Earticle

본 연구는 비디오 게임에서 암묵적, 명시적, 혼합형 튜토리얼 유형이 플레이어 몰입도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하고, 최적의 설계 방안을 실험을 통해 탐구했다. 2013년부터 2018년까지 출시된 비디오 게임 중, 판매량 상위와 높은 사용자 평가 점수를 기준으로 6개의 게임을 선정하여 18명을 대상으로 실험을 진행했으며, 몰입도를 설문과 행동 데이터로 측정했다. 결과는 초보와 숙련자의 혼합그룹에서는 튜토리얼 유형에 따른 몰입도가 큰 차이가 없었고, 초보와 숙련자로 나눠서 본다면 암묵적 튜토리얼은 숙련자에게 적합했고, 명시적 튜토리얼은 초보자에게 유리했다. 반면, 혼합형 은 플레이어의 경험 수준과 관계없이 보편적인 몰입 효과를 입증했다. 본 연구는 비디오 게임 디자이너에게 혼합형 튜토리 얼을 활용해 다양한 플레이어를 포용하고 초기 이탈률을 줄이는 방향을 제안하며, 몰입도를 높이는 실무적 통찰을 제시한 다. 또한, 이러한 결과는 개별 플레이어의 선호도와 학습 스타일에 맞춘 적응형 튜토리얼 시스템에 대한 향후 연구를 장려 한다.

This study analyzes how implicit, explicit, and hybrid tutorial types in video games affect player immersion and explores optimal design strategies through experiments. Six games, selected based on top sales and high user ratings among video games released between 2013 and 2018, were used for an experiment involving 18 participants. Player immersion was measured through surveys and behavioral data, with results indicating no significant difference in immersion levels within the hybrid group across novices and experts. However, when separating participants into novice and expert groups, implicit tutorials were found more suitable for experts, while explicit tutorials benefited novices, and hybrid tutorials demonstrated universal immersive effects regardless of experience. This study suggests that video game designers leverage hybrid tutorials to accommodate a wide range of players, reduce early dropout rates, and provide practical insights for enhancing player immersion, while also encouraging future research on adaptive tutorial systems tailored to individual players’ preferences and learning styles.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is fundamental to current artificial intelligence (AI). Since dynamic programming, which is based on Richard Bellman’s principle of optimality, is the basis of RL (and other AI disciplines such as A* search), it is important to apply that principle correctly and artfully. This tutorial uses examples, many from published articles, to examine both the artful and occasionally erroneous application of Bellman’s principle. Our contribution is twofold. First, we emphasize the necessity of a general thought experiment by asking what we call “consultant questions” to determine the proper state space for DP formulation to be established by Bellman’s optimality principle. Second, we convey the role of art based on common sense and effortful cleverness in designing efficient DP. Since Bellman’s principle is intuitive based on common sense, it is sometimes misunderstood. For illustrative purposes, given a directed acyclic graph (DAG), we consider four deterministic minimum-cost path network problems (found in the literature), each bringing up some validity issue concerning Bellman’s principle on a different criterion. We approach them consistently by the conventional wisdom of state augmentation (on top of the physical system state space). As a result, we show that our artful choice of state description not only renders the principle valid in each problem, but also makes each DP as efficient as the standard DP that solves a shortest-path problem in the same DAG, circumventing successfully the so-called curse of dimensionality, a price to be paid frequently by state enlargement. After that, we discuss the potential importance of the treated type of path network problems for practical applications (e.g., communications network).

This paper presents a tutorial on Deep Learning (DL) with Federated Learning (FL)-based indoor localization method for non-Independently and Identically Distributed (non-IID) fingerprinting databases. To this end, this paper explains systematic approaches for addressing privacy concerns and performance degradation issues in non-IID fingerprinting databases. The method presented in this tutorial entails the application of a personalized layer, model reliability, and Layer-wise local model’s Weight Change (LWC) information to FL. This tutorial provides intuitions to be considered by future researchers to improve the performance of FL-based fingerprinting localization by summarizing the above-mentioned methods into three FL-based techniques: high-complexity training for performance improvement of local training models, exact characteristics of the local model for global model aggregation, and Bayesian data fusion for probabilistic clustering, to improve FL-based indoor localization performance.

예술교육은 이해와 소통을 바탕으로 공동체 속에서 사회성 교육에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다(정연 희. 2007, 재인용:김창환. 2013). 이에 세계적인 교육의 추세는 문화예술교육으로의 방향을 지향하 며 창의성과 인성(정서, 성찰, 소통, 단체 활동)을 강조하고 있다. 문화예술교육 중에서 특히 지정의 (知情意)가 균형 잡힌 전인교육(全人敎育), 창의적 인재 양성, 차별화 된 인물 배출, 소통교육으로서 의 무용 수업은 창의적 활동에 포함되어 예전보다 발전된 자기 개념 형성, 자기표현의 개방성, 공동 체에서의 의사소통을 통한 지식공유의 과정까지 도달할 수 있는 교과로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 실 질적으로 우리나라 교육현장에서는 무용 수업에 대한 가치와 효과를 간과하고 있을 뿐 아니라, 소 통기반시대의 시대적 상황에 부합되는 수업방법론이 제시되지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 소통수업을 위해 미국의 하크니스 테이블(Harkness Table)과 영국의 튜토리얼 시스템(Tutorial System)을 학교의 창의적 수업(무용수업과 창의적 체험활동)에 이용, 소통수업으로서의 창의적 수 업을 제시하였다. 그룹별 토론 형식의 수업방법인 H.T와 1:1 개별 토론 형식의 수업방법인 T.S는 모두 소통을 위한 수업방법으로 수업 전에 개별 학습을 통해서 학습주제를 탐구하는 것이 특징이 다. 탐구 방법의 핵심은 책 읽기로, 책을 통해 논리적 사고력과 다양한 정보를 통한 지식획득 및 자신의 견해와 관점을 구축하는 것이다. 이러한 과정을 통해 임하게 되는 수업에서는 그룹이나 개 인의 발표 및 토론으로 수업이 진행되면서 다각적이고 전문적인 지식 공유와 함께 창의적 활동을 위한 학습능력이 확립될 수 있다. 이와 같이 소통수업방법을 통한 무용 수업으로 다각적, 논리적 지식이 기반이 되는 무용예술교육으로의 방향을 제시하는 바이다.

Dance class in cultural arts education, especially the knowledge and emotions, human will is the education curriculum and make the perfect man. Above all, this dance class creative talent and differentiated curriculum to train people to be aware, and self-concept formation and self-expression that will open, in the community through communication to share knowledge has been recognized as the subjects .But actually, the dance arts education in our country for the value and effectiveness has been overlooked. As well as the contemporary era of communicationbased teaching methods appropriate to the situation have not been presented. In this study, in order to communicate lessons, the teaching methods of the United States (Harkness Table) and the United Kingdom (Tutorial System) applied to the school’s creative class (dance class and creative activities) is presented. Either of two class, before class, learning about the subject of inquiry learning is characterized by the individual. Individual learning is a way of exploring the reading. Logical thinking through the book and acquire knowledge through a variety of information and their views and perspectives will build. Through this process, a group or class of individuals that come upon presentations and discussions as diverse as taught and professional knowledge sharing and learning with the ability for creative activities can be established. Thus, the knowledge-based communication teaching methods presented a case of dance art education classes.

본 논문에서는 모바일 RPG 장르의 튜토리얼의 구성요소를 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 모바일 RPG 튜토리얼 제작시 고려해야 하는 요소들에 관해 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저, 모바일 게 임의 UI 속성을 살펴보고, 게임 요소에 대한 선행연구를 통해 RPG 구성요소를 확인하였다. 다 음으로 이를 바탕으로 모바일 게임 <리니지M>과 <리니지2M>, <리니지2 레볼루션>, <검은사 막 모바일>과 PC 게임 <로스트아크>, <검은사막>의 초기 튜토리얼 구성요소를 비교 분석하였 다. 마지막으로, 분석 결과를 바탕으로 모바일 RPG 튜토리얼 구성요소에 대해 제안하였다. 첫 째, 모바일이나 PC 환경과 상관없이 RPG 튜토리얼 구성요소에 모두 포함되는 요소인, RPG 튜토리얼의 기본적인 요소를 포함한다. 둘째, 모바일 RPG의 경우 가상 인터페이스를 통한 게 임 플레이의 비중이 크다는 점을 고려하여 가상 인터페이스를 활용한 매개적 소통 방법에 대 한 요소를 게임에 맞게 포함한다. 셋째, 가상 인터페이스를 통한 게임 플레이가 게임 세계 자 체에 대한 몰입을 방해하는 부작용을 초래하지 않도록 플레이어의 직접적인 행동에 따른 NPC 리액션에 대한 요소를 강화하고, NPC Status와 몬스터에 대한 배경 스토리 정보를 포함한다.

The paper analyzes the components of tutorials in the mobile RPG genre and discusses factors to consider when creating tutorials for mobile RPGs. Initially, the UI attributes of mobile games were examined, and through previous research on game elements, RPG components were identified. Subsequently, the initial tutorial components of mobile games such as <Lineage M>, <Lineage 2M>, <Lineage 2 Revolution>, <Black Desert Mobile>, and PC games like <Lost Ark> and <Black Desert> were compared and analyzed. Finally, based on the analysis results, suggestions were made for the components of mobile RPG tutorials. Firstly, it includes fundamental elements of RPG tutorials that are universally applicable regardless of whether it is a mobile or PC environment. Secondly, considering the significant role of virtual interfaces in mobile RPGs, elements related to mediated communication methods using virtual interfaces are incorporated into the game as per its requirements. Thirdly, to prevent adverse effects of virtual interface-based gameplay on immersion in the game world, elements reinforcing NPC reactions based on player actions are strengthened, along with the inclusion of NPC status and background story information about monsters.

Because of the equivalence between control chart procedures and hypothesis testing, we propose to use likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistic as the multivariate control statistic for simultaneous monitoring means of the multivariate normal process. Properties and comparisons of the proposed control charts are explored and conducted for matched fixed sampling interval (FSI) and variable sampling interval (VSI) with two sampling interval charts. The result of numerical comparisons shows that EWMA chart with two sampling interval procedure is more efficient than the corresponding FSI chart for small or moderate changes. When large shift of the process has occurred, we also found that Shewhart chart is more efficient than EWMA chart.

Over the past decade, China's beauty industry begins to bloom relies on the generation and development of the internet. The innovation of smartphone, the full coverage of the mobile internet, and the continuous emergence of various platform for pictures, videos, have provide a superior living environment for strengthened Beauty influencers’ group. Nowadays, Beauty KOL marketing has become as an important developmental strategy employed by companies and brands. This study aims to find out the relationship between various antecedent factors affecting Chinese consumer attitude towards beauty KOL (Key Opinion Leaders) recommendations and their purchase intention, through analysis of the viewer-posted comment below the beauty makeup tutorial video.

Purpose: This study was attempted and completed in order to settle down and qualitatively improve web-based nursing education by evaluating effect and managing strategy of tutor. Method: The development of tutor's managing stra‘tegy was based on "The Self-regulated Learning" and "The supportive Learning", then it was applied to 79 learners in one of the cyber-learning centers. After applying the tutor's managing strategy, self-regulated learning scale, attitude for school, preference for computer and academic achievement were evaluated. The development of tutor's managing strategy for web-based nursing education are consisted of participation promotion, psychological support and motivation, recognition and promotion strategy of learning activity, management strategy of evaluating stage. Result: The levels of learner's self-regulated learning, recognition, behavior, attitude on the school and learning achievement were meaningfully increased in statistics after applying for the managing strategy of tutor. The motivation level and learning participation kept high scores from the beginning with no significant statistical changes. Conclusion: It is required to develop an educational program for cultivating well-educated tutors in order to help the effective learning process of nurses based on understanding characteristics of learners.

본 연구는 Y세대 대학생의 정보활용능력 교육을 위하여 이들의 세대적 특성을 이해하고, 관련기준과 교육모형의 비교분석을 통하여 국내 대학도서관의 온라인 튜터리얼 개발과 교육에 있어 개선해야 할 사항을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 구체적으로 정착단계에 있는 미국의 온라인 튜터리얼과 일본의 교육내용을 국내의 그것과 비교분석하고 재구성하여 국내 대학도서관의 Y세대를 위한 온라인 튜터리얼 교수-학습에 필수적인 콘텐츠를 제안하고 개선방안을 제시하였다.

This study is aimed to suggest the core elements of instruction and development program through understanding the generation Y's characteristics and examining the standards and education models for information literacy. Concretely, this paper is comparatively analyze and customize the successful online information literacy tutorial models adopted by university libraries in U.S.A, Japan, and Korea. As a result of research, the outline of the needed procedure and required contents for the improvement of the online tutorial in the university of our country are suggested.

본 튜토리얼은 R을 이용하여 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링을 수행하는 방법을 제시하고 있다. 이를 위해 본 튜토리얼에서는 기존 연구들에 대한 리뷰를 통해 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링을 위한 기준들을 정의하고, 하나의 예시 연구모형을 제시하여 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링을 지원하는 R 패키지인 “lavaan”을 이용하여 이 예시 모형을 분석하는 것을 보여준다. 결과물로 본 튜토리얼에서는 예시모형을 대상으로 한 R을 이용한 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링 기법과 실습 스크립트가 제시되었다. 본 튜토리얼은 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링을 처음 접하는 연구자들에게는 연구모형을 구조방정식 모델링으로 분석하는데 유용한 가이드가 될 것이며, 이미 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링에 익숙한 연구자들에게는 R을 이용한 새로운 공분산 기반의 구조방정식모델링 분석기법 제시를 통하여 R이라는 통합된 통계 소프트웨어 운영환경에서 심도 있는 연구를 위한 기반 지식을 제공할 것이다.

This tutorial presents an approach to perform the covariance based structural equation modeling using the R. For this purpose, the tutorial defines the criteria for the covariance based structural equation modeling by reviewing previous studies, and shows how to analyze the research model with an example using the "lavaan" which is the R package supporting the covariance based structural equation modeling. In this tutorial, a covariance-based structural equation modeling technique using the R and the R scripts targeting the example model were proposed as the results. This tutorial will be useful to start the study of the covariance based structural equation modeling for the researchers who first encounter the covariance based structural equation modeling and will provide the knowledge base for in-depth analysis through the covariance based structural equation modeling technique using R which is the integrated statistical software operating environment for the researchers familiar with the covariance based structural equation modeling.