, one, two, or three arguments depending on their semantic structure. Third, only argument(s) of a noun can be the NP1 subject of the double subject construction while adjunct(s) of a noun can not so. Firth, because NP1 is an argument of NP2, NP1 is not the real subject of the entire sentence; rather, the whole genitive construction, that is, NP1-uy NP2-ka is the real subject of the double subject constructions. Fifth, the so called case marker KA combined with NP1 is a semantic particle representing [+specificity]. Sixth, the previous term phrasal verb needs to be closely elaborated. If a noun cannot realize its argument(s) within NP, and can do so only by combining it with following (light)verb, only then we call the [noun+verb] as phrasal verb.