Earticle

최근 기업들은 새로운 마케팅 촉진전략의 하나로 SNS서비스에 중점을 두고 있다. SNS서비스마케팅의 특징 에 대표적인 요소들은 상호작용성 그리고 정보제공성이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 국내기업의 SNS마케팅 특징이 관계몰 입에 미치는 영향에 대해 실증적으로 분석하고, 트위터 이용 빈도와 온라인 구전의도를 확대하기 위한 전략을 제시 하고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과는 상호작용이 정보제공성 보다 정서적 몰입에 상당히 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.그리고 정보제공성은 상호작용성 보다 계산적 몰입에 상당히 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또 한, 이러한 효과들은 낮은 트위터 이용 빈도 보다 높은 트위터 이용 빈도에서 높게 나타났다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 정보제공성이 상호작용성 보다 온라인 구전의도에 더 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 밝히고 국내기업의 SNS서비스 마케팅의 특징이 온라인 구전 영향을 미치는 것 보다 관계몰입을 통해 더 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 증명하였다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로 기업의 마케팅적 시사점을 도출하였다.

Recently, in order to promote their marketing promotion, the entrepeneurs attach importance to many SNS(Social Network Service)and execute it. The representative elements of the SNS service are interactivity, information offering. This study analyzes empirical effects on the SNS Marketing Features in Domesic Enterprise The conclusion of this study shows that the Interactivity has a higher positive effects on Affective Commitment than those on information offering and Information offering has stronger positive effects on calculative commitment than interactivity. Also, these effects enlarge the high use frequency more than the low use frequency. This study also shows that the information offering affect the On-line Word-of-Mouth more positively than the Interactivity. And this study shows that SNS affects the positive effects on the relationship commitment rather than the On-line Word-of-Mouth. Based on the results, the practical implications are offered.

최근 기업들은 새로운 마케팅 촉진전략의 하나로 SNS서비스에 중점을 두고 있다. SNS서비스에 대표적인 요 소들은 상호작용성 그리고 정보제공성이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 SNS서비스가 관계몰입에 미치는 영향에 대해 실증적 으로 분석하고, 트위터 이용 빈도와 온라인 구전의도를 확대하기 위한 전략을 제시한다. 본 연구의 결과는 상호작용이 정보제공성 보다 정서적 몰입에 상당히 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리 고 정보제공성은 상호작용성 보다 계산적 몰입에 상당히 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 이러한 효 과들은 낮은 트위터 이용 빈도 보다 높은 트위터 이용 빈도에서 높게 나타났다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 정보제공성이 상호작용성 보다 온라인 구전의도에 더 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 밝히고 SNS서비스는 온라인 구전 영향을 미치 는 것 보다 관계몰입을 통해 더 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 증명하였다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로 기업의 마케팅적 시사점을 도출하였다.

Recently, in order to promote their marketing promotion, the entrepeneurs attach importance to many SNS services and execute it. The representative elements of the SNS service are interactivity, information offering. This study analyzes empirical effects on the SNS service depending on the Relationship Commitment and shows the strategies to enlarge the use frequency and the On-line Word-of-Mouth. The conclusion of this study shows that the Interactivity has a higher positive effects on Affective Commitment than those on information offering and Information offering has stronger positive effects on calculative commitment than interactivity. Also, these effects enlarge the high use frequency more than the low use frequency. This study also shows that the information offering affect the On-line Word-of-Mouth more positively than the Interactivity. And this study shows that SNS service affects the positive effects on the relationship commitment rather than the On-line Word-of-Mouth. Based on the results, the practical implications are offered

Cet article étudie la traduction anglaise de résumés du brevet en chinois avec l’exploitation d’un corpus parallèle spécialisé. L’emploi répétitif des mots tels que des nombres ordinaux, des quantificateurs, des syntagmes nominaux et de la terminologie ambiguë, provoquera la confusion et embrouillera la représentation de brevet. Basée sur les caractéristiques lexicales des textes de brevet, cette étude analysera la fréquence des mots, notamment celle de noms répétitifs, et examinera l’inévitabilité de ces séquences récurrentes. Le pléonasme s’est montré dans les textes traduits puisque l’omission de mots fréquemment répétitifs n’agissait pas sur le sens global. Trois usages de noms de base ont été identifiés au moyen de deux noms de base fréquents trouvés dans cette étude. L’omission du nom de base de manière à déterminer le changement de sens de mots confirme l’existence de pléonasme.

본 연구는 청소년들이 가정에서 부모로부터 받은 학대가 학교생활적응에 미치는 영향관계에서 휴대폰의존도와 인터넷이용빈도의 다중매개효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로한다. 이를 위해 한국청소년정책연구원에서 구축한 제4차 한국아동청소년패널 조사자료중 중학교 1학년 1,474명을 대상으로 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 청소년학대는학교생활적응에 부정적인 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 휴대폰의존도는 청소년학대와 학교생활적응 간을 매개하는 것을 검증하였다. 셋째, 정보추구형 인터넷이용빈도는청소년학대와 학교생활적응 간을 매개하는 것으로 나타난 반면, 관계추구형과 오락추구형은 이들 간을 매개하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 토대로, 부모의청소년학대와 학교생활적응 간의 관계에서 휴대폰의존도의 낮춤과 정보추구형 인터넷이용을 활성화할 수 있는 방안을 통해 그들의 학교생활적응을 높일 수 있는 몇 가지 제언을 하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the multiple mediating effect of mobile phone dependency and frequency of internet use on the relationship between adolescent abuse of parents and school life adaptation. For this study, data were drawn from the 4th wave panel data(KCYPS: Korea Childeren and Youth Panel Survey) provided at National Youth Policy Institute(NYPI). 1,474 data composed of 1st grade of middle school students were used for analyzing. The results of this study were summarized as follows. (1) Adolescent abuse of parents was positively influenced on school life adaptation. (2) Mobile phone dependency mediated between adolescent abuse of parents and school life adaptation. (3) Information-oriented internet use mediated between adolescent abuse of parents and school life adaptation. But, Relationship-oriented or Game-oriented internet use didn’t mediate between adolescent abuse of parents and school life adaptation. Based on the results, some implications were discussed to improve school life adaptation of the middle school students who were abused from their parents through pushing mobile phone dependency down and activating the information-oriented internet use.

Purpose: We aimed to identify associations between the frequency of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and smoking-related characteristics among adolescent smokers. Methods: We used data from the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The participants were 3,722 smokers who had smoked cigarettes on at least one day during the past 30 days. The frequency of e-cigarette use was defined as the number of days that participants used e-cigarettes during the past 30 days, and was divided into four categories: 0, 1~2, 3~9, and≥10 days. We used the x2 test and multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between the frequency of e-cigarette use and smoking-related characteristics. Results: Those who attempted to quit smoking, had used a heated tobacco product (HTP) at least once, or initiated e-cigarette use before middle school were more likely to use e-cigarettes for 3~9 days in the past 30 days. More frequent e-cigarette use (≥10 days) was associated with a higher frequency and greater amount of cigarette use, lifetime HTP use, and earlier initiation of e-cigarette use. Conclusion: Smoking-related characteristics differed by the frequency of e-cigarette use. Therefore, intervention programs targeting adolescent smokers should consider differences in smoking-related characteristics based on the frequency of e-cigarette use.

본 연구는 MZ 세대 직장인을 대상으로 OTT 서비스의 사용빈도와 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 한국미디어패널 의 설문조사 데이터를 이용하여 다각적으로 분석하였다. 최근 OTT 서비스 시장이 급격하게 성장했지만 이러한 변화가 MZ 세대의 삶에 대한 어떠한 변화를 가져왔는지에 대한 연구는 부족했다. 본 연구에서는 MZ 세대 직장인의 특성에 따라 OTT 서비스의 사용빈도를 알아보고, 사용빈도가 삶의 만족도에 영향을 주는지 연구모형을 설정하여 검정하고자 하였다. 실제로 MZ 세대의 성별, 연령대에 따라 사용빈도가 달라졌고, 사용빈도도 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 미디어 콘텐츠의 이용행태와 삶의 만족도의 관계를 처음으로 연구했다는 점에서 학문적인 기여를 가진다. 향후 사용빈도 뿐만 아니라 OTT 콘텐츠의 종류, OTT 서비스의 사용 시간대 등으로 추가적인 연구가 가능하다.

This research multilaterally analyzed the frequency of use of OTT service and its effect on life satisfaction for office workers of the MZ generation using the survey data of the Korean Media Panel. Recently, the OTT service market has grown rapidly, but there is a lack of research on what changes these changes have brought to the lives of the MZ generation. In this research, the frequency of OTT service use was investigated according to the characteristics of workers in the MZ generation, and a research model was set up to test whether the frequency of use affects life satisfaction. In fact, the frequency of use varied according to the gender and age group of the MZ generation, and it was found that the frequency of use also affected life satisfaction. It has an academic contribution in that it was the first to study the relationship between media content use patterns and life satisfaction. In the future, additional research is possible not only on the frequency of use, but also on the type of OTT content and the time of use of OTT service.

The purpose of this study is to give a basic data to whom to try to give a better services to their customers analyzing the differences that affecting the choice factors of most women's decision whether to go Skin cosmetic care shop or hair shop & their satisfactions. For the 64 common women, Self fulling Questionair were used, using technical analysis method, SPSS 18.0 analysis program, to find out their common characteristics, and for each results of questions Chi-square was done. These are the results. In generally most are the twenties 26persons (40.6%), unmarried 37 persons (57.8%) their average incomes are 1~2 Million won per month. Their average visiting of most 57.8% the skin care shop is 1 for every 2 months, and 53.1% the hair shop is 1 for every 3 weeks. 57.8% women answered they visited hair shop continuously but 26.6% answered they do not visit skin care shop. And who answered the professionality is the critical choice factor to choose skin care shop is 29.7% and 51.6% is hair shop. They answered also get the informations from their relatives 42.2% skin care shop visitors and 59.4% hair shop customers. And answered 30-50 thousands won are the most favorable price each use. 54.7% said that hoping better results are the choice factor of skin care shop but 62.5% answered that the cheaper price using hair shop is the choice factor. And most 59.4% answered that they can also use both in the future. In satisfaction, most 51.6% answered the low satisfaction to hjgh price. The reasons of not visiting women answerd that 32.8% are they have no free time in skin care shop and 48.94% answered that they don't have reason to visit. In next study, we can expand the studying peoples sexualty and age. Then we can find out their various choice factors to make better services to give.

본 연구는 2022년 4월부터 12월까지 진행된 한방의료이용실태조사 외래환자 1,060명을 대상으로 이용 횟수 7회 이하의 저빈도 집단(n=745)과 8회 이상의 고빈도 집단(n=315)으로 구분하여 만족도 수준의 차이 및 영 향 요인을 분석하였다. t-검정 결과, 고빈도 이용자는 치료비를 제외한 모든 만족도 영역에서 유의하게 높은 만족도 를 보였다. 다중회귀분석 결과, 저빈도 이용자의 만족도에는 치료법 설명(β=.242), 치료효과(β=.211), 진료태도(β =.132) 시설환경(β=.078) 등 외형적 요소와 본질적 요소가 복합적으로 영향을 미쳤으며 설명력은 32.0%였다. 반 면, 고빈도 이용자의 경우 치료효과(β=.240)와 치료법 설명(β=.233) 두 가지 치료의 본질적 요소만이 유의한 영향 요인으로 나타났고 설명력은 29.3%였다. 이는 이용 경험이 축적될수록 환자가 서비스의 외형적 요소보다 치료의 본질적 요소에 집중함을 시사하며, 본 연구는 이용 빈도별 차별화된 서비스 전략의 필요성을 입증하였다.

This study analyzed patient satisfaction with Korean medicine outpatient services based on visit frequency. Using 2022 survey data, 1,060 patients were divided into low-frequency (≤7 visits, n=745) and high-frequency (≥8 visits, n=315) groups. High-frequency users reported significantly higher satisfaction across all factors except treatment costs. For low-frequency users, satisfaction was influenced by treatment explanation, effectiveness, staff attitude, and facility environment. In contrast, high-frequency users only focused on effectiveness and explanation. These findings suggest that with greater experience, patients prioritize essential treatment elements over external service factors. The study highlights the need for differentiated service strategies tailored to visit frequency.

본 논문의 연구는 한일 양 언어의 신문사설을 조사대상으로 하여 수작업으로 9년간 (2013-2021) 사설에 있는 외래어를 추출조사를 하였다. 본 조사에서 표본은 사설수‘(일) 5,912개:(한)8,056개’이고 총 문자수는 ‘(일) 5,379,282개: (한) 8,744,398개’이였다. 양 언 어에서‘고빈도 외래어’상위 100개 단어에서 양 언어가‘중복하는 단어’는 48개이였다. 고빈도 외래어의 특징으로는 시사나 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 상위 1위에서 20위까지 집중해 있었다. 그리고 '중복되지 않는 단어'는 52개이였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'의 특징 은 한 언어에서는 고빈도 외래어이나 다른 언어에서는 중빈도 또는 저빈도 외래어였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'에서 '(언어A)고빈도 외래어: (언어B) 저빈도 외래어' 라고 정의하여 분석을 하였다. 이 정의를 기초로하여 중복되지 않은 요인으로 어종의 차이에 주목하였 다. 그 결과로 '분석 대상어'로 일본어 26개, 한국어 16개 단어를 선정하였다. 일본어에 있 어서 분석 대상어 26개 중 25개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 1개 ‘ブレーキ(74개)：歯止め (190개)’에 대해서는 외래어 이외의 어종(일본고유어)의 출현이 높았고 양쪽 모두‘～が かかる/～をかける’의 형태로 관용표현에 이용되는 공통점도 보였다. 한편 한국어에서는 16개 중 13개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 다음의 3개‘네거티브(40개)：부정적(241개),이 슈(70개)：쟁점(153개),캠프(41개)：진영(210개)’는 한자어 출현이 높았다.사설이라는 장르는 시사 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 많이 다루어지며 양 언어 모두 사설에서 외래어 를 사용했는지 또는 한자어가 사용되었는지 다시 말해 사용하고 있는 단어의 어종의 차 이로 외래어가 정착했는지에 대해 해명하였다.

In this study, both Korean and Japanese newspaper editorials were investigated, and foreign words in the editorials were manually extracted and investigated for 9 years (2013-2021). In this survey, the number of samples is '(Japanese) 5,912: (Korea) 8,056' and the total number of characters is '(Japanese) 5,379,282: (Korea) 8,744,398'. Among the top 100 words of 'high frequency foreign words' in the two languages, there were 48 'overlapping words' in the two languages. As for the characteristics of loanwords with high frequency, words related to current affairs or international affairs were concentrated from 1st to 20th. And there were 52 'non-overlapping words'. The characteristics of 'non-overlapping words' were loan words with high frequency in one language and low frequency in another language. '(Language A) loan words with high frequency:((Language B) loan words with low frequency' were defined as 'non-overlapping words' and analyzed. Based on this definition, attention was paid to differences in fish species as a non-overlapping factor. As a result, 26 Japanese words and 16 Korean words were selected as 'words to be analyzed'. Of the 26 words analyzed in Japanese, 25 were foreign words with high frequency. One word, 'Breirki (74):歯止め (190)', had a high occurrence rate of non-loan terms (Japanese native words), and both were '～がかかる'. There was also a commonality used in idiomatic expressions in the form of '/～をかける'. On the other hand, in the Korean language, 13 out of 16 were foreign words with high frequency. It was high. The editorial genre covers a lot of words related to current events and international affairs. It's resolved.

이 연구는 독서와 마라톤을 접목하여 개발․운영한 공공도서관의 독서진흥 프로그램이 독서활동에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 것이다. 이 연구를 위하여 문헌연구와 독서진흥 프로그램을 개발․운영하고, 참여자를 대상으로 설문조사와 면담을 실시하였다. 이 연구의 결과, 1) 독서마라톤 프로그램의 만족도가 높은 사람들이 독서량이 증가되고 도서관 이용 빈도가 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 독서마라톤 참여 이후에 가족들과 책에 관한 대화가 더 많은 것을 알 수 있었다. 독서마라톤 프로그램이 독서활동에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Reading Promotion Program of Public Library on Reading Activity. For this purpose, this study carried out carried out literature review, readingmarathon program development and operation. It was followed by the questionnaire survey and interview about reading activity of readingmarathon program participants. The findings are as follows 1) People of high satisfaction increased reading volume and frequency of library use 2) Book talk with family members increased after participating in readingmarathon program. The readingmarathon program had a positive effect on reading activity.

사물인터넷용 센서는 다양한 입력신호를 처리하기 위하여 넓은 주파수 대역을 갖어야 하며 직접변환 수신기 구조가 활용될 수 있다. 직접변환 수신기의 저역통과 필터는 주파수를 선택하는 소자로써 센서의 특성을 결정하는 매 우 중요한 블록이다. 사물인터넷용 필터는 다중대역을 갖도록 설계되어야 하며 또한 우수한 선형성과 저잡음 특성을 갖어야 하므로 보통 Active-RC 필터가 많이 사용된다. 그러나 Active-RC필터는 차수가 높아질 수록 필터의 소비전력이 커지는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 고려하여 3차의 구조로써 차단주파수가 400kHz에서 1MHz까지 네 단계의 주파수 대역에서 동작할 수 있는 Active-RC LPF를 설계하였다. 설계한 필터는 Active-RC 3차 Chebyshev함수를 활용하였고 저항 어레이를 사용하여 저항값의 변화를 통해 차단주파수를 조정하도록 하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 설계된 필터는 3.3V 전원전압 상에서 3.836mW의 소비전력을 갖으며 994.5kHz, 795.6kHz, 597.2kHz, 398.3kHz로 네 단계의 차단 주파수 조정이 가능함을 확인 하였다.

IoT sensors must have a wide frequency band to process various input signals and a direct conversion receiver structure can be utilized. The low-pass filter of the direct conversion receiver is a very important block that determines the characteristics of the sensor by selecting the frequency. IoT filter should be designed to have multiple bands, and it should also have excellent linearity and low noise characteristics. However, the active-RC filter has a drawback that the higher the order, the larger the power consumption of the filter. In this paper, we design Active-RC LPF which can operate in four frequency bands from 400kHz to 1MHz as the third order structure considering the above disadvantages. The designed filter uses the Active-RC 3rd Chebyshev function and adjusts the cut-off frequency by changing the resistance value using a resistor array. Simulation results show that the designed filter has power consumption of 3.836mW at 3.3V power supply voltage and can adjust the cutoff frequency of 4-steps at 994.5kHz, 795.6kHz, 597.2kHz and 398.3kHz.

In the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in the use of mobile phones and other small hand-held devices for communication. A forward head posture (turtle neck posture) is becoming more common with the increasing popularity of smartphones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the craniovertebral angle, head position angle, pain threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, and presence of depression in heavy smartphone users compared to a control group. Twenty healthy students participated in the study. The participants were recruited from Sahmyook University and were divided into a heavy user group (n=10) and a control group (n=10) according to smartphone addiction proneness. All protocols and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sahmyook University (Seoul, South Korea) and all the subjects signed a statement of informed consent. Participants in both groups were assessed for their pain pressure threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, craniovertebral angle and head position angle, and depression. When comparing the results between the two groups, there were significant differences in the pain threshold of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles, head position angle, and depression (p<.05), but not in the craniovertebral angle. Based on the results, this study shows that heavy smartphone use may produce considerable stresses on the cervical spine, thus changing the cervical curve and pain threshold of the muscles around the neck. Smartphones could also cause negative effects on a person’s psychological status, such as depression. Therefore, individuals should make an effort to look at their phones with a neutral spine and to avoid spending hours hunched over their screens each day.

필적 감정서에서 특이성과 빈도의 가중치가 높은 글자로 선택되어 사용된 글자를 자음별로 구분하였을 때 ‘ㅅ, ㅈ 및 ㅎ’의 자음에서 추출된 세부 특징의 수도 많고 유형별로 구분되는 수도 다양하여 감정에 많이 활용되는 것을 확인하였다. 필적 감정서에 특이성과 빈도의 가중치가 높아 세부특징 글자에 사용된 글자는 1건에서만 나타나는 글자가 82% 정도로 특정한 글자만 가지고 감정을 하는 것은 적합하지 않음을 확인하였다. 한글 자음을 유형별로 1차 및 2차로 세부 분류하고 가중치를 결정한 결과, 자음 ‘ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅂ 및 ㅌ’의 유형만 가중치가 2로 결정되었다. 그리고 나머지는 모두 가중치가 3으로 결정되었으며 추출된 글자 자체가 특이성과 빈도수가 높은 글자를 감정서에 활용한 것이므로 이 같은 결과가 나타난 것을 알 수 있었다.

As a lot of handwriting characteristics have been extracted from consonants “ㅅ, ㅈ, and ㅎ” and these consonants can be divided into many types, the weight score of the frequency and uniqueness for the consonants “ㅅ, ㅈ, and ㅎ” have been high, resulting in frequent use of the consonants for handwriting examination. The percentage of a certain letter with high uniqueness and frequency that appeared during a single handwriting examination is 82%, implying that conducting examinations using only 1 letter is unwise. Korean consonants were classified into two groups by the consonant's type and then weight score of each consonant was analyzed. The consonants “ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅂ, and ㅌ” received a weight score of 2 and the rest received a weight score of 3. The analyzed characters themselves, which have high uniqueness and frequency, were utilized in the examination report, resulting in such results.

본 논문은 3G 모바일 영상통화 서비스의 이용 횟수와 상호적인 거리 개념 간의 상관관계를 분석한 것이다. 3G 휴대전화는 단말기의 채택이라는 점에서 큰 성공을 거두었지만, 정작 3G 이동통신의 킬러 어플리케이션으로 불리던 모바일 영상통화 서비스의 수용에서는 그다지 성공적이지 못 하였다. 이에 이용실험을 통하여 3G 휴대전화 이용자들 간의 동성여부, 지리적 거리, 사회적 거리, 심리적 거리, 문화적 거리 등의 상호 간의 거리 개념들이 모바일 영상통화 서비스의 이용 횟수와 어떤 상관관계를 맺고 있는지 알아보고자 하였다.

This paper analyzes the correlations between use frequency of 3G mobile video calling and interpersonal distances. 3G mobile device has made a great success in terms of initial adoption of the device; however, 3G mobile video calling service, once known to be the killer application for 3G mobile networks in Korea, has not been successful as network operators expected. Therefore, this research tries to find out the correlations between the use frequency of 3G mobile video calling and interpersonal distances such as gender, physical distance, social distance, psychological distance and cultural distance.

Analysis of scars in various conditions is essential, but no consensus had been reached on the scar assessment scale to select for a given condition. We reviewed papers to determine the scar assessment scale selected depending on the scar condition and treatment method. We searched PubMed for articles published since 2000 with the contents of the scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale with a Journal Citation Report impact factor >0.5. Among them, 96 articles that conducted a scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale were reviewed and analyzed. The scar assessment scales were identified and organized by various criteria. Among the types of scar assessment scales, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was found to be the most frequently used scale. As for the assessment of newly developed operative scars, the POSAS was most used. Meanwhile, for categories depending on the treatment methods for preexisting scars, the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used in 6 studies following a laser treatment, the POSAS was used in 7 studies following surgical treatment, and the POSAS was used in 7 studies following a conservative treatment. Within the 12 categories of scar status, the VSS showed the highest frequency in 6 categories and the POSAS showed the highest frequency in the other 6 categories. According to our reviews, the POSAS and VSS are the most frequently used scar assessment scales. In the future, an optimal, universal scar scoring system is needed in order to better evaluate and treat pathologic scarring.

Purpose The aim of this cross-sectional health care study (use of bisphosphonates in primary tumorsof the mammae, EBisMa) is to determine how often bisphosphonate medication is used inpatients with non-metastatic primary breast cancer treatment, but who do not suffer fromosteoporosis. Furthermore, we describe patients’ characteristics and the most frequentlyused type of bisphosphonate in adjuvant therapy. Materials and MethodsThe study population included primary breast cancer patients of four breast centers in northernGermany. Data on bisphosphonate therapy were collected by use of patient questionnaires;clinical data were extracted from the registers. Patients with and without prescribedbisphosphonate adjuvant treatment were tested for statistically significant differencesregarding their characteristics. ResultsFour hundred seventy-four of 663 contacted patients participated in the study. Thirty-nineout of 474 patients (9.6%) were on adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy. Zoledronic acid wasthe most frequently reported bisphosphonate used for prevention of bone metastases. Comparedto patients who did not report bisphosphonate medication, women who did reportbisphosphonate therapy had a significantly higher advanced tumor stage (p < 0.001). Boththe T2-T4 stage and N+ stage remained significant predictors in multivariate-adjustedregression models. ConclusionBisphosphonates are rarely used in the adjuvant treatment of primary breast cancer. Patients with advanced tumor stage were more likely to use bisphosphonates in the adjuvanttreatment of primary breast cancer. Further research is needed to identify patientswho may benefit most from adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment.

In this paper, impulse response of giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) is identified by using M-transform. First, the displacement of GMM was measured by using the dual frequency laser interferometer. The noise included in the measured signal was removed by using M-transform. The impulse response of the GMM was identified from the input current of the driving coil and the displacement.

Concerns about the health of modern residential living are increasing. Social problems have occurred as a result of chemical products in the environment. While people are concerned about the use of chemical products, they generally are unaware of the formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in chemical products. In addition, it has not been recognized that people are often also exposed to HCHO, VOCs, and hazardous materials that are released into the environment from multi-use facilities. Advanced studies on indoor air quality in multi-purpose multiuse facilities, such as beauty salons, print shops, nail salons, and dry cleaners due to their use of chemical products have not significantly progressed, even though similar studies on facilities such as subway stations, hospitals, and transport terminal facilities have significantly progressed. The aim of the present study is to inform workers of the risks of the high frequency use of HCHO and VOCs in various chemicals such as laundry chemicals used in various facilities.

In this study, the main aim is to explore the use of low frequency words in five selected animations to find out their roles in learning and teaching vocabulary. The preliminary hypothesis is that less frequent words might be rather difficult for second language learners. To produce and analyze corpus-based data, an NLP (Natural Language Processing) tool was used throughout the study. This study suggests that in each animation, there are a great number of recommended words for second language learners among low frequency words, especially for primary and secondary students. This means that according to different thematic roles in the context, both high frequency words and low frequency words are mixed and used regardless of the difficulty level of the words. Therefore, it is not desirable only to focus on high frequency words in teaching and learning words. In addition, it seems that those less frequent words appear to be repeated and practiced based on the conception of a working memory, proceeding unknown words by using visual-sketch pad and audio support from the animations. It is possible to notice that by enhancing the visual and phonological effects of movies, learners are able to be familiar with those less frequent words.