Earticle

Ionization chambers often exhibit a stem effect, caused by interactions of radiation with air near the chamber end, or with dielectric in the chamber stem or cable. In this study measured stem effect correction factor for length of ionization chamber from medical linear accelerator recommend to with the use of stem correction method. For a model of the Farmer-type chamber, were used to calculate the beam quality correction factor. These interactions contribute to the apparent measured exposure. Additionally, it needs to consider ionization chamber use of small volume and stem effect of cable by a large field. Linear accelerator generated photons energy and increased dose repeatedly measured by using stem correction method. Stem effect was dependence of the energy and increases with photon energy conditions improved of beam quality. In conclusion, stem effect correction factor was measured within 0.4% calculated according to the exposures stem length and also supposed to determined below 1% of another stem correction method.

It was found that the purified extract from A. gigas Nakai (polysaccharide, M.W.,25 kD)controled differentiating human ES cells. Its optimal supplementation concentration was decided as 0.8 (㎍/ml) to efficiently control the differentiation. It also enhanced the cell growth, compared to the control. However, most widely used and commercially available differentiating agent, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor(LIF) negatively affected on the cell growth even though it controls the differentiation of ES cells, down to 40-50 % based on morphological observation and telomerase activity. It was presumed that the extract first affected on cell membrane and resulted in controlling signal system, then amplify gene expression of telomere, which enhanced the telomerase activity up to three times compared to the control. LIF only increased the enzyme activity up to two times. It was confirmed that the extract from A.gigas Nakai could be used for substituting currently used differentiation controlling agent, LIF from animal resourcess as a ceap plant resource and not affecting the cell growth. It can broaden the application of the plants not only to functional foods and their substitutes but also to fine chemicals and most cutting-edge biopharmaceutical medicine.

목적: 최본 연구에서는 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물을 응용하여 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 평가하고자 한다. 방법: 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물의 화장품 소재로의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 항산화효과를 확인하기 위해 DPPH 라디컬 소거능, 총 폴리페놀 및 플라 보노이드 함량, ABTS 라디칼 소거능, SOD 유사활성을 측정하였다. 그리고 H2O2에 의해 유발되는 산화적 스트레스에 대한 HaCaT 세포 보호효과를 확인하였으며, 마지막으로 모유두 세포 증식효과를 확인하였다. 결과: 첫째, 항산화 효과 실험 결과, DPPH 라디 칼 소거능을 측정한 결과 400 μg/mL의 농도에서 생강 잎 추출물은 88.78%, 줄기 추출물은 70.12%, 뿌리 추출물은 65.52%으로 확 인되었으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물은 각각 170.22, 120.27, 146 μg/mL으로 확인되었으며, 총 플라보노 이드는 각각 98.52, 70.26, 46.12 μg/mL의 함량이 확인되었다. ABTS radical 소거능을 측정한 결과 400 μg/mL의 농도에서 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물은 각각 88.26, 70.73, 64.13%으로 확인되었으며, SOD 유사활성 측정결과 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물은 각 각65.22, 57.53, 50.21%의 소거능이 확인되었다. 둘째, 과산화수소로 유도된 HaCaT 세포의 산화적 손상에 대한 보호효과는 100 μg/mL 농도에서 생강 잎 추출물은 82.18%, 줄기 추출물은 78.98%, 뿌리 추출물은 70.27%의 생존율이 확인되었다. 실험 결과 생 강 잎 추출물이 32%의 증가율을 나타냄으로써 과산화수소로 유도된 세포 손상에 대해 보호효과가 높게 확인되었다. 셋째, 모유두 세포 증식효과는 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물을 72시간 배양한 결과 100 μg/mL 농도에서 생강 잎 추출물은 158.63%, 줄기 추출물 은 140.41%, 뿌리 추출물은 132.40%까지 세포 증식효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 이상의 연구 결과 생강 부위별 추출물 중 잎 추 출물이 항산화효과, HaCaT 세포 보호효과, 모유두 세포 증식효과가 가장 우수하여 화장품 소재 개발로 충분한 가능성이 있음을 확 인하였다.

Purpose: In this study, we used Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale ) leaf, stem, and root extracts to evaluate their potential as cosmetic materials. Methods: We measured DPPH radical-scavenging activity, total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like physiological activity to confirm the antioxidant effect to assess the potential of Z. officinale leaf, stem, and root extracts as cosmetic materials. Furthermore, the protective effect on oxidative stress caused by H2O2 in HaCaT cells and proliferative effect in dermal papilla cells were assessed. Results: As a result of the antioxidant effect of Z. officinale leaf, stem, and root extracts, DPPH radical-scavenging activity was measured at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and it was 88.78% in Z. officinale leaf extract, 70.12% in stem extract, and 65.52% in root extract. Total polyphenolic content was 170.22 μg/mL (leaf), 120.27 μg/mL (stem), and 146 μg/mL (root), whereas total flavonoid content was 98.52 μg/ mL (leaf), 70.26 μg/mL (stem), and 46.12 μg/mL (root). ABTS radical scavenging activity was measured at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and it was 88.26% (leaf), 70.73% (stem), and 64.13% (root). Further, SOD-like physiological activity was 65.22% (leaf), 57.53% (stem), and 50.21% (root). The protective effect on oxidative stress caused by H2O2 in HaCaT cells was 82.18% (leaf), 78.98% (stem), and 70.27% (root) at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Our results confirmed that Z. officinale leaf extract has high protective effects on cell damage caused by H2O2, showing a 32% increase. Moreover, the proliferative effect in dermal papilla cells was 158.63% (leaf), 140.41% (stem), and 132.40% (root) when cells were cultured for 72 h at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Conclusion: Thus, Z. officinale leaf extract has the highest antioxidant effect, HaCaT cell protective effect, and proliferative effect in dermal papilla cells, indicating a possibility to be developed as a cosmetic material.

目的: 在这项研究中，使用了生姜叶，茎和根提取物来评估其作为化妆品原料的潜力。方法: 为评估生姜叶， 茎和根提取物作为化妆品原料的潜力，测定DPPH清除自由基的活性，总多酚和类黄酮的含量，ABTS清除自 由基的活性以及类SOD的生理活性，以确认其抗氧化作用。此外，还评估了HCaT细胞中H2O2引起的对氧化 应激的保护作用以及真皮乳头细胞中的增殖作用。结果: 抗氧化测定结果显示，在400μg/mL的浓度下，生姜 DPPH清除自由基的活性分别为88.78%（叶），70.12%（茎），65.52％（根）。总多酚含量分别为170.22 μg/mL（叶），120.27 μg/mL（茎）和146μg/ mL（根）；总黄酮含量为98.52 μg/ mL（叶），70.26 μg/ mL（茎），和46.12 μg/mL（根）。在400 μg/mL的浓度下，ABTS自由基清除活性分别为88.26％（叶）， 70.73％（茎）和64.13％（根）。此外，类SOD的生理活性为65.22％（叶），57.53％（茎）和50.21％ （根）。在100μg/mL的浓度下，HaCaT细胞中H2O2引起的对氧化应激的保护作用分别为82.18％（叶）， 78.98％（茎）和70.27％（根）。结果证实，生姜提取物对H2O2引起的细胞损伤的保护作用增加了32％。此 外，当以100μg/ mL的浓度培养细胞72 h时，在真皮乳头细胞中的增殖作用分别为158.63％（叶），140.41％ （茎）和132.40％（根）。结论: 因此，生姜叶提取物在各部位的提取物中具有最佳的抗氧化作用，HaCaT细胞 保护作用和真皮乳头细胞增殖作用，因此作为化妆品材料具有充分的潜力。

We transplanted mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to improve functional loss in a rat model of clip-compression spinal cord injury (SCI). The mouse embryonic stem cells were transplanted to injured cord 7 days after injury. We include minimizing the progression of secondary injury, manipulating the neuroinhibitory environment of the spinal cord, replacing lost tissue with transplanted cells and substantial improvement of motor. A number of potential approaches optimize functional recovery after spinal cord injury. We review the application of stem cell transplantation to the spinal cord, emphasizing the use of embryonic stem cells for reconstruction of spinal cord injury. Thus, this study provides strong evidence to support that transplantation of mESC could improve functional recovery after SCI.

Background: Coating a culture plate with molecules that aid in cell adhesion is a technique widely used to produce animal cell cultures. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is known for its efficiency in promoting adhesion, survival, and proliferation of adherent cells. Gelatin, a cost-effective type of ECM, is widely used in animal cell cultures including feeder-free embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the optimal concentration of gelatin is a point of debate among researchers, with no studies having established the optimal gelatin concentration. Methods: In this study, we coated plastic plates with gelatin in a concentrationdependent manner and assessed Young’s modulus using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the microstructure of the surface of each plastic plate. The adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the ESCs were compared and analyzed revealing differences in surface microstructure dependent on coating concentration. Results: According to AFM analysis, there was a clear difference in the microstructure of the surface according to the presence or absence of the gelatin coating, and it was confirmed that there was no difference at a concentration of 0.5% or more. ES cell also confirmed the difference in cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation according to the presence or absence of gelatin coating, and also it showed no difference over the concentration of 0.5%. Conclusions: The optimum gelatin-coating for the maintenance and differentiation of ES cells is 0.5%, and the gelatin concentration-mediated microenvironment and ES cell signaling are closely correlated.

본 연구는 이식된 줄기세포들이 혈관용 클립압박으로 유도된 척수경색 동물들에서 행동학적 결핍을 감소시키는 연구를 진행하였다. 흉수신경 9번과 10번에 척수 손상후 5일후에 배아줄기세포 이식을 통해서 배아줄기세포가 경색부위를 채워지게 되므로 이식후 손상부위의 조직학적 감소와 신경세포군의 조직학적 재생을 증명하는데 중점을 두었다. 본 연구를 통해 마우스 배아줄기세포의 이식이 중증 척수 손상후 행동학적 발달을 보여주는 명백한 결과들을 도출하였음을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 마우스 배아줄기세포는 신경학적 손상에 대한 치료로서 사용될 수 있는 처치법이다. 결론적으로, 줄기세포 적용은 손상조직을 재생시켜서 기능적, 행동적 향상에 기여할 수 있기에 다양한 줄기세포 치료법을 통해 임상적 적용을 위한 중요한 치료법이 될 수 있다.

Our experiment studied that grafted stem cells reduced behavioral deficiency in rodent animal models of clip compressive surgery inducing spinal cord infarction. Our research proved the effect of embryonic stem cells to the spinal cord infarction caused by compressing T9-10 with an aneurysm clip, focusing the application of grafted stem cells for reduction of infarction and regeneration of spinal cord nervous injury. Therefore, our research suggests manifest results that implantation of mouse embryonic stem cell could show behavioral improvement after severe spinal cord damage. Therefore, mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) could be useful application for the method in neurological injury. Conclusively, stem cell implant therapy may enhance the effectiveness of stem cell implant for central nervous system injury.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to differentiate into multiple lineages, making neurogenic differentiation an important target in the clinical field. In the present study, we induced the neurogenic differentiation of cells using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and studied their mechanisms for further differentiation in vitro. We treated cells with the HDAC inhibitors, MS-275 and NaB; and found that the cells had neuron-like features such as distinct bipolar or multipolar morphologies with branched processes. The mRNA expressions encoding for NEFL, MAP2, TUJ1, OLIG2, and SYT was significantly increased following HDAC inhibitors treatment compared to without HDAC inhibitors; high protein levels of MAP2 and Tuj1 were detected by immunofluorescence staining. We examined the mechanisms of differentiation and found that the Wnt signaling pathway and downstream mitogen-activate protein kinase were involved in neurogenic differentiation of MSCs. Importantly, Wnt4, Wnt5a/b, and Wnt11 protein levels were highly increased after treatment with NaB; signals were activated through the regulation of Dvl2 and Dvl3. Interestingly, NaB treatment increased the levels of JNK and upregulated JNK phosphorylation. After MS-275 treatment, Wnt protein levels were decreased and GSK-3β was phosphorylated. In this cell, HDAC inhibitors controlled the non-canonical Wnt expression by activating JNK phosphorylation and the canonical Wnt signaling by targeting GSK-3β.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the most cause of death around the world and fields of interest for cardiac stem cells. Also, current use of terminally differentiated adult cardiomyocytes for CVDs has limited regenerative capacity therefore any significant cell loss may result in the development of progressive heart failure. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from blastocyst‐stage embryos spontaneously have ability to differentiate via embryo‐like aggregates (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm) in vitro into various cell types including cardiomyocyte. However, most effective molecule or optimized condition which can induce cardiac differentiation of hESCs is rarely studied. In this study, we developed both spontaneous and inductive cardiomyocyte‐like cells differentiation from hESCs by treatment of induced‐factors, 5‐azacytidine, BMP‐4 and cardiogenol C. On the one hand, spontaneous and inductive cardiomyocyte‐like cells showed that cardiac markers are expressed for further analysis by RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry. Interestingly, BMP‐4 greatly improved mogeneous population of the cardiomyocyte‐like cells from hESCs CHA15 and H09. In conclusion, we verified that spontaneously differentiated cells showed cardiac specific markers which characterize cardiac cells, treated extrinsic factors can manage cellular signals and found that hESCs can undergo differentiation into cardiomyocytes better than spontaneous group. This finding offers an insight into the inductive factor of differentiated cardiomyocytes and provides some helpful information that may offer the potential of cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs using extrinsic factors.