Earticle

본 연구는 비디오 게임에서 암묵적, 명시적, 혼합형 튜토리얼 유형이 플레이어 몰입도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하고, 최적의 설계 방안을 실험을 통해 탐구했다. 2013년부터 2018년까지 출시된 비디오 게임 중, 판매량 상위와 높은 사용자 평가 점수를 기준으로 6개의 게임을 선정하여 18명을 대상으로 실험을 진행했으며, 몰입도를 설문과 행동 데이터로 측정했다. 결과는 초보와 숙련자의 혼합그룹에서는 튜토리얼 유형에 따른 몰입도가 큰 차이가 없었고, 초보와 숙련자로 나눠서 본다면 암묵적 튜토리얼은 숙련자에게 적합했고, 명시적 튜토리얼은 초보자에게 유리했다. 반면, 혼합형 은 플레이어의 경험 수준과 관계없이 보편적인 몰입 효과를 입증했다. 본 연구는 비디오 게임 디자이너에게 혼합형 튜토리 얼을 활용해 다양한 플레이어를 포용하고 초기 이탈률을 줄이는 방향을 제안하며, 몰입도를 높이는 실무적 통찰을 제시한 다. 또한, 이러한 결과는 개별 플레이어의 선호도와 학습 스타일에 맞춘 적응형 튜토리얼 시스템에 대한 향후 연구를 장려 한다.

This study analyzes how implicit, explicit, and hybrid tutorial types in video games affect player immersion and explores optimal design strategies through experiments. Six games, selected based on top sales and high user ratings among video games released between 2013 and 2018, were used for an experiment involving 18 participants. Player immersion was measured through surveys and behavioral data, with results indicating no significant difference in immersion levels within the hybrid group across novices and experts. However, when separating participants into novice and expert groups, implicit tutorials were found more suitable for experts, while explicit tutorials benefited novices, and hybrid tutorials demonstrated universal immersive effects regardless of experience. This study suggests that video game designers leverage hybrid tutorials to accommodate a wide range of players, reduce early dropout rates, and provide practical insights for enhancing player immersion, while also encouraging future research on adaptive tutorial systems tailored to individual players’ preferences and learning styles.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is fundamental to current artificial intelligence (AI). Since dynamic programming, which is based on Richard Bellman’s principle of optimality, is the basis of RL (and other AI disciplines such as A* search), it is important to apply that principle correctly and artfully. This tutorial uses examples, many from published articles, to examine both the artful and occasionally erroneous application of Bellman’s principle. Our contribution is twofold. First, we emphasize the necessity of a general thought experiment by asking what we call “consultant questions” to determine the proper state space for DP formulation to be established by Bellman’s optimality principle. Second, we convey the role of art based on common sense and effortful cleverness in designing efficient DP. Since Bellman’s principle is intuitive based on common sense, it is sometimes misunderstood. For illustrative purposes, given a directed acyclic graph (DAG), we consider four deterministic minimum-cost path network problems (found in the literature), each bringing up some validity issue concerning Bellman’s principle on a different criterion. We approach them consistently by the conventional wisdom of state augmentation (on top of the physical system state space). As a result, we show that our artful choice of state description not only renders the principle valid in each problem, but also makes each DP as efficient as the standard DP that solves a shortest-path problem in the same DAG, circumventing successfully the so-called curse of dimensionality, a price to be paid frequently by state enlargement. After that, we discuss the potential importance of the treated type of path network problems for practical applications (e.g., communications network).

This paper presents a tutorial on Deep Learning (DL) with Federated Learning (FL)-based indoor localization method for non-Independently and Identically Distributed (non-IID) fingerprinting databases. To this end, this paper explains systematic approaches for addressing privacy concerns and performance degradation issues in non-IID fingerprinting databases. The method presented in this tutorial entails the application of a personalized layer, model reliability, and Layer-wise local model’s Weight Change (LWC) information to FL. This tutorial provides intuitions to be considered by future researchers to improve the performance of FL-based fingerprinting localization by summarizing the above-mentioned methods into three FL-based techniques: high-complexity training for performance improvement of local training models, exact characteristics of the local model for global model aggregation, and Bayesian data fusion for probabilistic clustering, to improve FL-based indoor localization performance.

예술교육은 이해와 소통을 바탕으로 공동체 속에서 사회성 교육에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다(정연 희. 2007, 재인용:김창환. 2013). 이에 세계적인 교육의 추세는 문화예술교육으로의 방향을 지향하 며 창의성과 인성(정서, 성찰, 소통, 단체 활동)을 강조하고 있다. 문화예술교육 중에서 특히 지정의 (知情意)가 균형 잡힌 전인교육(全人敎育), 창의적 인재 양성, 차별화 된 인물 배출, 소통교육으로서 의 무용 수업은 창의적 활동에 포함되어 예전보다 발전된 자기 개념 형성, 자기표현의 개방성, 공동 체에서의 의사소통을 통한 지식공유의 과정까지 도달할 수 있는 교과로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 실 질적으로 우리나라 교육현장에서는 무용 수업에 대한 가치와 효과를 간과하고 있을 뿐 아니라, 소 통기반시대의 시대적 상황에 부합되는 수업방법론이 제시되지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 소통수업을 위해 미국의 하크니스 테이블(Harkness Table)과 영국의 튜토리얼 시스템(Tutorial System)을 학교의 창의적 수업(무용수업과 창의적 체험활동)에 이용, 소통수업으로서의 창의적 수 업을 제시하였다. 그룹별 토론 형식의 수업방법인 H.T와 1:1 개별 토론 형식의 수업방법인 T.S는 모두 소통을 위한 수업방법으로 수업 전에 개별 학습을 통해서 학습주제를 탐구하는 것이 특징이 다. 탐구 방법의 핵심은 책 읽기로, 책을 통해 논리적 사고력과 다양한 정보를 통한 지식획득 및 자신의 견해와 관점을 구축하는 것이다. 이러한 과정을 통해 임하게 되는 수업에서는 그룹이나 개 인의 발표 및 토론으로 수업이 진행되면서 다각적이고 전문적인 지식 공유와 함께 창의적 활동을 위한 학습능력이 확립될 수 있다. 이와 같이 소통수업방법을 통한 무용 수업으로 다각적, 논리적 지식이 기반이 되는 무용예술교육으로의 방향을 제시하는 바이다.

Dance class in cultural arts education, especially the knowledge and emotions, human will is the education curriculum and make the perfect man. Above all, this dance class creative talent and differentiated curriculum to train people to be aware, and self-concept formation and self-expression that will open, in the community through communication to share knowledge has been recognized as the subjects .But actually, the dance arts education in our country for the value and effectiveness has been overlooked. As well as the contemporary era of communicationbased teaching methods appropriate to the situation have not been presented. In this study, in order to communicate lessons, the teaching methods of the United States (Harkness Table) and the United Kingdom (Tutorial System) applied to the school’s creative class (dance class and creative activities) is presented. Either of two class, before class, learning about the subject of inquiry learning is characterized by the individual. Individual learning is a way of exploring the reading. Logical thinking through the book and acquire knowledge through a variety of information and their views and perspectives will build. Through this process, a group or class of individuals that come upon presentations and discussions as diverse as taught and professional knowledge sharing and learning with the ability for creative activities can be established. Thus, the knowledge-based communication teaching methods presented a case of dance art education classes.

본 논문에서는 모바일 RPG 장르의 튜토리얼의 구성요소를 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 모바일 RPG 튜토리얼 제작시 고려해야 하는 요소들에 관해 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저, 모바일 게 임의 UI 속성을 살펴보고, 게임 요소에 대한 선행연구를 통해 RPG 구성요소를 확인하였다. 다 음으로 이를 바탕으로 모바일 게임 <리니지M>과 <리니지2M>, <리니지2 레볼루션>, <검은사 막 모바일>과 PC 게임 <로스트아크>, <검은사막>의 초기 튜토리얼 구성요소를 비교 분석하였 다. 마지막으로, 분석 결과를 바탕으로 모바일 RPG 튜토리얼 구성요소에 대해 제안하였다. 첫 째, 모바일이나 PC 환경과 상관없이 RPG 튜토리얼 구성요소에 모두 포함되는 요소인, RPG 튜토리얼의 기본적인 요소를 포함한다. 둘째, 모바일 RPG의 경우 가상 인터페이스를 통한 게 임 플레이의 비중이 크다는 점을 고려하여 가상 인터페이스를 활용한 매개적 소통 방법에 대 한 요소를 게임에 맞게 포함한다. 셋째, 가상 인터페이스를 통한 게임 플레이가 게임 세계 자 체에 대한 몰입을 방해하는 부작용을 초래하지 않도록 플레이어의 직접적인 행동에 따른 NPC 리액션에 대한 요소를 강화하고, NPC Status와 몬스터에 대한 배경 스토리 정보를 포함한다.

The paper analyzes the components of tutorials in the mobile RPG genre and discusses factors to consider when creating tutorials for mobile RPGs. Initially, the UI attributes of mobile games were examined, and through previous research on game elements, RPG components were identified. Subsequently, the initial tutorial components of mobile games such as <Lineage M>, <Lineage 2M>, <Lineage 2 Revolution>, <Black Desert Mobile>, and PC games like <Lost Ark> and <Black Desert> were compared and analyzed. Finally, based on the analysis results, suggestions were made for the components of mobile RPG tutorials. Firstly, it includes fundamental elements of RPG tutorials that are universally applicable regardless of whether it is a mobile or PC environment. Secondly, considering the significant role of virtual interfaces in mobile RPGs, elements related to mediated communication methods using virtual interfaces are incorporated into the game as per its requirements. Thirdly, to prevent adverse effects of virtual interface-based gameplay on immersion in the game world, elements reinforcing NPC reactions based on player actions are strengthened, along with the inclusion of NPC status and background story information about monsters.

Because of the equivalence between control chart procedures and hypothesis testing, we propose to use likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistic as the multivariate control statistic for simultaneous monitoring means of the multivariate normal process. Properties and comparisons of the proposed control charts are explored and conducted for matched fixed sampling interval (FSI) and variable sampling interval (VSI) with two sampling interval charts. The result of numerical comparisons shows that EWMA chart with two sampling interval procedure is more efficient than the corresponding FSI chart for small or moderate changes. When large shift of the process has occurred, we also found that Shewhart chart is more efficient than EWMA chart.

Over the past decade, China's beauty industry begins to bloom relies on the generation and development of the internet. The innovation of smartphone, the full coverage of the mobile internet, and the continuous emergence of various platform for pictures, videos, have provide a superior living environment for strengthened Beauty influencers’ group. Nowadays, Beauty KOL marketing has become as an important developmental strategy employed by companies and brands. This study aims to find out the relationship between various antecedent factors affecting Chinese consumer attitude towards beauty KOL (Key Opinion Leaders) recommendations and their purchase intention, through analysis of the viewer-posted comment below the beauty makeup tutorial video.

MBL을 통한 물리 실험은 학생들이 실험 결과를 바로 확인하고 쉽게 실험을 수행할 수 있어 예전부터 많은 학교에서 활용해 왔다. 하지만, 장치의 원리를 모르고 실험을 수행하거나, 단순히 도출된 데이터에만 집중하는 것이 MBL 실험의 문제점으로 꾸준히 제기되어 왔다. 이러한 문제점을 보완하기 위해, 아두이노를 활용하여 MBL 실험에서 많이 사용되는 피켓펜스의 방법으로 중력 가속도를 측정하고 실제 중력 가속도 값과의 비교를 통해 오차율을 계산했으며, 본 튜토리얼의 교육적 활용에 대한 논의를 해보았다. 실험 결과, 실험으로 구한 중력 가속도 값과 실제 중력 가속도 값의 오차율은 1% 내외로 비교적 정확한 측정이 가능한 것으로 나타났으며, 실험값의 표본평균이 95% 신뢰구간 안에 포함되는 것으로 나타나 유의미한 실험이라는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다. 또한, MBL이 가진 구조적인 단점을 보완할 수 있는 점, 물리와 수학의 상호작용을 고려할 수 있는 점, STEAM 교육에서 정보 교과와의 융합이 가능한 점 그리고 장비 구비비용이 저렴한 점을 통해 측정실험의 교육적 활용 가능성을 보여주었다. 본 자료를 토대로 아두이노를 활용한 물리 실험이 과학영재 교육에서 더욱 활성화될 수 있도록 기대하는 바이다.

Physical experiment through MBL has been used in many schools for a long time since students can check the experiment results immediately and conduct the experiment easily. However, conducting the experiment, not knowing the principle of the device or simply concentrating on the derived data has been raised as the problem of MBL experiment. To supplement this problem, this study measured the acceleration of gravity with the picket fence method, which is often used in MBL experiment, utilizing Arduino, calculated the error rate through a comparison to the actual acceleration of gravity and discussed the educational application of the experiment to measure it. As a result of the experiment, the error rate between the acceleration of gravity calculated by the experiment and the actual acceleration of gravity was about 1%, so it turned out that relatively accurate measurements were possible. Also, the sample mean of the experimental value was included in the confidence interval of 95%, so it could be concluded that it was a significant experiment. In addition, this study showed the possibility of the educational application of the experiment to measure it through the following: It can supplement the structural disadvantages of MBL; it can consider the interaction between Physics and Math; it is possible to converge with information course in STEAM education; and it is inexpensive to be equipped with the equipment. Hopefully, the physical experiment utilizing Arduino will further be revitalized in science gifted education based on this study.

치의학 분야에 입문한 학습자가 치아 형태를 이해하고 임상의 기반 기술을 익히기 위해서는 치아카빙 실습이 필요하다. 치아카빙 실습은 단계별 모델을 필요할 때마다 관찰할 수 있을 때 더 효과적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 치아카빙 실습모형을 제안하고, 카빙 단계에 대한 3D모델링 정보를 제공하는 튜토리얼 방식의 모바일 실습지원도구를 개발하는 것이다. 연구결과 치아카빙 실습 모형은 치아형태학 강의 및 실습을 포함하는 강의실 활동과 학습자의 실습과 일상적 학습을 모바일 실습지원도구로 연계하는 모바일 심리스 러닝 형태로 도출하였다. 모바일 실습지원도구는 치아형태학 사전, 치아카빙 실습 튜토리얼, 3D 치아 모델링으로 구현되었다. 개발된 콘텐츠에 대한 전문가 평가 결과 내용 및 기능이 타당하게 설계된 것으로 분석되었다(내용 타당도: 5.0, 인터페이스 타당도: 4.53). 따라서 개발된 모바일 실습지원도구도구는 치아카빙 실습의 모바일 심리스 러닝을 지원하는 데 적합한 학습도구로 판단된다. 본 연구를 기반으로 치의학 분야에 ICT를 활용하는 수업모형과 지원도구인 모바일 콘텐츠 개발 연구가 촉진되기를 기대한다.

Tooth carving practice is required for novice learners in dentistry to understand dental morphology and acquire clinically underlying skills. Tooth carving practice is more effective when sequential models can be observed. The purpose of this study is to suggest a tooth carving practice model and to develop a mobile practice supporting tool based on tutorial providing 3D modeling information about steps of tooth carving. As a result, tooth carving practice model consists of the class activity including tooth information lecture and practice and mobile seamless learning connecting learners' practice and regular learning with the mobile tutorial tool. The mobile tutorial tool is implemented with tooth morphology dictionary, tooth carving practice/training tutorial, and 3D tooth modeling. The experts' evaluation on the developed contents shows that the content and function are valid(content validity: 5.0, interface validity: 4.53). Therefore, the mobile tutorial tool is suitable for supporting mobile seamless learning for tooth carving practice. Further researches are expected to be conducted to develop instructional models utilizing ICT and mobile contents in dentistry.

Purpose: This study was attempted and completed in order to settle down and qualitatively improve web-based nursing education by evaluating effect and managing strategy of tutor. Method: The development of tutor's managing stra‘tegy was based on "The Self-regulated Learning" and "The supportive Learning", then it was applied to 79 learners in one of the cyber-learning centers. After applying the tutor's managing strategy, self-regulated learning scale, attitude for school, preference for computer and academic achievement were evaluated. The development of tutor's managing strategy for web-based nursing education are consisted of participation promotion, psychological support and motivation, recognition and promotion strategy of learning activity, management strategy of evaluating stage. Result: The levels of learner's self-regulated learning, recognition, behavior, attitude on the school and learning achievement were meaningfully increased in statistics after applying for the managing strategy of tutor. The motivation level and learning participation kept high scores from the beginning with no significant statistical changes. Conclusion: It is required to develop an educational program for cultivating well-educated tutors in order to help the effective learning process of nurses based on understanding characteristics of learners.