Earticle

국제표준화기구(ISO)에서는 2019년 10월에 비즈니스연속성 관리시스템에 대한 요구사항인 ISO 22301을 개정하여 출판 되었다. 그동안 ISO 22301:2012으로 받은 인증은 2023년 10월 31일에 만료가 된다. 따라서 어떤 사항이 변경되었는지를 확인 하는 것이 필요하다. 특히 새롭게 등장한 솔루션(solution)에 대해 관련 규격과 인터넷 자료를 통해 그 개념을 분석하였다.

중화인민공화국의｢토지관리법｣이 오랫동안 간과한 토지 자원의 부적절한 사용은 중국의 환경 보호에 심각한 문제를 야기했을 뿐만 아니라, 사법 기관과 행정 기관의 토지 관리에도 새로운 어려움을 가중시켰습니다. 따라서 이 글은 먼저 중화인민공화 국 토지자원 남용의 개념과 특성을 분석하고, 이어서 남용 사례의 관할권 문제와 처 벌 기준의 한계를 논의한 후, 제도적 개선 방안을 제시합니다.

The malicious use of land resources, long having been neglected by the Land Management Law of the People’s Republic of China, not only creates significant obstacles to environmental protection but also poses novel challenges to judicial and administrative land management. This paper will therefore systematically summarize the conceptual framework of land resource abuse in China, critically analyze jurisdictional and punitive dimensions of this issue, and propose the author’s method of improvement.

2009년 스마트폰이 도입된 이래 가입자 수는 2018년 5천만 명 돌파로 국민 1인 1 스마트폰 시대가 되었다. 스마트폰은 일상생활을 편리하게 하고 있지만, 다른 측면에 서는 이에 대한 의존과 중독으로 개인 내면의 심리 문제와 대인과 소통, 그리고 인터 넷 중독 및 조직 내에서 업무 효율 문제 등 부정적 결과도 초래하고 있는 것이 사실 이다. 스마트폰 중독은 육체와 정신적 문제뿐 아니라 영적 생활에도 영향을 끼친다. 육 체 건강과 정신 건강, 그리고 영적 건강은 서로 연결되어 있기 때문이다. 중독자들은 스스로 조절이 되지 않는다는 사실에 수치심과 죄책감을 느끼기도 한다. 또한 중독으 로 인해 중독자들은 육체적 고통도 겪으며, 타인과 관계뿐 아니라 하나님과 관계를 방해받기도 한다. 스마트폰 중독은 개인적․가족적·사회적·환경적·매체적 체계 원인이 있다. 기독교 상담에서는 스마트폰 중독에 따른 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있지만 목회적 차원에서 는 미진하다. 예배 시간에 스마트폰을 사용하는 그리스도인들이 증가하는 상황에서 목회자와 실천 신학자가 관심을 갖고 스마트폰 중독 예방과 회복에 대한 노력을 기울 여야 할 때다. 본 연구에서 제안한 목회적 대안은 첫째, 개인적 원인에 따른 대안으로 정체성 회 복, 균형 잡힌 자존감, 성품 훈련이다. 둘째, 가족적 원인에 따른 대안은 부모교육, 놀 이문화 보급이다. 셋째, 사회적 원인에 따른 대안은 교회 공동체성 강화, 다양한 시설 제공이다. 넷째, 환경적 원인에 따른 대안은 하나님과 관계 회복, 오고 싶고, 머물고 싶은 교회 환경 제공, 익명성 보장이다. 다섯째, 매체적 원인에 따른 대안은 접근성과 만족성이다. 실천 신학자로서 본 연구에 많은 한계점을 느꼈지만 본 연구는 스마트폰 중독에 대한 목회자와 실천 신학자들에게 관심과 연구에 대한 도전이 되기를 바란다. 그 결 과 스마트폰 중독 예방은 물론 영적으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 그리스도인들이 회복되는 계기가 되기를 소망해 본다.

Since South Korea introduced the smartphone in 2009, the number of subscribers exceeded 50 million in 2018, marking the era of one smartphone per person. Smartphones make daily life convenient, but on the other hand, dependence on and addiction to them also lead to negative consequences such as personal inner psychological problems, interpersonal communication, Internet addiction, and work efficiency problems within organizations.. Smartphone addiction affects not only physical and mental problems, but also spiritual life. This is because physical health, mental health, and spiritual health are interconnected. Addicts may feel ashamed of or guilty for not being able to control themselves. Addiction also causes addicts to suffer physically and see their relationships with God as well as with others being disrupted. Smartphone addiction is triggered by individual, family, social, environmental, and media systemic causes. In Christian counseling, studies on smartphone addiction are being actively conducted, but in terms of pastoral efforts, such is not enough. In a situation where the number of Christians using smartphones during worship services is increasing, it is time for pastors and practical theologians to pay attention to smartphone addiction prevention and recovery efforts. The pastoral alternative solutions proposed in this study are as follows. First, alternative solutions according to personal causes include identity recovery, balanced self-esteem, and character training. Second, alternative solutions according to family causes include parent education and play culture dissemination. Third, alternative solutions according to social causes include strengthening church community and providing various facilities. Fourth, alternative solutions according to environmental causes include restoration of the relationship with God, provision of a church environment where people want to come and stay, and guaranteeing of anonymity. Fifth, alternative solutions according to media causes include accessibility and satisfaction. Although many limitations are felt in this study from the point of view of a practical theologian, this study is hoped to be a challenge for the interest and research of pastors and practical theologians on smartphone addiction. As a result, this study is hoped to provide an opportunity for Christians suffering from spiritual difficulties to recover as well as to prevent smartphone addiction.

Multiculturalism is the source of identity, innovation, and creativity that unites people around the world. Therefore, building a happy and civilized multicultural family is the goal of every country. Vietnam and Korea officially established diplomatic relations on December 22, 1992. Over the past 30 years, the two countries relations have developed rapidly with two upgrades from Comprehensive Partnership in 2002 to ‘Strategic Partnership’ (2009). Over time, the relationship between Vietnam and Korea has made positive developments in many fields such as politics, investment, trade, tourism, and culture. The number of Korean- Vietnamese multicultural families increased due to the demand for marriage. For Vietnamese women, the desire to immigrate to Korea is to change their lives and find a stable life. However, differences in language, especially culture, make vulnerable family members (women, children) face many difficulties such as unhappy married life; Children's education issues; Naturalization issues; Repatriation; Community reintegration. With the content: "Some state management issues of Vietnam-Korea multicultural marriage and family - practical research in Vietnam", the study focuses on clarifying: (i) Theoretical basis of the multicultural family; (ii) The interference of Vietnamese and Korean cultures; (iii) Difficulties in state management of marriage and family in Vietnamese-Korean multicultural families; (iv) Proposing some solutions. The research was carried out by specific methods such as (i) Literature review; (ii) Analysis of available statistics; (iii) Practical research through the qualitative survey (In-depth interviews with vulnerable groups; the target group is leaders and managers of family affairs in Vietnam). The purpose of the study is to ensure the interests of members of multicultural families, to promote cooperation and friendship between the two countries (Vietnam - Korea) in the field of culture.

This study, by analyzing and considering about hairdresser (skin) education institutions in Korea, intended to present supplementations for the defect of hairdresser(skin) qualification. About hairdresser(skin) qualification, It dealt with the education agency problems, certification system and licenses for six years since 2008. This research is final analysis with regard to education institution working on-site training and certification system problems, license system and the effect. This report suggests about the problem of current hairdresser(skin) qualification, comparative analysis on internal and external hairdresser(skin) qualification, license system, the scope of research and improving plans in practical events.

Recently, The huge impact of Information Technology adoption have made great changes in large parts of industries. Therefore, construction companies are trying to enhance productivity and to raise their competitiveness in the market by adopting information technology(IT). To this end, it is essential to develop a appropriate planning methodology for PMIS(Project Management Information System) in construction field. The purpose of this research is to suggest the systematic methods of evaluating the construction companies' information systems and establishing a long-term information strategy. The major results of this research are summarized as follows : we need to introduced PMIS, ASP, any other solutions, and its use on this study. And also, in IT policy side, it is need to make information classification standards, integrated D/B system, construction CALS standards and any other criterion related with IT standards.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of gargling with S-solution and gargling with A-solution on salivary pH, coated tongue, and dental plaque index in preschool children. Methods: Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to select the participants. 99 preschool children were divided into three groups. Dependent variables were recorded at baseline, 30 minutes, and 7 days after the first treatment was given. The data were analyzed using X2-test, ANOVA, and repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in dependent variables in pre-test. However, the salivary pH in the S-solution group had significantly increased after 30 minutes (p<.05) and then again 7 days (p<.01) after the first treatment. Also, the S-solution and A-solution groups had greater decrease in dental plaque index after 30 minutes and again 7 days after the first treatment (p<.001) than the control group. With respect to coated tongue, there were no significant differences among the three groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that essential oil gargling after brushing is helpful in improving oral health due to auxiliary oral hygiene effects with natural products. Specifically, gargling with S-solution is more effective than A-solution on oral health in preschool children by neutralizing salivary pH and reducing dental plaque index.

Isogeometric solution of Poisson equation is provided. NURBS (NonUniform B-spline Surface) is introduced to express both geometry of structure and unknown field of governing equation. The terms of stiffness matrix and load vector are consistently derived with very accurate geometric definition. The validity of the isogeometric formulation is demonstrated by using two numerical examples such as square plate and L-shape plate. From numerical results, the present solutions have a good agreement with analytical and finite element (FE) solutions with the use of a few cells in isogeometric analysis.

Bitcoin is a decentralized crypto-currency, which is based on the peer-to-peer network, and was introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Bitcoin transactions are written by using a scripting language. The hash value of a transaction's script is used to identify the transaction over the network. In February 2014, a Bitcoin exchange company, Mt. Gox, claimed that they had lost hundreds of millions US dollars worth of Bitcoins in an attack known as transaction malleability. Although known about since 2011, this was the first known attack that resulted in a company loosing multi-millions of US dollars in Bitcoins. Our reason for writing this paper is to understand Bitcoin transaction malleability and to propose an efficient solution. Our solution is a softfork (i.e., it can be gradually implemented). Towards the end of the paper we present a detailed analysis of our scheme with respect to various transaction malleability-based attack scenarios to show that our simple solution can prevent future incidents involving transaction malleability from occurring. We compare our scheme with existing approaches and present an analysis regarding the computational cost and storage requirements of our proposed solution, which shows the feasibility of our proposed scheme.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of A-solution on halitosis and oral status in preoperative NPO patients. Methods: A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants in this study were 66 patients who were admitted for gynecologic surgery. The experimental treatment was to give oral gargling with A-solution, blended essential oils and diluted with distilled water. To identify the experimental treatment effects, halitosis, salivary pH, and oral status were measured by a portable halitosis detector, visual analogue scale, Bromo Thymol Blue (BTB), Bromo Cresol Purple (BCP) test paper and oral assessment guide. Data were analyzed using $X^2$-test, t-test with PASW 18.0 version. Results: Participants were homogeneous before experimental treatment. Objective halitosis in the experimental group, measured by a portable halitosis detector (t=-8.34, p<.001) was significantly lower than the control group. Subjective halitosis was significantly lower in the experimental group (t=-9.29, p<.001). Salivary pH was significantly different between two groups (t=8.81, p<.001). Oral status was significantly better in the experimental group (t=-13.31, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that oral gargling using A-solution is effective in reducing patient halitosis, and improving oral status.

The concepts of graph theory are applied to model and analyze dynamics of computer networks, biochemical networks and, semantics of social networks. The analysis of dynamics of complex networks is important in order to determine the stability and performance of networked systems. The analysis of non-stationary and nonlinear complex networks requires the applications of ordinary differential equations (ODE). However, the process of resolving input excitation to the dynamic non-stationary networks is difficult without involving external functions. This paper proposes an analytical formulation for generating solutions of nonlinear network ODE systems with functional decomposition. Furthermore, the input excitations are analytically resolved in linearized dynamic networks. The stability condition of dynamic networks is determined. The proposed analytical framework is generalized in nature and does not require any domain or range constraints.

We provide an analytic solution for the problem of the unsteady, incompressible viscous fluid flow in the case of variable suction/blowing by applying similarity transform; the 'slip' condition at the boundary is considered. Several special cases with their solutions are given and are discussed graphically. It is observed that with an increase in suction the velocity increases and hence the boundary layer thickness decreases and with increase in blowing the velocity decreases and boundary layer thickness increases. It is also found that with an increase in slip parameter the velocity decreases.

Owing to the modification of testing methods of disinfectants or antiseptics, variations of bacteria according to characteristics of regions and resistance changes of bacteria, it is necessary that the bactericidal activities of disinfectants or antiscptics should be reevaluated nowadays. This study was carried out to reevaluate in the vitro bactericidal activity of Chlorhexidine gluconate solution. The results of experiment were summarized as follows. 1. For Chlorhexidine gluconate solution, minimal inhibitory concentrations of total bacteria taken from sewage water and Legionella bozemanii were $2.0\times 10^{-3}$%, $1.0\times 10^{-2}$%, respectively and were comparatively high. Minimal inhibitory concentration of Shigella flexneri was $1.6\times 10^{-4}$%, and was comparatively low. 2. For total bacteria taken from sewage water, it was killed within 15 minute in 0.1% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution when number of cells was $1.6\times 10^7$/ml. 3. For 0.0125% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution, decimal reduction times of Ps. aeruginosa, S. typhi, E. Coli were 45 sec, 25 sec, 18 sec repectively. For 1%, 0.125% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution, decimal reduction times of Legionella bozemanii were 10 sec, 45 sec respectively. 4. There was significant difference in the bactericidal activity of Chlorhexidine gluconate solution according to temperattire. Phenol coefficient of Chlorhexidine gluconate solution as using Staph. aureus was 100 and comparatively higher than that of other disinfectants. In comparison with other disinfectants, Legionella bozemanii was killed within 5 minutes in 0.02% KMnO$_4$ and 0.125% Chlorhexidine giuconate solution but was not killed within 3 minutes in 1% 0-cresol, 1% Phenol.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) solution with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in oral care of acute leukemia patients under induction chemotherapy. Methods: Forty-eight patients were randomly selected and assigned to an SB solution group or CHXbased product group according to acute myelogenous leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Patients were asked to rinse their mouth four times a day from the day before chemotherapy started until discharge. The World Health Organization mucositis grade, patient-reported Oral Mucositis Daily Questionnaire, and clinical signs associated with infection were assessed on a daily basis. The oral microbial count was assessed on a weekly basis from the 1st day of chemotherapy started to the 28th day or to the day of discharge from the hospital. Results: Of all the patients in the SB group, 25.0% developed ulcerative oral mucositis, whereas 62.5% in the CHX group did. The onset of oral mucositis was later in the SB group than the CHX group. The oral bacterial colonization in the SB group was significantly higher than that in the CHX group, but clinical signs associated with infection did not differ in both groups. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was found that oral care by SB solution for acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy was an effective intervention to improve oral health.

This paper presents a sole application of boundary element method to the conjugate heat transfer problem of thermally developing laminar flow in a thick walled pipe when the fluid velocities are fully developed. Due to the coupled mechanism of heat conduction in the solid region and heat convection in the fluid region, two separate solutions in the solid and fluid regions are sought to match the solid-fluid interface continuity condition. In this method, the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) with the axial direction marching scheme is used to solve the heat convection problem and the conventional boundary element method (BEM) of axisymmetric model is applied to solve the heat conduction problem. An iterative and numerically stable BEM solution algorithm is presented, which uses the coupled interface conditions explicitly instead of uncoupled conditions. Both the local convective heat transfer coefficient at solid-fluid interface and the local mean fluid temperature are initially guessed and updated as the unknown interface thermal conditions in the iterative solution procedure. Two examples imposing uniform temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are tested in thermally developing region and compared with analytic solutions where available. The benchmark test results are shown to be in good agreement with the analytic solutions for both examples with different boundary conditions.

Nanoscale fabrication of silicon substrate in an aqueous solution based on the use of atomic force microscopy was demonstrated. A specially designed cantilever with a diamond tip, allowing the formation of a mask layer on the silicon substrate by a simple scratching process (Tribo-Nanolithography, TNL), has been applied instead of the conventional silicon cantilever for scanning. A slant nanostructure can be fabricated by a process in which a thin mask layer rapidly forms on the substrate at the diamond tip-sample junction along scanning path of the tip, and simultaneously, the area uncovered with the mask layer is etched. This study demonstrates how the TNL parameters can affect the formation of the mask layer and the shape of 3-D structure, hence introducing a new process of AFM-based nanolithography in aqueous solution.

효율적으로 국소마취를 유발시키는 procaine이온도입의 효과적인 농도를 조사하였다. 19세에서 34까지의 자원자 45명을 9명씩 무작위로 5군으로 나누어 배치하고, 각군 대상자의 오른쪽 전완 전면에 각각 $2\% (pH\;5.2H),\;4%(pH\;5.12),\;8\%(pH\;4.98),\;16\%(pH\; 4.72),\;32\%(pH\;4.52)$ 염산 procaine용액 2ml를 적신 $3.5\times3.5 cm$의 면패드를 대고 4mA로 10분간 양극 직류전류를 통전시켰다. 이온도입 직후부터 5분 간격으로 21 G주사침으로 이온도입부위를 1mm함몰되게 눌러 바늘로 찌르는 통증을 느낄 때까지 감각검사를 시행하여 국소마취지속시간을 측정하였다. Procaine의 농도에 따른 축소마취지속시간을 일원분산분석한 결과 유의한 차이를 보였으며 (F=5.83; df=4, 40; p<.001). 이를 사후검정한 결과 농도 $4\%$의 국소마취지속시간이 농도 $2\%,\;8\%,\;16\%,\;32\%$보다 유의하게 길었다 (p<.01). 또한 상관분석 결과 약물의 농도는 국소마취지속시간과 상관관계가 없었다 (r=-0.41, NS). 본 연구 결과 $4\%$ 농도의 염산 procaine 용액의 이온도입이 국소마취지속시간을 가장 길게 유지하여 $4\%$ 염산 procaine 용액이 이온도입에 가장 효과적인 농도였음을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the of effective concentration of procaine iontophoresis for durarion of cutaneous local anesthesia. Forty-five healthy students with an age range of 19 to 34 years$(21\pm2.7)$, were participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Bach 9 subjects received iontophoresis on the flexor surface of dominant forearm with soft cotton pad $(3.5\times3.5cm)$ soaked in 2ml of $2\%$ (pH 5.28), $4\%$ (pH 5.12), $8\%$ (pH 4,98), $16\%$ (pH 4.72), $32\%$ (pH 4.52) procaine hydrochloride solution at 4mA for 10 minutes (total current 40mA min) using anodal direct current. The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind design, After procaine iontophoresis, the duration of anesthesia were evaluated at five minute intervals on five random locations in the iontophoretically area using a 21-gauge sterile hypodermic needle pressed with 1mm invagination unitl sharp pin-pricking pain sensation returned. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA to determine significant differences between groups. Duncan post hoc was performed at level .01. The relationship between anesthetic duration and procaine concentration was assessed with Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients. ANOVA tests showed significant differences in the anesthetic duration between the concentration of procaine solution (p<.001). Procaine iontophoresis with $4\%$ concentration produced cutaneous Socal anesthesia of significantly longer duration(15.56 min) than iontophoresis with $2\%,\;8\%,\;16\%$, and $32\%$ of procaine GCl(p<.01). Whereas the anesthetic duration had no correlation with concentration of procaine solution (r=-0.41, NS). These results support the $4\%$ procaine solution was an effective concentration of iontophoresis for induced cutaneous local anesthesia.

본 연구에서는 Solution Process를 적용한 Strontium Oxide를 배향막으로 사용한 경우의 액정배향 특성에 대해서 연구하였다. Stronium Oxide 는 High K 물질로 배향막으로 사용할 경우 임계치 전압을 효율적으로 조절할 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 액정분자와의 배향에 관한 상호관계에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되지 않았었다. 0.1～0.4 Mol 롤 농도를 조절한 Strontium Oxide를 Solution Process 로 배향막으로서 제조함으로써, 보다 생산성이 좋은 방법을 제시할 수 있었으며, 재료가 갖는 우수한 특성을 반영한 액정디 스플레이의 제조가 가능하였다. 샘플 측정결과 1.447～1.613V 의 임계치 전압특성을 보여주어 기존의 방법으로 제조된 액정디스플레 이와 동등 혹은 우월한 특성을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

We stuidied liauid crystal alignment treatment using solution process for making thin oxide layer in liquid crystal display. It is the one of very effient and popular process in making thin oxide layer in electronical industrial fields. Particularly, this process has highly potential value in liquid crystal display industrial fields because it cause automatically induced alignment process without tranditional alignment process in liquid crystal alignment process. We made several different kinds of mol density solutions using strontium oxide solution. And those solutions were treated for solidification layers using annealing process for 2 hours. And we stuided pretilt angle properties of these alignment layers of strontium oxide for clarifying the relationship of liquid crystal molecules and thin strontium oxide layer. And we also tested the existence of strontium oxide thin layer on substrate using XPS measurement. We expected the hig gain of electro-optical properties in liquid crystal display using strontium oxide thin layer because it has high K property material than the other metal-based oxide layers. In this results, we measured 1.447 to 1.613 thresholds volts as 0.1 mol to 0.4 mol density in 0.1 mol density steps. This is significant better characteristics than conventional liquid crystal display as higher than 1.85 thresholds volts. And it make possible to making next-generation liquid crystal display which present low-power consumption and wide gray scale in liquid crystal display.