Earticle

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of replacing soybean meal with perilla seed meal (PSM) on growth performance, proximate composition of meat, meat quality, and fatty acids composition of meat in broilers. A total of 60 one-day-old chicks of ROSS 308 (initial body weight of 44.8 ± 0.4 g) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups (15 replicate cages with 1 broilers per cage) in a period of 5 weeks. Dietary treatments included control (CON) basal diet (corn-soybean meal-based diets) and test diets in which PSM was included at 0.5% (T1), 1% (T2), or 2% (T3) to gradually replace soybean meal. At the end of experiment, all broilers were slaughtered for collecting breast and thigh meat. At 5 weeks, T2 and T3 treatment groups had higher (p < 0.05) body weights than CON and T1 treatment groups. Weight gain was increased (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3 treatment groups. Feed intake was decreased (p < 0.05) in T3 treatment group. Broilers in T2 treatment group had lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio than those in other treatment groups. In proximate composition of breast meat, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in moisture and ash. Fat composition of breast meat was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in T2 and T3 treatment groups. Regarding meat quality, broilers fed T3 diet had higher (p < 0.05) water holding capacity than those fed other diets. Regarding fatty acids composition of thigh meat, broilers fed T3 diet had higher (p < 0.05) linolenic acid than those fed other diets. In conclusion, soybean meal replaced by 2% perilla seed meal in broiler diet can improve growth performance, meat quality, and fatty acids composition of thigh meat in broilers. Perilla seed meal can be a lot of potential alternatives feedstuff for soybean meal in this study

Pterocarpus erinaceus is a multipurpose tree species indigenous to semi-arid and Guinean-savanna woodlands of Africa. Natural regeneration on the savanna is being hampered by higher fire frequencies and other land use changes. Simultaneously, demand for timber from the species on the international market is on the rise, raising conservation concerns. To ensure sustainability, good quality seeds, sources of which have not received much research focus, are needed for afforestation. This study investigated how seed quality, germinability and initial seedling growth of P. erinaceus might be influenced by land-use type, mother tree size as well as source and timing of fruit harvest, using both correlational and experimental approaches. The results showed that up to 94.6% of all harvested fruits contained seeds, with no differences found between fruits harvested from cultivated and non-cultivated lands. Percentage of (sound) unblemished seeds was found to be higher for fruits harvested early March (47.3%) than fruits from late April (39.5%). Percentage sound seeds was 41.4% for dispersed fruits (i.e. detached fruits picked from under mother trees) which was not found to differ from undispersed fruits (i.e. fruits harvested while still attached to mother trees) at 45.5%. Also, the influence of fruit harvest time was not found to be different for dispersed and undispersed fruits. Correlations between seed set (proportion of fruits containing seeds) and mother tree size (both tree height and DBH) were found to be very low and non-significant for both dispersed and undispersed fruits. Across mother trees, mean emergence percent was 79.7%, and mean seedling height at three weeks following emergence was 5.32 cm. Both emergence percentage and seedling height were not found to differ among mother trees, but seeds from dispersed fruits had a higher emergence percent (85%) than seeds from undispersed fruits (74%). Implications of findings are discussed.

The Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) is distributed in wide range of Northeast Asia. The species grow well in dried and cool temperature and found in mountain areas of mid or northern part of Korean peninsula. The bark of Siberian elm tree has been used as antibacterial medicine. Due to its ecological characteristics that affected by global warming, the distribution is getting narrow in Korea. In contrast, this is promising tree species in urban area and southern slope to protect soil erosion because the species require high intensity of sunlight and very tolerant to drought and cold, even grow well in poor soil. Light intensity and pretreatments were examined on seed germination of the species. Seeds germinated well when they were in dried condition rather than full of moisture or any plant growth regulators such as cytokinin (benzylaminopurin, BA), gibberellic acid (GA3) or auxin (indole-butyricacid,IBA). Germination was influenced by light quality. Seeds germinated well under the lights of LED (red:blue,2:1) than other lights. When morered lights were emitted on seeds, germination rate and germination energy decreased. Without any light sources, germination rate was higher than the fluorescent and LED (red:blue,4:1) which suggest red light inhibit the germination of the species. Seedlings have different phenotypic characters under different light quality. Leaves of seedlings grow nunder LED, they have high chlorophyll contents than fluorescent light.

목적: 본 연구는 밀웜 분말을 첨가한 들깨강정의 품질특성(색도, 기계적 물성, 관능평가)과 일반성분과 아미노산, 지방산 함량을 분 석하여 이너 뷰티 식품으로서의 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 방법: 색도는 색차계, 기계적 물성은 물성측정기를 사용하여 측정하 였다. 이화학적 분석은 AOAC 방법에 준하여 수분, 조지방, 조회분, 조단백질 함량을 측정하였다. 아미노산 조성은 아미노산 자동 분석기, 지방산 조성과 함량은 gas chromatography을 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 밀웜 분말을 첨가한 들깨강정(MC06)은 대조군 에 비해 탄수화물 함량은 낮고 단백질과 지방함량이 높았다. 지방산은 MC06 군이 대조군에 비해 oleic acid, linoeic acid, linolenic acid 함량이 높게 나타나지는 않았다. 아미노산은 MC06 군이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며, 특히 valine (대조군 514.0 mg, MC06 682.7 mg), leucine (대조군 904.2 mg, MC06 1013.3 mg), isoleucine (대조군 376.7 mg, MC06 492.3 mg) 함량이 유의적으 로 높게 나타났다. 즉, 분지아미노산함량이 MC06가 대조군에 비해 많았다. 결론: 이상의 결과 밀웜 첨가 들깨 강정은 아미노산 조 성이 우수하고 특히 분지아미노산인 valine, leucine, isoleucine의 함량이 높고 필수지방산인 linolenic acid가 많이 함유되어 있어 체 중감소 시 나타날 수 있는 근감소 예방과 피부건강과 염증완화 및 심혈관 질환 예방에 도움이 되는 식품으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 향후 밀웜을 이용한 이너 뷰티 식품에 대한 다양한 연구가 이루어지길 기대하는 바이다.

Purpose: This study investigated mechanical properties and quality characteristics, such as color, and performed a sensory evaluation of Perilla seed Gangjung added with of Perilla seed Gangjung add with mealworm powder, amino acids, fatty acid contents as inner beauty foods. Methods: Moisture, and crude fat, protein and ash content were measured by chemical analysis according to AOAC guidelines. Amino acid and fatty acid composition were analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer and, gas chromatography, respectively. Results: MC06 which is Perilla seed Gangjung with mealworm powder 6% had lower carbohydrate content and higher protein and fat content than the control group. Fatty acids content of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid MC06, were not higher than those of control group. Amino acids was significantly higher in the MC 06 group than in the control group, especially, of valine (control group, 514.0 mg, MC06 group, 682.7 mg), leucine (control group, 904.2 mg, MC06 group 1013.3 mg), and isoleucine (control group, 376.7 mg, MC06 group 492.3 mg), thus, branched amino acid content was higher in the MC06 group than in the control group. Conclusion: Perilla seed Gangjung with mealworm powder has excellent amino acid content, especially valine, leucine and isoleucine, which are branched chain amino acids, and linolenic acid, which is an essential fatty acid. Therefore, Perilla seed Gangjung with mealworm powder can prevent sarcopenia, and cardiovascular diseases. In the future, various studies on inner beauty foods using mealworm powder need to be conducted.

目的: 分析含黄粉虫粉末的紫苏子芝麻糖的质量特征如颜色，机械性能，感官评价，以及分析含黄粉虫的紫苏 子芝麻糖的一般成分，氨基酸，脂肪酸含量，探讨作为内在美容食品的可行性。方法: 利用色差计测量色度， 利用物理性能计测量机械性质。根据AOAC方法，利用物理化学分析测量水分，粗脂肪，粗蛋白和粗蛋白含量。 利用自动氨基酸分析仪分析氨基酸组成，利用气相色谱分析脂肪酸组成和含量。结果: 与对照组相比，含有6％ 含黄粉虫的MC06的碳水化合物含量较低，蛋白质和脂肪含量较高，油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量低于对照组。 MC06的氨基酸显着高于对照组，尤其是缬氨酸（对照组，514.0 mg；MC06组，682.7 mg），亮氨酸（对照 组，904.2 mg，MC06组1013.3 mg）和异亮氨酸（对照组，376.7mg，MC06组492.3mg），因此，MC06组中 的支链氨基酸含量高于对照组。结论: 含黄粉虫的紫苏子芝麻糖具有较好的氨基酸含量，尤其是缬氨酸，亮氨酸 和异亮氨酸，它们是支链氨基酸，亚麻酸是必需脂肪酸。因此，含黄粉虫的紫苏子芝麻糖可预防肌肉减少症和 心血管疾病。将来，希望对含黄粉虫的内在美容食品进行各种研究。

Background: Dehisced ginseng seeds need to be stored at cold temperatures for around 3 months to break their physiological dormancy, and thus, to aid in gemination. In the presence of high moisture in such an environment, seed spoilage and pre-germination may lower seed quality and productivity. To improve seed quality during cold-stratification, the effects of seed dehydration and temperature were tested. Methods and Results: In early December, dehisced ginseng seeds were dehydrated at 4 different levels and stored at 2℃ -2℃, and ?20℃ for 3 months. Germination was carried out on the filter papers moistened with distilled water; emergence of root, shoot, and seed spoilage were assessed. Seed viability was examined by the tetrazolium test. More than 90% of the seeds stored at 2℃ and ?2 ℃ without drying or endocarp dehydration germinated, but seeds that were dehydrated to have a moisture content (MC) below 31% showed poor germination and lost their viability. In addition, the seeds stored at ?20℃ failed to show effective germination. Conclusions: Seed storage after endocarp dehydration might help to improve seed quality and increase seedling's ability to stand during the spring-sowing of ginseng.

Background: The growth and seed yield of the perilla cultivar ‘Dayu,’ sown on four different dates, were investigated to explore its potential as an alternative crop to rice and to determine the optimal sowing period for double cropping in paddy fields in the southern region. Methods and Results: Seeds were sown on four dates: May 24, June 9, June 22, and July 8, 2022. The period from sowing to flowering progressively shortened ans sowing was delayed. However, the time from flowering to seed maturity slightly decreased by 3 days between the sowing dates for the later sowing dates. The seed yield exceeded 110 ㎏/10a, with the number and length of inflores- cences being greater in the early and late June sowings. Functional polyphenol content increased with later sowing dates and was higher in the late June and early July sowings. Additionally, grow- ing degree days (GDD), total precipitation, and total sunshine during the growth period correalated positively with agricultural traits related to both vegetative and reproductive growth. Conclusions: Considering the seed yield, seed composition, lodging resistance, and crop connec- tivity in double cropping, mid-to-late June appears to be the most suitable time for sowing perilla seeds in paddy fields in the southern region.

This study was carried out to clarify the effect of sulfur fertilization method on the qualities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed. Sulfur application increased the nitrogen and sulfur content of seed. In nitrogen content, there was no significant difference among sulfur fertilizers, whereas sulfur content was increased by raising ammonium sulrate (AS) amounts by soil application. In application method of AS, there was no significantly difference between foliar application and soil application with 58 kg S/10a. N/S ratio in seed was decreased by sulfur application, and also decreased with the increase of AS amounts by soil application. The contents of lipid and protein were increased by sulfur application. Lipid content was highest in foliar application, and protein content was lowest in AS 5 kg S/10a. By sulfur application, the content of total phenolics and electron donating ability (EDA) were increased by 3.1~4.7% and 3.6~8.5%, respectively compared with control. In content of total phenolics, there was no significant difference among sulfur fertilizers, but EDA was higher in sulfur powder 20 kg/10a and AS 8 kg S/10a than that in other fertilizers. Sulfur application showed positive effects on the qualities of safflower seed. In application effects, AS and foliar application were more efficient than sulfur powder and soil pllaication, respectively.

Pressed ham was manufactured to investigate the effects of grape seed oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham. Five treatments were divided based on differences in the amount of grape seed oil added into the pressed ham. For control, 10% of back fat was only added without grape seed oil. For the first treatment, 10% of grape seed oil among the lard component added into the pressed ham was replaced. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4rd treatments, 20%, 30% and 40% of grape seed oil was respectively replaced. Pressed ham manufactured using grape seed oil was vacuum packaged and then stored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4℃. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, sensory properties, TBARS and fatty acid composition. In the 1, 21 and 28 days of storage, shear force value of grape seed oil treatment (T4) was significantly lower than that of control (P<0.05). No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties among control and grape seed oil treatment groups. The TBARS value was significantly higher in control than in grape seed oil treatment group(T4) at 28 days of storage (P<0.05). The TBARS of control and grape seed oil treatment groups increased significantly as the storage period increased(P<0.05). The linoleic acid(C18:2) content of grape seed oil treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control(P<0.05). But the contents of C10:0～C20:4 were decreased significantly by grape seed oil additive (P<0.05). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content of control was significantly higher than that of grape seed oil treatment groups(P<0.05). Whereas the increase level of grape seed oil additive resulted in the significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content(P<0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that the sensory properties and lipid oxidation(TBARS) of manufactured pressed ham were not affected by grape seed oil addition. Also, our results indicate that high-quality pressed ham can be manufactured with strengthen of polyunsaturated fatty acid content.

Background: This study aimed to explore natural antioxidants of plant origin by evaluating the antioxidant activity of seed extracts from Polygonaceae species. Methods and Results: The seeds used in the experiment had a filled-seed percentage of at least 89% and a germination rate exceeding 50%. The total phenolic content was highest in Rumex cris- pus (10.8 ㎎ GAEs/g seed), followed by Rumex obtusifolius (8.3 ㎎ GAEs/g seed). The total flavo- noid content was highest in Reynoutria sachalinensis (1.7 ㎎ QEs/g seed), followed by Persicaria sagittata (1.5 ㎎ QEs/g seed). The DPPH radical scavenging activity, based on EC50 values, was highest in Rumex crispus (5.5 ㎍/㎖) and Rumex obtusifolius (7.5 ㎍/㎖). The ABTS radical scav- enging activity, also based on EC50 values, was highest in Rumex crispus (1.5 ㎍/㎖) and Rumex obtusifolius (2.0 ㎍/㎖). In the FRAP assay, Rumex crispus (9118.0 μM Fe(II)/g extract) and Rumex obtusifolius (7334.4 μM Fe(II)/g extract) exhibited the highest antioxidant capacities. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis of antioxidant activities, the ten species were classified into three groups, ranging from low (Group 1) to high (Group 3) activity. Conclusions: Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius were classified into Group 3, demonstrating the highest antioxidant potential.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seed storage temperature and pre-treatment on seed germination,seedling quality and vigor index of wild Trichosanthes kirilowii and Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica. As a resultthe highest germination rate of T. kirilowii was the 95% at seed stored in room temperature and then soaking for 24 hours indH2O. And the highest germination rate of T. kirilowii var. japonica was 96% at seed stored in 2℃ and then soaking for 24hours in GA3 (100 ppm). But the seed germination rate was non-significance in pre-treatment at seed stored in roomtemperature 2℃ . Seedlings of T. kirilowii and T. kirilowii var. japonica showed not only the best seedling quality but alsoseedling vigor index in seed stored at 2℃ and then soaking for 24 hours in GA3 (100 ppm). In this research, T. kirilowii and T. kirilowii var. japonica seed were stored in room temperature or 2℃, and then sown in peat moss, seed germination rate wasmore than 90% and production of superior quality seedlings.

본 시험은 혼파유형별로 초지의 건물수량과 품질을 비교 검토하여 집약적인 경운초지에 적합한 혼파유형을 제시하고자 1999년 9월부터 2002년 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시된 혼파유형은 관행 혼파초지(orchardgrass 50%+tall fescue 20% + perennial ryegrass 10% + Kentucky bluegrass 10% + white clover 10%), 다초종 혼파초지(orchardgrass 40% + tall fescue 20% + perennial ryegrass 10% + Kentucky bluegrass 10% + redtop 10% + alfalfa 5% + red clover 5%) 및 단순 혼파초지(orchardgrass 80% + red clover 20%)의 3유형을 두어 시험하였다. 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 3년 평균 ha당 건물수량은 혼파유형에 따라 차이를 보여, 다초종 혼파초지가 13,070kg/ha로 다른 관행(11,206kg)이나 단순 혼파초지(11,291kg)에 비하여 높은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 화학적성분 및 건물소화율(DMD)은 혼파휴형에 따라 차이를 보였는데, CP 함량은 다초종과 단순 혼파초지가 관행 혼파초지에 비하여 높았으며(p<0.05), 섬유소 물질의 함량은 대체적으로 관행 혼파초지에서 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 그러나 DMD는 다초종 혼파초지가 다른 혼파초지에 비하여 높은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 3년 평균 조단백질CPDM) 수량과 가소화건물(DDM) 수량은 다초종 혼파초지가 관행이나 다른 혼파초지에 비하여 높은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 혼파유형에 따라 건물수량과 품질이 달라지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 다초종 혼파초지가 관행이나 단순 혼파초지에 비하여 건물수량과 품질을 높이는데 효과적이라 하겠다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixture types which consist of different species on the dry matter(DM) yield, botanical composition and forage quality. The experimental design includes three mixture types: Conventional mixtures(orchardgrass 50% + tall fescue 20% + perennial ryegrass 10% + Kentucky bluegrass 10% + white clover 10%), complex mixtures(orchardgrass 40% + tall fescue 20% + perennial ryegrass 10% + Kentucky bluegrass 10% + redtop 10% + alfalfa 5% + red clover 5%) and simple mixtures(orchardgrass 80% + red clover 20%).The DM yield was higher in conventional mixtures(13,070kg/ha) than in other mixtures(p<0.05). In the chemical composition and dry matter digestibility, there was significant difference among mixtures. Crude protein content and dry matter digestibility were higher in complex mixtures than in other mixtures(p<0.05). But, the content of fibrous constituents was higher in conventional mixtures than in other mixtures. The yield of crude protein dry matter(CPDM) and digestible dry matter(DDM) were higher in complex mixtures than in other mixtures. In this experiment, DM yields and quality of mixture types were observed significant difference. therefore, the complex mixtures which combined various species were more effective in enhancing the dry matter digestibility(DMD) and digestible dry matter(DDM) yield.

Studies were carried to evaluated the influence of storage method by temperatures and fillers on yield andquality of seed rhizome in turmeric. Seed rhizome was stored at styrofoam box filled with rice hull and sand (3:1) or vermiculitefor 30, 60 and 90 days at different temperatures (5, 10 and 15℃. compared to traditional method (rhizome only). Parameters were obtained for weight loss, cold injury, percentage of decayed in stored rhizome during storage periods. Also,the germination, growth pattern and yield from stored rhizome has been investigated. It was confirmed that storage of turmericin stored with filled with vermiculite helps in prevention of rhizomes from microbial and fungal attack. The storage ofrhizomes in styrofoam box without any filler at low temperature below 10℃. is not advocated due to heavy losses weightand decayed in management of postharvest for turmeric rhizome. Germination percentage, growth pattern and yield wasmaximum for rhizomes stored at styrofoam box filled with vermiculite for 90 days at 15℃. The paper outlines a briefattempt to assess the efficacy of non-chemical methods including optimal storage method (temperature and filler) of controlof decay and moisture losses during storage of turmeric.

Buchanania lanzan Spreng (common name - Char, Chironji) belonging to family Anacardiaceae. This plant was first described by Francis Hamilton in 1798. It is a non wood tree species found in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India and generally attaining a height up to 18m and girth 1.5m. In Madhya Pradesh, it is a common associate of teak, sal and mixed forests. It is used for environmental conservation and in ‘agroforestry system’. It is used as a fuel, fodder specially buffaloes alternative host Kusmi lac insect, and its oil for cosmetic items and soaps. Its oil is also used by tribal as edible oil. Seeds / kernel of Buchanania lanzan are nutritional, palatable and used as a substitute of almonds in confectionery. They yield a fatty oil known as Chironji oil and substitute for olive and almond oils in both confectionery and indigenous medicine used for glandular swellings of the neck (CSIR, 1986). Fruits are laxative and used to relieve thirst burning of body and fever. Kernels of fruits are used as ointment in skin diseases (Das and Agrawal, 1991). Tree of Buchanania lanzan flowers from January to March and fruits ripen in the month of April-June (Troup, 1986). Fruits become red after ripening. The fruit collection take place from April to June. Early harvesting results into low fruit/ seed quality and poor germination potential. In most parts of M. P., fruits of Buchanania lanzan are harvested before ripening. With the result, it fetches low price in the market because of small seed size and low seed quality. In natural forests, its regeneration is vary scanty due to unscientific and pre-mature harvesting of its seeds and site degradation on account of growing biotic pressure. Keeping above in views, there is a need to find out the best harvesting period of Chironji fruit/seed with special reference to seed size, seed weight, biochemistry and germination potential of seed. The present communication deals with morphological, physiological and biochemical study of Buchanania lanzan seed harvested at 7 days interval during its various developing stages from April to May. The fruits were collected from forests of Kundam range in Jabalpur forest division for the present study. The best results in terms of seed size, seed weight, germination percent, oil content etc, were obtained in the fruits harvested in the 2nd week of May.

The focus of this paper is secure code development and maintenance. When it comes to safe code, it is most important to consider code readability and maintainability. This is because complex code has a code smell, that is, a structural problem that complicates code understanding and modification. In this paper, the goal is to improve code quality by detecting and removing smells existing in code. We target the encryption and decryption code SEED.c and evaluate the quality level of the code using several metrics such as lines of code (LOC), number of methods (NOM), number of attributes (NOA), cyclo, and maximum nesting level. We improved the quality of SEED.c through systematic detection and refactoring of code smells. Studies have shown that refactoring processes such as splitting long methods, modularizing large classes, reducing redundant code, and simplifying long parameter lists improve code quality. Through this study, we found that encryption code requires refactoring measures to maintain code security.

Pod-edible bean or snap bean is a fairly new crop to domestic farmers but the national demand is steadily increasing in recent years along with the development of western food business and change in dietary patterns. At the same time, much efforts are being made to export it to foreign country, mainly to Japan. The amount of seeds introduced from outside is also continuously increasing along with the enlargement of area planted for the crop. Hybridization breeding for the crop has already been started to supply the cheaper and better seeds which will reduce the seed costs and foster the higher income to the farmers. In this experiment, several technologies related with the production of quality seeds are preliminary investigated. Some of the results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Highly significant interaction was recognized between planting dates and no. of pods per plant and no. of branches but no interaction between planting dates and plant height and no. of nodes on main stem. Days to maturity was proportionally reduced to later planting dates. 2. Rate of viviparous pods and seeds was gradually increased in later planting dates but rate of germination was increased in earlier planting dates with lower germination rate in white seed coat grains than in colored seed ones. 3. Seed yield was higher in the earlier planting dates with a great deal of varietal difference. Early to mid April was considered to he the optimum planting dates for snap bean in Kyungbuk area. High correlation was recognized between seed yield and no. of pods per plant, no. of seeds per plant, and 100 seed weight. 4. Days to flowering was three and seven days longer in Cheongsong, high mountainous area than in Kunwi, somewhat prairie lowland. One hundred seed weight was also higher in Cheongsong than in Kunwi. Rate of viviparous grains, pods, and decayed seeds was higher in Cheongsong but, at the same time, the rate of germination and seed yield was also higher in Cheongsong. 5. One hundred seed weight of KLG5007 increased continuously up to 35days after flowering and decreased thereafter but that of KLG50027 increased to 40days after flowering and slowly reduced thereafter. The content of crude oil reached to maximum at 40 days after flowering and reduced thereafter. The rate of germination in Gangnangkong 1 was the highest, 89.3%, at 35 days after flowering and reduced thereafter while that in KLG50027 reached to maximum, 70.7%. at 40days after flowering and reduced thereafter. Thus, the optimum harvesting time for snap bean was considered to be 35~40days after flowering. 6. The snap bean pods at yellow bean stage easily became viviparous ones under saturated moisture conditions for 24 hours at . Therefore, it is recommended to harvest pods somewhat earlier than yellow-bean stage and let them do post maturing, especially when it is to be rained.

양질(良質)의 천궁근(川芎根)을 생산(生産)하기 위한 우량품종(優良品種)을 선발하기 위한 목적(目的)으로 각(各) 주산지(主産地)의 재배산(栽培産) 종근(種根)을 수집하여 종근(種根)의 무게를 표준구(標準區)(20~25 g)와 소구(小區)(15~20 g)로 구분(區分)하여 재배(栽培)한 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 주당(株當) 생근(生根) 및 건조근(乾燥根)의 중량(重量)은 표준구(標準區)가 92.7 g 과 18.5 g 이었으며, 소구(小區)에서는 94.5 g 과 17.0 g 이었다. 지역간(地域間)에는 울릉산(鬱陵産)이 타지역산(他地域産)에 비(比)하여 많았다. 생근(生根) 및 건조근(乾燥根)의 수량(收量)은 표준구(標準區)의 경우 906.8kg/10a와 190.2kg/10a이었으며, 소구(小區)에서는 721.2kg/10a, 165.2kg/10a으로서 표준구(標準區)의 수량(收量)이 더 많았으며, 울릉산(鬱陵産)의 수량(收量)이 타지역산(他地域産)에 비(比)하여 많았다. 회분(灰分) 및 에테르엑기스함량(含量)은 각각(各各) 3.38~3.59%와 3.67~3.87%의 범위에 속(屬)하였으며, 대전(大田), 공주산(公州産)은 회분함량(灰分含量)이, 울릉산(鬱陵産)은 에테르엑기스함량(含量)이 비교적 많았다. 표준구(標準區)에서는 주당(株當) 근중량(根重量) 및 수량(收量)은 에테르엑기스함량(含量)과 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이, 소구(小區)에서는 회분함량(灰分含量)과 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되었다. 그러므로 천궁(川芎) 재배시(栽培時)에는 종근(種根)의 무게가 20 g 이상(以上)인 울릉산(鬱陵産)을 선정(選定)함이 수량(收量) 및 품질(品質)이 우수(優秀)한 천궁근(川芎根)을 생산(生産)할 수 있을 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

We studied the effects of the seed root weight and the local varieties on the yield and the quality of Cnidium officinale Makino root. The fresh and dried root weight per plant was found to be 92.7 g and 18.5 g in the large seed root(20-25 g), while 94.5 g and 17.0 g in the small seed root(15-20 g), respectively. The fresh and dried roots were produced 906.8kg/10a and 190.2kg/10a in the large seed root, but 721.2kg/10a and 165.2kg/10a in the small seed root, respectively. The root weight per plant, root yield per 10a and diethyl ether extract contents in root of Ul-Reung cultivar were higher than those of the other varieties. The root weight per plant and root yield per 10a were positively correlated with the contents of diethyl ether extracts in the large seed root, and with the ash contents of root in the small seed root. It is recommended for the high quality root production of cnidium officinale Makino to select and cultivate the large seed root(20-25 g) of Ul-Reung cultivar.

The objective of this study was to investigate the variation of Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.; CMV) seed quality after flowering. We tagged individual open flowers of CMV at the day of maximum flowering(11 May) in Seoul, Korea. Seed samples were harvested serially at 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after flowering(DAF). To compare with dried seeds, non-dried seeds were tested immediately after harvest and the remaining seeds were placed at room temperature for 4 weeks. Seed length, 1000 seed weight, moisture content, germination rate(GR), mean germination time(MGT), germination speed(GS), germination performance index(GPI) and physical dormancy rate(PDR) were investigated. Seed length increased to 2.6 mm and 1000 seed weight reached up to 2.2 g until 25 DAF. Seed moisture content dramatically decreased from 20 to 25 DAF. Moisture content of non-dried seed(7.5%) was similar to that of dried seed(5.5%) at 25 DAF. The rate of seed viability reached up to 94% at 25 DAF. In case of dried seed, GR increased up to 39% at 25 DAF whereas GR of non-dried seed varied from 5 to 10%. GS and GPI of dried seed were significantly higher than those of non-dried seed since 25 DAF. PDR of dried seed has decreased since 20 DAF, whereas PDR of non-dried seed has increased. GR, GS and GPI increased as PDR decreased. Our results evidenced that PDR might be one of major factor in variation of seed quality, of which development was completed at 25 DAF.

This study was carried out to evaluate the seed quality of soybeans produced from upland and drained-paddy fields. Soybeans from drained-paddy field showed significantly higher in the 100 seeds weight and greater in the size of seed length than those from upland fields. However, there are no significant differences in seed width and thickness between upland and paddy fields. In case of Hunter's color value, the lightness (L) was significantly higher in the upland soybeans, but the a (redness) and b (yellowness) values were higher in the drained-paddy field soybeans. Seed appearance of drained-paddy field was poor than that of upland field. Soybeans produced from the drained-paddy field showed higher protein content, whereas, lipid and ash contents were higher in the upland field. Soybeans from upland field had lower contents of total amino acids compared to drained-paddy fields. No statistical differences were found in palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic, but stearic, oleic, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) showed significant differences between soybean seeds from upland and drained-paddy fields. Genistein content was higher in the drained-paddy fields, while daidzein and glycitein contents were higher in the upland fields. This result suggested that the soil condition of drained-paddy field is more favorable to synthesis genistein than daidzein and glycitein.