Earticle

우리나라 주요 밭작물(콩, 무, 배추)에 대한 99Tc의 토양-작물체 전이계수(TF)를 조사하기 위하여 온실 내에서 포트실험을 수행하였다. 토양은 경주 방폐장 주변 네 곳(콩 두 곳, 무 및 배추 두 곳)의 밭에서 채취하였다. 파종 3-4 주 전에 건조 토양을 99Tc 용액과 혼합한 다음 포트에 담고 관개하였다. TF 값은 건조 토양 중 99Tc 농도(Bq kg-1-dry)에 대한 작물체 내 농도(Bq kg-1-dry or fresh)의 비로 나타내었다. TF 값은 토양 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 콩알의 TF 값은 경엽부에 비해 극히 낮아 99Tc의 종실로의 이동성이 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 콩알, 무 뿌리, 무 잎 및 배추 잎에 대한 99Tc 전이계수의 대표치가 각각 두 토양에 대한 산술평균치인 1.8×10-1, 1.2×101, 3.2×102, 1.3×102(건조 작물체 기준)로 제안되었다. 채소류의 경우 신선 작물체에 대한 대표치도 제안되었다. 본 제안치는 대표성이 충분치 못하므로 지속적으로 최신화 할 필요가 있다.

In order to investigate the soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) of 99Tc for Korean major upland crops (soybean, radish and Chinese cabbage), pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. Soils were collected from four upland fields (two for soybean and two for radish and Chinese cabbage) around Gyeongju radioactive-waste disposal site. Three to four weeks before sowing, dried soils were mixed with a 99Tc solution and the mixtures were put into pots and irrigated. TF values were expressed as the ratios of the 99Tc concentrations in plants (Bq kg-1-dry or fresh) to those in soils (Bq kg-1-dry). There was no great difference in the TF value between soils. The TF values for soybean seeds were extremely lower than those for the straws, indicating a very low mobility of 99Tc to seeds. As representative TF values of 99Tc, 1.8×10-1, 1.2×101, 3.2×102 and 1.3×102 (for dry plants), arithmetic means for two soils, were proposed for soybean seeds, radish roots, radish leaves and Chinese cabbage leaves, respectively. In the case of the vegetables, proposals for fresh plants were also made. The proposed values are not sufficiently representative so successive updates are needed.

감자의 재배기간 중에 침적된 방사성 핵종의 토양-작물체 전이계수(TFa, m2 kg-1-fresh)를 측정하기 위하여 감자의 파종 2 일전 및 생육 중 세 차례에 걸쳐 54Mn, 60Co, 85Sr, 137Cs 함유 용액을 재배상자의 토양표면에 처리하였다. 파종 전 처리에서는 핵종이 표토(pH 5.2의 양질사토)와 혼합되었다. 조사 부위는 잎, 줄기, 괴경껍질, 괴경육이었다. 파종 전 처리시 54Mn, 60Co, 85Sr, 137Cs의 TFa 값은 작물체 부위에 따라 각각 1.9×10-4~1.5×10-2, 1.8×10-4~7.5×10-4, 4.0×10-4~1.6×10-2, 1.5×10-4~3.9×10-4의 변이를 보였다. 생육 중 처리시 TFa 값은 파종 전 처리에 비해 대체로 수 배 정도 낮았다. 54Mn, 85Sr, 137Cs의 경우 생육초기 또는 중기 처리시 후기 처리보다 높았으나 60Co의 경우 이와 반대였다. 부위 간에는 대체로 잎에서 가장 높았고 괴경육에서 가장 낮았다. 토양으로부터 네 부위로의 총 흡수율은 0.05~3.16%의 범위였다. 파종 전 처리 후 3 년차 54Mn, 60Co, 137Cs의 TFa 값은 부위에 따라 각각 1년차의 11~25%, 21~25%, 38~67%였다. 본 연구결과는 감자의 생육 중 방사성 핵종의 단기침 적시 영향을 예측하거나 관련 모델의 검증에 활용할 수 있다.

To measure the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFa, m2 kg-1-fresh) of radionuclides deposited during the growing season of potato, a radioactive solution containing 54Mn, 60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs was applied to the soil surfaces in soil boxes 2 d before seeding and three different times during the plant growth. For the pre-seeding application (PSA), radionuclides were mixed with the topsoil (loamy sand and 5.2 in pH). The plant parts investigated were leaves, stems, tuber skin and tuber flesh. The TFa values of 54Mn, 60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs from the PSA were in the ranges of 1.9 10-4~1.5 10-2, 1.8 10-4~7.5 10-4, 4.0 10-4~1.6 10-2, 1.5 10-4~3.9 10-4, respectively, for different plant parts. The TFa values from the growing-time applications were on the whole a few times lower than those from the PSA. For 54Mn, 85Sr and 137Cs, the TFa values from the early- or middle-growth-stage application were higher than those from the late-growth-stage application, whereas the opposite was true for 60Co. Leaves and tuber flesh had the highest and lowest TFa values, respectively, in most cases. The total uptake from soil by the four plant parts was in the range of 0.05~3.16%. In the third year following the PSA, the TFa values of 54Mn, 60Co and 137Cs were 11~25%, 21~25% and 38~67% of those in the first year, respectively, depending on the plant parts. The present results can be used for estimating the radiological impact of an acute radioactive deposition during the growing season of potato and for testing the validity of relevant food-chain models.

The hG-CSF (human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor) is a growth and stimulation factor capable of inducing the proliferation of bone marrow cells, several types of leukocytes, among other hematopoietic tissue cells. hG-CSF is used in used to treat anomalies that reder a small number of circulating white blood cells, which may compromise the immune defenses of the affected person. For these reasons, the production of hG-CSF in a bioreactor system using the mammary gland of genetic modified animals is a possibility of adding value to the bovine genetic material and reducing the costs of hG-CSF production in pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we aimed the production of transgenic hG-CSF bovine through the lipofection of bovine primary fibroblasts with an hG-CSF expression cassette and cloning these fibroblasts by the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique. The bovine fibroblasts transfected with the hG-CSF cassette presented a stable insertion of this construct into their genome and were efficiently synchronized to G0/G1 cell cycle stage. The transgenic fibroblasts were cloned by SCNT and produced 103 transferred embryos and 2 pregnancies, one of which reached 7 months of gestation.

The technique of SCNT is now well established but still remains inefficient. The in vitro development of SCNT embryos is dependent upon numerous factors including the recipient cytoplast and karyoplast. Above all, the metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII)　oocytes have typically become the recipient of choice. Generally high level of MPF present in MII oocytes induces the transferred nucleus to enter mitotic division precociously and causes NEBD and PCC, which may be the critical role for nuclear reprogramming. In the present study we investigated the in vitro development and pregnancy of White-Hanwoo SCNT embryos treated with caffeine (a protein kinase phosphatase inhibitor). As results, the treatment of 10 mM caffeine for 6 h significantly increased MPF activity in bovine oocytes but does not affect the developmental competence to the blastocyst stage in bovine SCNT embryos. However, a significant increase in the mean cell number of blastocysts and the frequency of pregnant on 150 days of White-Hanwoo SCNT embryos produced using caffeine treated cytoplasts was observed. These results indicated that the recipient cytoplast treated with caffeine for a short period prior to reconstruction of SCNT embryos is able to increase the frequency of pregnancy in cow.

In this paper we suggested the new type transfer polymer mixture. The new polymer mixture is changed the concept of transfer. A general transfer materials were made a transfer paper and were used a bonding agent. But this material don't need them. The new type transfer material is penetrated in printed matter. That time, this material have no effect on image areas. And then the separation was occurred at the penetrated point. We must be considered the transfer factors. In order factors are fixing and than we investigated a temperature and a humidity. This study were investigated that the effective conditions for transfer factors of the new transfer polymer were temperature 24℃, humidity 80 %.

Two hundred seventy-‘our microorganisms were isolated from the 50il of abandon어 mines around for selecting the heavy metal-degrading strains and their microbial diversity was analyzed. The specimens of macrofungi were isolated from the soil of abandoned mines around for selecting the heavy metal-degrading strains. Eunseong and Dogok in Gyeongsangbuk-do， for selecting the heavy metal-degrading strains. Soil was also collected from same location. Contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As) were determined spectrometically in fruiting bodies of forty eight wild macrofungi specimens with soils. When the analysed their transfer factor from soil to fruiting body, AmallÎla volvata have the highest transfer factor of cadmium and arsenic. And Mycella pura showed the highest in mercury, Marasmius pulcherripes in zinc, Laccaria laccata in nickel, and Collybia confluens in chrome. When compare the population of mushrooms between the contaminated mines and Mt. Chiak as the healthy area, Genus Russula and Collybia were collected both area, but Leucocoprillus, Coprinus, Suillus, Lepiost, Gyroporus, Lepista, Microstoma, Stropharia, and Agrocybe were only in the contaminated mine area.

환승은 타고 있던 교통수단에서 다른 교통수단으로 갈아타는 것을 의미한다. 환승은 통행의 불편을 겪지만, 효율적인 대중교통을 이용하기 위해서는 어쩔 수 없이 발생할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 환승횟수를 최대한 줄이는 것이 대중교통의 활성화를 제공하고, 대중교통의 편의를 제공함에 있어서 아주 중요한 요소라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 수집한 대중교통카드 자료는 평택시 평일 61,986건, 주말 69,100건이며, 수집된 교통자료카드를 이용하여 패턴분석 및 환승영향요인을 분석하였다. Trip Chain 분석 결과, 주말에 주 통행이 통근 및 통행이 아닌 쇼핑, 여가 등의 목적으로환승 횟수가 많아지며, 통행거리는 10km이상 증가하며 통행시간도 약 9.9분 늘어나는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 Structural Equation Model의 결과, Factor 1릉 총 통행시간, 총 통행거리, Factor 2는 승·하차 인원수, Factor 3는 환승시간, 대기시간, Factor 4는 버스연계노선 수, 운행대수로 환승통행량에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

While transit is inconvenient, it is also inevitable for the efficient public transportation. Reducing the number of transfers as much as possible is most important in providing the convenience of public transportation and facilitating the public transportation. As for the public transportation card data, 61,986 items on weekdays and 69,100 items on weekends were collected. Pattern analysis and traffic influence factors were analyzed using traffic data card. Trip chain results revealed that people have more transit transfers for shopping and leasure than commuting purposes on weekends and that commuting distance and time increase by 10 km and 9.9 minutes, respectively. Besides, results of the structural equation model showed that factor 1(total travel time, total travel distance), factor 2(number of people getting on and off), factor 3(transit time), and factor 4(number of bus connections, number of operations) were found to have significant effects on the number of transfers.

본 연구는 이전가격분석에 있어서 매출대비 판매비와 관리비(이하 “판관비”라고 함) 비율의 비교가능성 요인으로서의 유효성을 국내 도매업체를 대상으로 실증적으로 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이전가격분석 실무에서 판관비 비율을 비교가능성 요인으로 고려하는 경우는 있으나 이를 실증적으로 접근한 국내연구는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 도매업체를 대상으로 판관비 비율의 비교가능성 요인으로서의 유효성을 확인해보고자 한다. 본 연구의 연구모형은 독립변수로 판관비 비율, 총자산 비율, 총자산 규모를 설정하고, 종속변수로 이익수준지표(매출총이익률, 영업이익률 및 Berry ratio)를 설정하여 독립변수가 종속변수에 미치는 영향을 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 실증분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 KIS-Value Ⅱ에서 1999-2008년 중 KSIC코드 46000(도매 및 상품중개업)에 해당하는 2,522개 중 최종 546개 업체의 재무자료를 표본으로 이용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 판관비 비율과 총자산 비율은 이익수준지표에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 유효한 비교가능성 요인이라는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나, 총자산 규모는 이익수준지표에 미치는 영향이 일관되게 나타나지 않았다. Berry ratio를 종속변수로 사용한 분석에서는 용역수행 정도를 나타내는 판관비 비율이 유효한 비교가능성 요인으로 확인되었는데 이는 본 연구의 대상인 통상적인 도매업체에 대하여 Berry ratio가 적절치 않음을 보여주는 결과라 할 수 있다. 총자산 규모는 Berry ratio에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 전체 도매업체 분석과 업종별 분석은 그 결과에 차이가 있었다. 대체로 전체 도매업체 분석결과와 표본수가 많은 업종에 대한 분석결과가 통계적으로 의미가 있었다.

The objective of this study is to verify the effectiveness of selling and administrative expenses-to-sales ratio as a comparability factor in a transfer pricing analysis. A research model using independent variables of total selling and administrative expenses-to-sales ratio(SGA), total assets-to-sales ratio(ASTs) and total assets(lnAST) was designed based on the precedent research results. The multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether the above independent variables(i.e., comparability factors) are statistically linked to the profit level indicators(i.e., dependant variables) such as gross margin(GM), operating margin(OM) and Berry ratio(BR), which are generally considered in a transfer pricing analysis for distributors. The 546 ordinary distributors were narrowed down from a total sample size of 2,522 companies. The period for this analysis was 10 years(1999-2008). According to the research results, SGA and ASTs were confirmed as effective comparability factors for the transfer pricing analysis for ordinary distributors, while ln ASTs showed inconsistent results. In BR analysis, SGA was confirmed as an effective comparability factor, but which implies that the BR may not be an appropriate profit level indicator for ordinary distributors other than those with simple functions or service providers. Finally, the results for a large-pool of distributors covering all items were different from those for small-pools of each item, and the bigger number of samples, the more statistically meaningful results.

논의 99Tc 오염 시 소석회와 유기질 비료의 토양 첨가가 쌀알 내 99Tc 농도 저감 대책으로서 유용한지 알아보기 위하여 온실 내에서 두 가지 논토양에 대해 포트실험을 수행하였다. 모내기 15 일 전에 약 20 cm 깊이에 해당하는 상부 토양을 상기 농용 물질과 99Tc로 처리하였다. 처리 효과는 토양 중 농도에 대한 작물체 내 농도의 비로 정의되는 전이계수(TF)로 비교하였다. 대조 작물체의 경우 두 토양에서 현미 TF 값은 4.1×10-4 및 4.3×10-4였다. 각종 유형의 첨가 중에서 한 토양에 대해 60%정도의 TF 값 감소를 나타낸 소석회 저수준 첨가(약 0.6 kg m-2)만이 대책으로서 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 다른 한 토양에서는 동 첨가의 효과가 거의 없었으므로 다수의 토양에 대한 평균적인 효과를 알아내는 것이 중요하다. 두 가지 다른 수준의 유기질 비료의 첨가는 모두 TF 값을 증가시켰다. 위보다 더 낮은 수준의 소석회 첨가에 대해 실험을 수행할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

To see if slaked lime and organic fertilizer applications to soil are useful as countermeasures for reducing 99Tc concentrations in rice seeds after 99Tc contamination of paddy fields, pot experiments were performed for two different paddy soils in a greenhouse. The upper soils for a depth of about 20 cm were treated with the agricultural materials and 99Tc 15 d before transplanting. The effects were compared using the transfer factor (TF) defined as the ratio of the plant concentration to the soil concentration. In the case of control plants, TF values for brown rice in the two soils were 4.1×10-4 and 4.3×10-4. Of various types of the application, only the application of slaked lime at a lower dose (about 0.6 kg m-2), which led to a 60% reduction in the TF value for one soil, seemed to be worth using as a countermeasure. Little effect of the same application was found in the other soil so it is important to determine the effect averaged for a number of soils. Organic fertilizer applications at both of two different doses increased the TF value. It is considered necessary to perform experiments for slake lime applications at doses lower than the above.

In order to improve the living conditions of the residents and improve the satisfaction of rural land transfer, by constructing the structural equation model of government policies, re-employment and residents’ will of rural land transfer, this paper analyzes the promoting effect of the government policies and re-employment work. The results show: There is a significant correlation among residents’ will of rural land transfer, government policies and re-employment work. The government should improve management institution of rural land transfer to supervise each link of the rural land transfer, especially for the signing and implementation of the contract. To deal with the conflict appeared in the rural land transfer; the grass-roots government should set reasonable management systems and refine the implementation of these systems. Grass-roots government takes systematically training of cadres in rotation to improve the management capacity of grass-roots cadres.

R&D performance in Korea has been grown remarkably owing to the governmentsupport policy. However, the revenue of technology transfer to private enterprise bypublic research institutions in Korea is insignificant compared to the foreign developedcountries. Korean government has reviewed with multilateral on the efficient technologycommercialization, and then legislated research institute company law in 2006 as asupport policy to maximize technology commercialization success rate. A lot of researchinstitute companies have been operating these days. However, the business performancesof research institute companies are still not so prominent. In order to suggest methods toincrease the success rate of research institute companies, the research on the researchinstitute company is needed. This paper is to suggest right directions to activate technology commercialization inpublic research institutions. And it suggests methods to lead the research institutecompanies as prominent companies based on the case study of the four representativetechnology investment institutes and four research institute companies.

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural field near at the abandoned metal mines has been a critical issue in Korea. In particular, bioaccumulation in plants can have detrimental effect on human health. Main objective of this research was to examine arsenic (As) concentration in soil with varied extraction methods and to determine bioaccumulation and biological transfer factor in different crops. Results showed that bioaccumulation ratio of As for total contents in soil was ordered leafy and stem vegetables (1.19%) > fruit bearing vegetables (0.79%) > pulses (0.40%) > root vegetables (0.36%) with different crop species. Among 6 different extraction methods, all of extraction methods showed high correlation ($R^2=0.87-0.97$) except DTPA ($R^2=0.25$) when comparing As concentration in soil extracted with different extractants and As concentration in each crops. Calculated biological transfer factor was ranged 0.002-0.018 depending on crop species. Overall, concentration of As in crops can be varied and best management practice for minimizing bioaccumulation of As should be considered depending on crop species.

Type 1 diabetes is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by the cytotoxic T cells-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the Langerhans pancreatic islets. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent mitogen and a promoter of proliferation of insulin producing beta cells of pancreatic islets. To study the role of HGF via viral vector in the development of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in mice, we have developed an adenoviral vector genetically engineered to carry the gene for human HGF (hHGF) and evaluate the change of blood glucose, insulin level, and insulin-secreting beta cells of pancreatic islets. We demonstrate that the treatment with hHGF gene prevented the development of STZ-induced diabetes and increased serum insulin level to above normal range. Furthermore, it preserved pancreatic beta cells from destruction. These in vivo results may support previous findings that HGF is insulinotropic agent for beta cells and HGF treatment renders the cells to be resistant to the development of diabetes from STZ administration. We suggest that an adenoviral mediated hHGF gene therapy is a good candidate for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.

LMP based congestion management method is suggested as an effective tool, because network congestion can be handled by energy price. It is now being widely used in the North American Electricity Markets. Among them, FGR(Flow-gate rights) is considered to be appropriate for our system, as power flow through the congested line is unidirectional and congestion occurs in the known place. In the CBP market, hedging through transmission right is not necessary even though location pricing system is adopted, because there are no risks in the energy price. Rut, transmission rights should be adopted in the advanced market. Key issue when implementing FGR is how to decide transmission right issuance quantify. This paper deals with a method to decide transmission right issuance quantity by using power. Transfer Distribution Factor(PTDF).

Experimental investigations were conducted to study forced convection of fully developed turbulent flows in horizontal equilateral triangular ducts with different surface roughness pitch ratios (P/e) of 4, 8, and 16 on one side. The ducts bottom wall was heated uniformly and the other surfaces were thermally insulated. To understand heat transfer enhancement mechanism, heat transfer rates were measured. Smooth triangular ducts were also tested for benchmark purposes. The results were compared with previous results for similarly configured channels, at which they were roughened by regularly spaced transverse ribs in the rectangular and circular channels.