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dissolved solids, organic constituents and metal elements, which are usually adsorbed to particles. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the treating feasibility of SS and heavy metals in road sediment by filters with the hydrodynamic filter sepa-rator(HDFS) in order to adopt the road runoff treatment. A various type of filter media such as perlite, granular activated carbon, zeolite were used as single or mixed media for hydrodynamic filter separator(HDFS), and to determine the removal efficiency with various surface loading rates. As the results of laboratory test, the overall removal efficiencies of SS were 48% for perlite, 23% for activated carbon, 30% for calcination zeolite filter, respectively. For the case of heavy metals, overall removal efficiencies were 33% for perlite, 28% for activated carbon, 23% for calcination zeolite filter in case of Fe, 41% for perlite, 35% for activated carbon, 25% for calcination zeolite filter in case of Zn, and 39% for perlite, 33% for activated carbon, 31% for calcination zeolite filter in case of Pb, respectively in accordance to the surface loading rates of 200 - 600 m3/m2/day. Media with the highest removal efficiency was perlite, and next highest was mixed media with perlite and granular activated carbon. Therefore, appropriate media for hydrodynamic filter separator were perlite and perlite mixed with granular activated carbon media to treatment for road storm runoff.

본 연구에서는 주거지역에 대해 세분류 형태로 구분하여 각각에 대해 강우 시 유출수에 대한 모니터링을 실시하고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 주거 형태에 따른 비점오염원의 유출 특성을 분석해 보았다. 단독주거지역 및 아파트지역의 강우사상별 유출형태 및 농도 변화 형태를 분석한 결과 대다수의 강우사상에서 초기유출수의 농도가 높게 나타나는 형태를 나타내었 으나 두 지점의 경우 강우량별 유출율의 차이가 크게 조사되었다. 평균 유출부하량은 단독주거지역의 경우 BOD 101.0 kg/km2, SS 232.2 kg/km2, T-N 18.2 kg/km2, T-P 2.0 kg/km2이며, 아파트지역의 평균 유출부하량은 BOD 108.82 kg/km2, SS 329.18 kg/km2, T-N 57.67 kg/km2, T-P 4.21 kg/km2으로 산정 되었다. 평균 EMCs는 단독주거지역에 대해 산정된 평균 EMCs의 경우 BOD 6.6 ㎎/L, SS 12.8 ㎎/L, T-N 1.518 ㎎/L, T-P 0.099 ㎎/L로 조사되었다. 아파 트 지점 평균 EMCs의 경우 BOD 6.3 ㎎/L, COD 11.2㎎/L, SS 14.5 ㎎/L, T-N 3.1 ㎎/L, T-P 0.2 ㎎/L로 조사되었 다. 주거 형태에 따른 초기세척비율을 산정한 결과, 단독주거지역의 경우 총유출량 기준 초기 30%의 유출 시, MFFn 값 이 T-P 1.04 > T-N 0.97 > BOD 0.90 > SS 0.80의 순으로 비율차이를 나타내었다. 아파트지역 n=30에서 수질항목별 MFFn 값의 경우, BOD 1.49 > T-P 1.40 > SS 1.30 > T-N 0.96의 순으로 비율차이를 나타내었다.

In this study, divided into small category groups for the residential area it was carried out monitoring for the runoff during precipitation. Based on the results analyzed according to the nonpoint sources Housing leakage characteristics. Analysis of the rainfall runoff and concentration of each type of exclusive detached house with apartments, in the majority of precipitation types runoff concentrations were higher in early. In the case of a difference of two points per runoff rate rainfall it was largely investigation. The average runoff is estimated loadings of BOD 101.1 kg/km2, SS 232.2 kg/km2, T-N 18.2 kg/km2, T-P 2.0 kg/km2 detached house case, if the apartment was estimated at point BOD 108.82 kg/km2, SS 329.18 kg/km2, T-N 57.67 kg/km2, T-P 4.21 kg/km2. The average EMCs is BOD BOD 6.6 mg/L, SS 12.8 mg/L, T-N 1.518 mg/L, T-P 0.099 mg/L detached house case, if the apartment was estimated at point BOD 6.3 mg/L, COD 11.2mg/L, SS 14.5 mg/L, T-N 3.1 mg/L, T-P 0.2 mg/L. The initial 30 percentage calculated based on the initial results, the total flow of 30% if the outflow of detached house showed a net percentage difference to T-P 1.04 > T-N 0.97 > BOD 0.90 > SS 0.80. The apartment area showed the percentage difference in the water quality in the order of BOD 1.49 > T-P 1.40 > SS 1.30 > T-N 0.96 per item.

본 연구는 종목별 사이클 선수들[단거리(SDCG), n=6, 장거리(LDCG), n=6]을 대상으로 SS–10sec 간, RS-30sec 간 윈게이트 테스트(WT) 시 무산소성 능력, 주측 하지의 대둔근(Gmax), 대퇴직근(RF), 대퇴이두근 장두 (LBF), 전경골근(TA), 내측 비복근(GM) 근 활성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 집단 간 SS-10sec WT 시 체중 당 최 대파워에서 SDCG가 LDCG보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 또한 SDCG와 LDCG 내에서 모두 최대파워 와 체중 당 최대파워가 SS-10sec WT에서 RS-30sec WT보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으며(p<.01, p<.01, p<.05, p<.05), LDCG 내에서 평균파워, 체중 당 평균파워가 RS-30sec WT에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p<.001, p<.001). 피로지수는 SDCG와 LDCG 모두 SS-10sec WT에서 유의하게 낮은 것 나타났다(p<.05, p<.01). SDCG 내에서 최대 근 활성과 평균 근 활성 모두 SS-10sec WT에서 RS-30sec WT보다 LBF의 활성이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05, p<.01). 또한 LDCG 내에서는 평균 근 활성이 SS-10sec WT에서 TA과 GM의 활성이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.01, p<.05). 추후 연구에서는 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 각 종목에 맞게 특성화된 훈 련 프로그램을 개발하여 적용시켜 준다면 경기력 향상에 효과가 있을 것이라고 판단된다.

This study examined to compare the anaerobic capacity and the muscle activity of dominant lower extremities gluteus maximus(Gmax), rectus femoris(RF), long head of biceps femoris(LBF), tibialis anterior(TA), gastrocnemius medialis(GM) with SS-10sec and RS-30sec Wingate test(WT) of cyclist[Short(SDCG), n=6, Long(LDCG), n=6]. The result of this study showed that SDCG was significantly identified higher Peak/kg than LDCG during SS-10sec WT between the groups(p<.05). SS-10sec WT was significantly identified higher than RS-30secWT in Peak power(p<.01 and p<.01, respectively) and Peak/kg between SS-10sec and RS-30sec WT within SDCG and LDCG(p<.05 and p<.05, respectively), for Mean power and Mean power and Mean/kg, RS-30sec WT was significantly identified higher than SS-10sec WT(p<.001 and p<.001, respectively). SS-10sec WT was significantly identified lower Fatigue index than RS-30sec WT in both groups(p<.05 and p<.01, respectively). In SDCG, SS-10sec WT was significantly identified higher Peak and Mean muscle activity than RS-30sec WT in LBF during WT(p<.05 and p<.01, respectively). In LDCG, SS-10sec WT was identified as significantly higher muscle activity in TA and GM(p<.01 and p<.05, respectively). Therefore, in the future study, it is considered that specialized training program application for specific event based on the current study could improve athletic performances.

평상시 및 홍수시 하천에 유출되는 토사로 인한 SS(Suspended Solid)농도는 실측을 원칙으로 하여야 하나, 환경영향평 가, 하천기본계획 등에서와 같이 각종 개발사업에 따른 SS농도의 변화를 제시하기 위해서는 실측이 아닌 추정이 필요 하지만 추정 방법이 규정된 바 없는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 RUSLE법에 의한 토사유출량과 특정 빈도 홍수량 산정결과를 이용하여 하천내의 SS농도를 추정하는 수문학적 방법에 대한 제안을 하고자 한다. SS는 실트․점토질 토사및 콜로이드 입자 등이 해당된다. 그러나, 본 연구에서는 토사유출량 중에서 일반적으로 부유토사에 해당하지 않는 모래를 제외하고, 실트 또는 점토질의 토사에 한해 부유사 기준으로 설정하였다. 농도 추정을 위한 유량은 평상시 유량은 1~2년, 홍수시 유량은 30~100년을 기준으로 하였다. 한편, 확률강우량 분석 소프트웨어는 Fard2006을 사용하였는 바, 2년빈도 미만에 대해서는 강우데이터와 Gumbel분포형 빈도계수를 이용하여 산정하였다. 위와 같은 방법에 의해 실트 및 점토의 토사유출량과 홍수량에 의한 유출용적을 이용하여 SS농도를 추정한 결과, 개발전 자연상태 및 개발중 나대지 상태에서의 SS농도는 유의한 수준을 보이는 것으로 판단된다. 특히, 유로경사에 따라 토사유출량의 차이가 큰점에 착안하여 SS농도를 유로경사로 나눈 값은 지형인자가 다르더라도 비교적 일정한 범위로 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 향후 보다 많은 유역에 대하여 연구가 진행된다면 SS농도 추정방법에 대한 지침으로 발전시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

SS(Suspended Solid) concentration by soil erosion into river at normal and flood season should be measured. However, to present the variation of SS due to various development project such as EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment), River Master Plan, and so on, it is necessary to estimate not measure SS, but there are not exist how to estimate SS. In the present study, therefore, we propose the hydrologic method of estimating SS concentration using the results of particular frequency flood discharge and sediment discharge by RUSLE method. SS consists of silty and clay soil and colloid particle etc. However, in the present study, silty and clay soils of sediment discharge except send set up SS standards. The flow discharge to estimate SS concentration are 1~2 years for normal season, 30~100 years for flood season. Meanwhile, analysis software for probable rainfall uses Fard2006, probable rainfalls under 2-year frequency are estimated using rainfall data and frequency factor of Gumbel distribution. The results of estimating SS concentration using runoff volume by sediment and flow discharges of silty and cray soils as above method show that reliable level of SS concentration is considered in predevelopment of natural condition and under development of barren condition. Especially, SS concentration takes notice that the value of sediment discharge makes a huge difference according to channel slope, it was confirmed that the value obtained by dividing the SS concentration by the channel slope is relatively constant even though the topographical factors are different. Therefore, if the present study will be proceeded for various watersheds, it will be developed as estimation method of SS concentration.

본 연구에서는 미세조류와 박테리아의 공생관계를 이용하여 하수 내 영양염류 제거효율을 평 가하고자 하였다. 또한 최 적 배양조건을 도출하기 위해 온도, 광주기, CO2 주입농도에 따른 Chlorella sp.와 Scenedesmus sp.의 생장특성을 파악하 고, 그에 따른 영양염류 제거효율을 평가하여 미세조류-박테리아의 공생관계를 이용한 폐수 처리 가능성을 연구하였다. 그 결과 미세조류의 최적 배양조건은 25 ~ 30oC, 24시간 내내 광원을 주입해 준 경우, Chlorella sp.는 5% CO2 주입농도 에서, Scenedesmus sp.는 2% CO2 주입농도에서 높은 성장률을 기준으로 산정되었다. 산정 된 배양조건을 영양염류 제거 효율을 평가해본 결과, Chlorella sp.의 경우 COD 63%, BOD 70%, SS 48.3%, T-N 70.5%, T-P 76.4% 나타냈고, Scenedesmus sp.는 COD 66%, BOD 72.3%, SS 56.5%, T-N 67.1%, T-P 70.1%로 나타내었다 .

This study intended to evaluate the removal efficiency of nutrients in wastewarer using the symbiosis relationship of microalgae-bacteria. Also, in order to confirm optimal culture conditions, growth characteristics of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. on the temperature, L:D cycle, and CO2 injection were identified, and then the possibility of wastewater treatment by the symbiosis relationship of microalgae-bacteria through the evaluation of nutrients removal efficiency, was identified as well. As the results, Chlorella sp. showed the highest growth rate at 25 ~ 30oC, 24:0 L:D cycle, and 5% of CO2 injection concentration, and Scenedesmus sp. showed it from 25 ~ 30oC, 24:0 L:D cycle, and 2% CO2 injection concentration, respectively. In addition, the nutrients removal efficiency under the optimal culture conditions was resulted in the followings: Chlorella sp. showed the removal efficiency of COD 63%, BOD 70%, SS 48.3%, T-N 70.5%, and TP 76.4% and Scenedesmus sp. showed COD 66%, BOD 72.3%, SS 56.5%, T-N 67.1%, and T -P 70.1%, respectively.

본 연구에서는 비점오염물질을 효과적으로 처리하기 위해 주암호 상수원 상류지역에 위치한 복내 바이오 파크 인공습지를 대상으로 2006년 1월부터 2010년 12월까지 5년간 수질정화효율을 평가하였다. 월별 오염물질 의 처리효율을 분석한 결과 BOD는 –19.11∼37.72% 범위, COD는 –30.14∼27.38% 범위로 BOD 보다 상대적으 로 월별 편차가 높게 나타났고 SS는 –54.07∼64.82% 범위로 나타났다. 그리고 계절별 오염물질의 처리효율을 분석한 결과 TN의 처리효율은 봄과 겨울이 5년간 평균 36.8%보다 높게 나타났으며, TP의 평균 처리효율은 다 른 오염물질에 비해 상대적으로 낮았지만, 계절적 영향을 거의 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

This study evaluates treatment efficiencies of pollutants in Boknae bio-park constructed wetlands surrounding Juam Lake for 5 years from January 2006 to December 2010, in order to treat non-point pollutants effectively. The analysis of monthly treatment efficiency of pollutants shows that the scope of BOD is –19.11∼ 37.72%, and of COD is 30.14∼27.38%, thus the monthly deviation COD is relatively higher than BOD, and the scope of SS is –54.07∼64.82%. Moreover, the analysis of seasonal treatment efficiency of pollutants shows that the treatment efficiency of TN is higher than 36.8% on average for 5 years in the spring and winter, and of TP relatively lower than other pollutants, however, the seasons don’t make much difference to the treatment efficiency of TP.

본 연구는 경남 산청군 단성면 운리 산 147에 위치한 도유림 내 천연림의 숲가꾸기 사업 효 과를 파악하기 위하여 숲가꾸기 사업 전(2013-2017년)과 사업 후(2019년)의 실제 강우량과 유출량을 토대로 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석한 결과, 2월부터 4월까지는 회귀식을 이용해 산 정한 유출량보다 실제 유출량이 적었지만 5월과 7월의 경우 실제 유출량이 회귀량보다 약 1.1 배 높게 나타났다. 유출량이 적었던 2월부터 4월까지는 본 산림유역에서 숲가꾸기에 의한 숲의 수관차단량 및 증발산량의 차이가 발휘되지 않은데 기인한 결과로 판단되었다. 숲가꾸기 사업 전의 pH는 평균 6.83이었고, 2019년에는 평균 6.86으로 유사하게 나타나 청정한 계류수로 나 타났다. 전기전도도(EC, μs/cm)는 숲가꾸기 사업 전 평균 30.7 μs/cm, 2019년 평균 24.7 μs/cm로 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 숲가꾸기 사업 전의 연평균 토사유출량은 약 0.9t/ha/yr이 었으며, 숲가꾸기 사업이 종료된 2019년의 토사유출량은 약 1.1t/ha/yr으로 약 0.2t/ha/yr이 증가하였는데, 이는 숲가꾸기로 인한 임지 개활에 따른 강우침식에 의한 영향으로 판단되며, 토사유출량은 자연적인 산림에서 발생하는 연간토사유출량과 유사하였다.

This study conducted a regression analysis based on the actual rainfall and run-off amount before and after the forest cultivation project (2013-2017) and after the project (2019) in order to understand the effects of the natural forest cultivation project in the Doyu Forest located in Unri Mountain 147, Dansung-myeon, Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. According to the analysis, the actual outflow was less than that calculated using the regression formula from February to April, but in May and July, the actual outflow was about 1.1 times higher than the return amount. From February to April, when the amount of run-off was low, it was judged to be the result of the failure of the difference in the amount of water pipe cut-off and evaporation acid in the forest by forest cultivation in this forest basin. The pH before the forest cultivation project averaged 6.83, and in 2019, it was similar to 6.86, showing clean mooring numbers. Electric conductivity (EC, μs/cm) averaged 30.7 ss/cm before the forest cultivation project and 24.7 /s/cm in 2019, which showed no significant difference. The average annual soil outflow before the forest cultivation project was about 0.9t/ha/yr, and the soil outflow in 2019 when the forest cultivation project was completed was about 1.1t/ha/yr, an increase of about 0.2t/ha/yr, which was judged to be due to rainfall erosion caused by forest reclamation, which was similar to annual soil erosion from natural forests.

본 연구는 2단(수직 및 수평 흐름) 복층여재(모래와 제올라이트 그리고 모래와 굴 껍질) 갈대 인공습지에 생활하수를 간헐적으로 주입하였을 때 각 수질항목별 처리효율 평가이다. 하수는 수리학적 부하량 314 L/m2․day(수직 흐름 인공습지 기준)를 하루 4(10분 동안 주입 후 5시간 50분 동안 중단)회 균등하게 간헐적으로 주입하였다. 그 결과 유출수의 pH는 수평흐름 인공습지 굴 껍질 층의 높이에 크게 영향을 받았으며 굴 껍질 층의 높이가 200 ㎜일 때 pH 6.24를 보였다. DO(oxygen demand)는 유입수(0.19 ㎎/L)보다 수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수(7.65 ㎎/L)에서 높았다가 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수(6.49 ㎎/L)에서는 다시 낮아졌다. 그리고 여름보다 겨울에 높았다. 또한 OTR(oxygen transfer rate)은 수직 흐름 인공습지 57.15 g O2/㎡ㆍday 그리고 수평 흐름 인공습지 5.65 g O2/㎡ㆍday로 나타났다. NH4+-N의 처리효율은 80.17% (유출수농도 6.01 ㎎/L)로 전부를 제올라이트로 충진하였을 경우(타 연구)와 비교하여 낮았지만 수직 흐름 인공습지 제올라이트300 mm 충진 층으로도 하수처리에서 요구되는 방류수질의 T-N 농도(20 ㎎/L)까지 안전성 있게 처리할 수 있을 것으로예측된다. 각 항목별 평균 처리효율은 유출수에서 SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, CODCr 83.11%, CODMn 85.58%, T-N 57.21%,NH4+-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%를 보였다. NO3--N의 농도는 수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서 보다 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서 감소하였다. 유출수 중 T-N의 반 이상이 NO3--N(7.92 ㎎/L)으로 잔존하였으며 NO2--N은 평균 0.90mg/L이었다. T-P의처리효율은 굴 껍질의 충진 층 높이가 800 ㎜에서 93.24%, 500 ㎜에서 86.30% 그리고 200 ㎜에서 55.44%로 굴 껍질 충진층의 높이에 비례하였다.

A sewage was treated using a serially combined vertical(VFCW) and horizontal flow double media (sand and zeolite for VFCWand sand and waste oyster-shell for HFCW) reed constructed wetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding (see Fig. 1). The sewagewas fed into the reed constructed wetland for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day. The summarizedresults were as follows: pH values in the effluent depended very heavily on oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW. They weremaintained at less than pH 6.24 when the height of the oyster-shell layer was 200 mm. Influent DO(oxygen demand)values(average 0.19 ㎎/L) were increased in the VFCW(average 7.65 ㎎/L) and decreased again in the HFCW(average 6.49 ㎎/L). They were higher in the winter than in the summer. The OTR(oxygen transfer rate) was 57.15 g O2/㎡ㆍday in theVFCW and 5.65 g O2/㎡ㆍday in the HFCW. The removal efficiency of NH4+-N was 80.17%(6.01 NH4+-N ㎎/L in theeffluent). It was lower than that in the case where only zeolite was filled in the reed constructed wetland. But it was expectedthat treated sewage effluent using a double media reed constructed wetland with 300 mm zeolite layer could stably meet theKorean treated sewage effluent standard(20 mg T-N/L). Average removal efficiencies were SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, CODCr83.11%, CODMn 85.58%, T-N 57.21%, NH4+-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%. Nearly, The concentration of NO3--N in the effluent of theVFCW was decreased in that of the HFCW. More than half of T-N in the effluent was NO3--N(7.92 ㎎/L) but theconcentration of NO2--N in the effluent was average 0.90 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of T-P were 93.24%, 86.30% and55.44% at the height of the oyster-shell-filled constructed wetland of 800 mm, 500 mm and 200 mm, respectively andtherefore, they were proportional to oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW.

건설현장에서 발생하는 토사, 탁도는 지표수 수질악화의 주요 원인이다. 건설현장에서 발생하는 고탁도 폐수는 하천에 투과되는 빛을 흡수하고 차단하여 수생생태계에 악영향을 미친다. 건설현장 고탁수 폐수는 점토, 실트질 성분으로 구성 되어 있으며 입경이 작아 큰 비표면적과 높은 반응성을 가지고 있어 오염물질과 영양염류의 주된 이송매체 역할을 한다. 상·하수처리시설에서 응집은 수중에 미세입자제거에 효과적이며 널리 이용되고 있다. 수중에 분산된 입자들을 응집제를 투여하여 입경을 증가시켜 침전 가능한 플럭을 형성시킨다. 키토산은 천연 유기고분자 물질로서 게나 새우 껍질에서 추 출한 키틴을 탈아세틸화물로 cellulose와 유사한 구조를 가지고 있으며 수용액상에서 양이온을 나타내고 생분해성, 침강 성, 탈수성이 우수하다. 키토산은 효소와 호기성 미생물 분해작용에 의해 이산화탄소와 물로 최종 분해되므로 환경친화 적인 응집제이다. 터널현장, 골재선별장 석분 침전물질, 점토질 토양시료, 실트질 토양시료를 대상으로 Chitosan을 적용 한 Jar test로 응집특성을 분석하였다. 건설현장에 따라 발생하는 고탁수 폐수의 농도와 성상은 차이가 있지만 Chitosan주 입농도 10~15 mg/L 범위에서 최저 탁도와 SS농도를 나타내었다. Jar test 분석결과 Chitosan은 pH 조정이 필요없으므로 hydrocyclone응집장치가 단순하며 운전이 용이할 수 있다. 실험실 규모의 225 L 용량 투명 아크릴 재질 저류조에 50 mm hydrocyclone를 장착한 처리시스템 실험결과 평균 탁도제거율의 범위는 탁도 81.5~96.1%, SS 84.9~95.1%를 나타내었다. 체류시간 30 min이면 탁도와 SS가 90% 이상의 처리효율을 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과는 건설현장 고탁수를 모의실험 한 결과를 기초로 실제 건설현장 임시저류조에 적용하기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Sediment and turbidity from construction sites are primary causes for surface water quality impairment. Much of the sediment leaving construction sites consists of silt an clay that can carry substantial amounts of nutrients and pollutants. Increased turbidity can limit sunlight penetration into water by both adsorbing and deflecting light. Coagulation is the most widely used for microparticle removal in water and wastewater treatment facilities. Coagulants are added to transform dispersed particles into aggregate floc for subsequent removal by sedimentation. Instead of impeller type mixer for coagulation, coagulants injection hydrocyclone and was used for coagulation. Hydrocyclone effluent and underflow are recycled in retention basin for flocculation and settling. To determine the optimum Chitosan dosage for treatment of construction sites high turbidity, tunnel construction site, aggregate extraction sediment, clay-silt soil samples were used for Jar test. Chitosan, obtained by deacetylation of chitin, is described as a cationic polyelectrolyte and is expected to coagulate negatively charged suspended particles found in turbid waters. The structure of Chitosan is very similar to that of cellulose, and is biodegradable. Chitosan coagulants also produced larger flocs of better quality and faster settling velocity, dewatering. Therefore, Chitosan has become necessary to develop more efficient and environment-friendly flocculants for removal of turbidity in waters. As the results of Jar test (rapid mixing 1min, slow mixing 3 min, settling 15 min), the optimum Chitosan dosage was 10~15 mg/L for clay silt soil. Because of the effectiveness of Chitosan in removing turbidity was independent on pH, the hydrocyclone coagulation system would be simple. The results of lab scale retention basin with hydrocyclone coagulation system test indicate that the ranges of removal efficiency of turbidity, SS were 81.5~96.1%, 84.9~95.1%, respectively. Hydrocyclone coagulation system would have possibility with compact design, because of the increase of floc size and reduces the settling time.

ㅍ본 연구는 K-WISC-IV 단축형을 네 가지로 구성하고 타당도를 살펴보았다. A와 B형은 무선으로 추출된 정상아동 998명의 자료를 바탕으로 확인적 요인분석과 다중회귀분석을 통하여 구성되었다. A 단축형 공식은 (2.308×VC)+(1.805×SI)+58.688이며, B 단축형 공식은(2.211×VC)+(1.569×LN)+(1.337×MR)+(1.360×SS)+35.118이다. C 단축형은 Sattler(2001)가 제안한 ([VC+BD+SI+CD+LN]× 1.4)+30이며, D 단축형은 Crawford 등(2010)이 제안한 15/Sold×(VC+SI+BD+MR+DS+CD+SS-70)+100 이다. 정상 아동을 대상으로 한타당도 검증에서 A, B, C, D 단축형 모두가 전체 IQ와 실제 전체 IQ가 유의한 차이가 없으면서, 상관이 높았지만, B, C, D 단축형이 웩슬러의 지능 기술적 분류 일치율이 70% 이상으로 나타났다. 지적장애 아동을 대상으로 타당도를 검증했을 때는 B 단축형만이 타당한 것으로나타났으며, 지적장애 3급으로 분류하는 일치율도 83.3%로 높게 나타났다. B 단축형은 대략적인 지능을 빠른 시간 안에 파악할 때 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 생각되나, 세부적인 인지기능에 관련된 정보의 손실, 범주화 분류의 위험성과 같은 단점들이 존재하므로 항상 주의해서 사용해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to introduce 4 short forms for K-WISC-IV and to test the validity of each short form(SF). Both SF A and B were developed based on confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis on data collected from 998 normal children. The formula for SF A was (2.308×VC)+(1.805×SI)+58.688, and that for SF B was (2.211×VC)+(1.569×L N)+(1.337×MR)+(1.360×SS)+35.118. The formula for SF C, developed by Sattler(2001), was ((VC+BD+SI+CD+ LN)×1.4)+30. Lastly, the formula for SF D, developed by Crawford et al(2010) was, 15/Sold×(VC+SI+BD+MR+DS+CD +SS-70)+100. For 998 normal children, the 4 SFs showed no significant differences between actual and estimated IQ. The SF B, C, and D proved to be valid, showing more than 70% concordance rate with Wechsler's intelligence descriptive classification. For 66 children with mild intellectual disability, only SF B showed the best results, showing no significant difference between actual and estimated IQ and 83.3% concordance rate. Therefore, SF B may be the most useful version to identify approximate IQ in a short time. However, it should be always used with cautions because of information loss of detailed cognitive functions and limitations of descriptive classification.

축산 지역 하류에 위치한 농업용 저수지의 강우시 유입, 유출수 분석을 통해 축산지역의 강우 유출 특성과 저류지에 의한 축산계 비점 오염물질의 저류형 시설에 의한 유출 저감 효율을 분석하였다. 급경사지에 위치한 한우 축산 지역의 비점 오염물질 유출은 주로 초기세척현상에 의해 발생됨을 알 수 있었으며 강우시의 유입수 농도는 비강우시에 비해 SS농도가 가장 높게 발생하고 있으며 T-P도 4배 이상 증가하는 양상을 보인다. 반면 총질소는 평균 30% 증가하는 것으로 나타나는데 질소항목으로 보면 질산성 질소는 거의 변화가 없는 반면에 암모니아성 질소가 2배 이상 증가하고 있다. 저류형 비점 제거시설 효율 분석 결과 비강우시 총인 제거효율이 53%로 가장 높고 부유물질은 37% 제거되고 있다. 유기물질은 10% 내외, 총질소는 5% 이내로 제거되며 부영양화로 녹조가 번성하는 하절기에는 오히려 유출수의 질소 농도가 더 높아지는 경우도 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 강우시의 유입수 농도는 비강우시에 비해 SS농도가 가장 높게 발생하고 있으며 T-P도 4배 이상 증가하는 양상을 보인다. 강우시 부유물질의 제거효율은 60%로 나타나고 있으며 총인은 22% 제거되어 비강우시에 비해 제거효율은 감소하고 있다. 환경부의 비점제거시설 기준보다 9배 이상의 용량을 지니고 있지만 비점 전용 시설로 활용되지 못하는 탓에 장마철에 거의 만수 상태로 담수하여 비점제거 효율에 있어서는 충분한 효과를 보이지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타나 저수지의 용량 뿐 아니라 수문관리 등 유지관리도 비점 제거효율에 영향을 미치는 중요 인자로 분석되었다.

It analyzed the efficiency of the runoff reduction of artificial reservoir by analyzing the influent and effluent of reservoir located downstream of the livestock area. Production of non point pollutants in livestock feeding areas, which is located at steep slope land, was mainly due to first flushes. Suspended Solid concentration of influent increased due to amount of rainfall, and T-P also increased over four times and 30 % of total nitrogen increased on average compared to those of dry season. While the concentration of nitrate nitrogen showed little variation, ammonia nitrogen increased over two times. The storage style nonpoint reduction facility showed the highest removal efficiency of 53 % for total phosphorus in dry weather, when the removal efficiency was 37 % for suspended solids, 10% for organic compounds, and 5 % for total nitrogen. Since algal bloom grows due to eutrophication in summer, the minus removal efficiencies of nitrogen concentration through the reservoir occurred with high frequency. Removal efficiency decreased during rainfall, showing 60 % for supended solids, and 22 % for total phosphorus. While having over nine times of capacity than the standard of non-point removal facility from Ministry of Environment, it was impounded with water during rainy season, showing not enough nonpoint removal efficiency, which indicates that maintenance is also an important factor to the nonpoint removal efficiency.

국내에서는 비점오염 저감 및 LID 시설에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 수로형 인공습지에 의한 강우 유출수 처리에 대한 연구를 시행하였다. 비점오염저감시설 주변 비닐하우스 지역의 면적은 22.7ha이며 강우 시 비닐하우스지 대를 관통하면서 유출되는 비점오염 오염물질을 처리한다. 2006년부터 2008년까지 총 17번의 모니터링을 시행하였으며 다양한 강우를 대상으로 모니터링이 수행되었다. 17회의 모니터링을 통해 얻어진 TSS의 저감효율 범위는 78.3~92.0%로 나타났으며, BOD의 경우 49.5~63.4%, COD의 경우 56.4~66.1%, TN의 경우 28.2~45.5%, TP의 경우 35.6~45.3%로 나타났다. 총 17회의 모니터링 저감효율 범위에 대한 평균값을 산정한 결과, TSS의 경우 86.0%로 나타났으며, BOD의 경우 51.6%, COD의 경우 60.1%, TN의 경우 30.1% 그리고 TP의 경우 53.5%로 나타났다. 연구대상 식생수로에서 제거되는 오염물질은 다른 저류형 습지와 달리 주로 입자상 오염물질이었는데 그 이유는 기하학적 형태 및 구조적으로 체류시간이 짧고 유기물질과 질소 등 용존성 유기물질의 제거에 기여하는 생물화학적 처리환경의 조성에 한계가 있기 때문이다.

Researches about NPS(Non-point Pollution Source) reduction have been widely carried out in recent years. A pilot channel-type constructed wetland (wet swale) was constructed in Rongyin area to treat stormwater generated from a green house agro-land of 22.7 ha. From 2006 to 2008, monitoring was conducted to evaluate its performance on the removal effect for organic pollutants as well as nutrients. Totally, sampling trips of 17 rainfall events were made and they covered most types of storm events in Korea. The channel-type constructed wetland have average removal efficiencies of 78.3~92.0%, 56.4~66.1%, 28.2~45.5% and 50.6~66.4% for SS, COD, TN and TP, respectively. According to four methods for estimating the removal efficiency, the average efficiencies of TSS, COD, TN and TP are 86.0%, 60.1%, 30.1% and 53.5%, respectively. From 2006 to 2008, annual efficiency improved due to infiltration potential increase. It was found that most of the pollutants removed in this channel type of wetland was particulate solids bound pollutants, which is assumed fact that it lacks of physico-chemical treatment conditions which are commonly observed in the retention type of constructed wetlands.

본 연구는 이분법적 사고가 공황을 유발하는 인지적 요인의 하나로 작용함을 밝히고자 했다. 공황 장애에 대한 인지적 접근은 신체 감각에 대한 재앙적인 오해석이 공황 발작을 유발한다고 보는데, 상황을 중간 지대 없이 양극단으로 판단하는 이분법적 사고가 재앙적 오해석에 해당되는 인지적 증폭 작용을 할 것이라는 가설을 검증하고자 했다. 이를 위해 남녀 대학생 484명을 대상으로 공황 발작 질문지, 몸의 감각에 대한 예민성을 측정하는 신체 감각 증폭 척도, 이분법 사고 지표 개정판, 불안 민감성 척도 등을 실시하였다. 분석 1에서는 공황의 취약성 요인인 불안 민감성을 종속 측정치로 삼아서, 신체 감각 예민성과 이분법 사고가 이를 예측하는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 가정대로 신체 감각 예민성과 이분법 사고의 상호작용이 불안 민감성을 유의하게 설명하였다. 신체 감각에 대한 예민성이 높고, 동시에 이분법적 사고의 경향이 강할 때, 불안 민감성이 고조되었다. 분석 2에서는 484명의 대학생 전체 표집에서 최근에 공황 발작을 겪은 집단, 신체화 경향이 높은 집단, 그리고 정상 통제 집단을 각각 30명씩 선별하여, 공황 생성의 2단계 기제인 신체 감각 예민성과 이분법 사고를 비교하였다. 그 결과는 혼합되어 있었다. 공황 집단은 정상 통제 집단에 비해 신체 감각 예민성과 이분법 사고가 모두 높았으나, 유사한 임상적 특징을 갖는 신체화 집단과 비교할 때는 두 측정치의 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 즉, 공황에서 이분법 사고의 특정적인 작용은 부분적으로만 입증되었다. 끝으로 본 연구의 한계와 이를 보완하기 위한 미래 연구의 방향을 논의하였다.

This study attempted to investigate the role of dichotomous thinking (DT) as a cognitive factor that may elicit intense and acute anxiety like panic. According to the cognitive approach to panic disorder, catastrophic misinterpretations (CM) of bodily sensations are assumed to cause the panic. We tested the hypothesis that DT which judges situations in terms of extremes may play the role of cognitive amplification factor corresponding to CM. For this purpose, Panic Attack Questionnaire, Somato-sensory Amplification Scale, Dichotomous Thinking Index-23 Revised, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised were administered to 484 college students. In analysis 1, we studied whether the interaction of DT with somatosensory sensitivity (SS) can predict the anxiety sensitivity (AS) known to covary with panic disorder. As results, the interaction of DT and SS predicted panic-prone AS significantly. When SS was high and simultaneously DT was high, panic-proneness increased to the maximum level. In analysis 2, panic group, somatization group, and normal control group (each 30 subjects) were screened from entire 484 college students. We compared SS and DT, the 2-stage mechanism of panic generation and attaind mixed results. In comparison to normal control group, the panic group showed both higher SS and DT. But in comparison to somatization group which shares similar clinical features with panic disorder, the panic group didn't differ in 2-stage mechanism. Therefore according to analysis 2 the specific role of DT in panic disorder was supported only in part. Finally, we discussed implications and limitations of this study.

전북 군산 및 부안 지역을 중심으로 이루어지는 새만금간척공사 수역과 그 주변 해역의 수질 및 저질 분포 특성을 구명하기 위하여 2001년 9월에 총 101개 퇴적물 시료와 69개의 해수 시료를 채취, 분석하였다. 주요 수질 항목별 평균 및 표준편차는 수온 25.51±0.68℃, 염분 29.88±5.01psu, COD 1.40±0.78 mg/L, 용존무기질소 (DIN) 0.352±0.417 mg/L, 그리고 인산인 0.027±0.023 mg/L 이었다. 영양염류 및 COD는 동진강 및 만경강 하구에서 매우 높은 농도를 보였으며, 곰소만과 새만금 입구 수역은 매우 낮은 값을 보였다. COD, 영양염류 농도 및 N/P 등은 염분과 유의적 역상관관계를 보였으며, 이는 대부분의 오염 물질이 육상 기원임을 시사하였다. 주성분 분석에 의한 수질 분포 역시 새만금 수역으로 유입되는 지류에서 높은 영양염류 및 유기물 농도를 보여 타 수역에 비하여 수질 오염도가 높았다. 퇴적물의 경우 주요 중금속류 및 일반저질항목별 농도는 알루미늄 2.28±0.92%, 카드뮴 0.61±0.27 ppm, 구리 8.95±4.06 ppm, 철 1.19±0.37%, 망간 182.31±77.45 ppm, 니켈 10.83±4.97 ppm, 납 15.20±4.35 ppm, 아연 41.34±34.62 ppm, COD 2.68±1.85 mg/g dry, AVS 0.04±0.08 mg/g dry, 강열감량 1.29±1.08%, 함수율 24.11±4.49%, 총질소 0.02±0.02% 그리고 총탄소 0.22±0.30% 이었다. 저질의 공간 분포 특성 은 수질처럼 명확하지는 않았으나, 금강하구 수역에서 전반적으로 높은 농도를 보였다. 저질 항목별 상관관계는 중금속과 유기물함량 간에 유의적 관계가 있었으며 (p＜0.05), 퇴적물내의 농축비 (enrichment factor)가 대부분 수역에서 1-2의 범위를 보여 중금속의 외부 유입이 심각하지 않은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 퇴적물 내의 중금속 농도 역시 일반적인 해양 퇴적물에서 검출되는 범위 이내로 새만금 및 주변 수역의 저질 상태는 매우 양호한 것으로 판단된다.

Environmental quality(water and sediment) was analyzed in the tidal flat of Saemangum of Jeonbuk Province, the west coast of Korea, using the 101 sediment samples and 69 water samples collected in September 4~13, 2001. Major water quality parameters with the means of 69 surface water samples are as follows; 25.51±0.68 ℃ for water temperature, 29.88±5.01 for salinity, 1.40±0.78mg/L for COD, 0.352±0.417mg/L for DIN, and 0.027±0.023mg/L for phosphate, respectively. Higher values were found at the subestuary of Dongjin and Mangyung River, and lower values at the Saemangum embayment and Gomso Bay. There was a significant negative correlation between salinity and the other water quality parameters(p＜0.0001) such as COD, nutrients, SS and N/P. This correlation suggested that the major pollution sources be from terrestrial inputs through tributaries in this area. Principal component analysis clearly revealed a spatial variation of water quality; stations with higher values of nutrients and COD located subestuary of tributaries. 14 sediment quality parameters including 8 trace metals were measured using the 101 surface sediment samples. Average values for the parameters are as follows; Al 2.28±0.92%, Cd 0.61±0.27 ppm, Cu 8.95±4.06 ppm, Fe 1.19±0.37%, Mn 182.31±77.45 ppm, Ni 10.83±4.97 ppm, Pb 15.20±4.35 ppm, Zn 41.34±34.62 ppm, COD 2.68±1.85 mg/g dry, AVS 0.04±0.08 mg/g dry, IL 1.29±1.08%, water content 24.11water quality. Some higher values were found at the subestuary of Gum River and lower values at the other area. There was a significant positive correlation between the heavy metal concentrations and organic materials within the sediment(p＜0.05). Enrichment factors showed the ranges of 1~2 for most of the metals in the sediment except zinc(1~6), indicating no serious exogenous input of heavy metals in the study area. Also, the heavy metal concentrations in the sediment were within the ranges found at the natural marine environments.

A Gate-All-Around (GAA) structure for 3D DRAM was fabricated using an ALD-based oxide semiconductor channel to enable low-temperature processing and suppress leakage current. Spacer engineering with ALD and dry-oxidized SiO2 effectively reduced leakage paths compared to PECVD. The use of Al2O3 as the gate insulator further improved insulation. The device demonstrated promising performance with Ion = 1.30 μA and SS = 113 mV/decade at VDS = 1.1 V, indicating its potential for next-generation memory applications.

This study aimed to analyze the pedaling pattern of cyclist during Wingate test(30sec). The subject were university cyclist(male 10) and subjects performed the standing start(SS) and rolling start(RS) using Wattbike Pro.(United Kingdom) for Wingate test(30sec). The paired t-test was used to analyze pedaling efficiency(PE), peak pedaling velocity(PPV), mean pedaling velocity(MPV), time to peak power (TPP), time to mean power(TMP) and angle to peak power(APP) by the starting types. The statistical significances were accepted at .05. PE and PPV of RS were higher than SS(t=-2.717, p=.024; t=-2.938, p=.017, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in MPV between RS and SS(p>.05). TPP of RS was faster than SS both left(t=2.248, p=.049) and right(t=3.367, p=.009) leg. However, there was no significant difference in TMP between RS and SS(p>.05). There was no significant difference in APP between RS and SS(p>.05).

Coastal plantation is one of the key natural defence against the tidal surge induced tropical cyclones. In Bangladesh, a total of 81 km long coastal belt was established from Potenga to Muhuri in Chittagong. This study explores the wind protection efficiency of the coastal plantations at 28 observation points along the 81 km long Potenga–Muhuri irrigation project of Chittagong coastal belt. We found that wind protection efficiency was lowest (1.40% and 7.00%) at 1st observation point of outside the embankment (OE) and inside of the embankment (IE) than Sea Shore (SS), respectively. On the other hand, the highest (82.89% and 95.72%) wind protection efficiency was observed at 22th observation for Outside of the Embankment (OE) and Inside of the Embankment (IE) than Sea Shore (SS), respectively. This study also highlighted on species specific wind protection efficiency. The result revealed that 6-year old Casuarina, 6-year old mixed plantation and 10-year old Sonneretia apetala with the width of 20.12 m, 30.48 m, and 15.24 m can reduce wind speed up to 30 H, 30 H and 25 H at windward side, respectively. Analysis also showed that percentage of wind reduction was significantly higher at plantation coast than barren, and ship breaking yard coast. The findings of this study have great potentiality to contribute substantially to take more coastal embankment afforestation programs by the Government of Bangladesh and to choose the more wind resistant plant species throughout the coastal areas of the country.

Pham Tuan Linh2 and Gi Youn Kim This study was carried out on 4 batch reactors to determine the specific ammonium oxidizing rate (SAOR), specific nitrate forming rate (SNFR) and inhibitory degree of nitrifying activities with saline concentrations. Under salt free condition ammonia was consumed during the reaction period within 200 min. When the salt level increased to 10, 20 and 30 g NaClL-1 in reactor, ammonia depletion took 250, 300 and above 350 min, respectively. During concentration above 10 g NaClL-1, there was nitrite accumulation. Also, at 30 g NaClL-1 ammonia did not depleted and NO2 --N accumulated until the final reaction. Nitrate formation rates decreased with increasing salt concentration. SAOR and SNFR showed a decreasing trend as salinity concentrations were increased. The SAOR was reduced from 0.2 to 0.08 mg NH4+-N g-1VSS day-1 as the salt concentration increased from 0 to 30 g NaCLL-1. Similarly, the SNFR decreased from 0.26 kg NO3--N kg-1VSS day-1 at saline free to 0.1 kg NO3--N kg-1VSS day-1 at saline 30 g L-1. A severe inhibition of nitrifiers activity was observed at increased salt concentrations. The inhibition ratio of specific ammonium oxidation rates were 17, 47 and 60% on the reactor of 10, 20 and 30 g NaClL-1 added, respectively. The inhibition ratio of specific nitrate forming rates also were inhibited 30, 53 and 62% on the reactor of 10, 20 and 30 g NaClL-1 added, respectively. As the salinity concentrations increased from 0 to 30 mg NaClL-1, the average MLSS concentration increased from 1,245 to 1,735 mgL-1. The SS concentration of supernatant in reactor which settled about 30 minutes was not severely difference between concentration of salt free reactor and one of those high salt contained reactors.

The purpose of this study was to comparison of Balance, Activities of Daily Living and Quality of life in Stroke Patients with Depression and Those without Depression. The 30 subjects were assessed on balance(Berg Balance Scale, BBS), activities of daily living(Modified Barthel Index, MBI) and quality of life(Stroke-Specific Quality of Life, SS-QOL). Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) were used to evaluate depression. Participants with stroke were divided into two groups: Depressed group(BDI score <9) and Non-deprssed group(BDI score >9)). The two group were compared using independent t-test and the data were analyzed using Pearson product correlation. As a result, The Depressed group showed significantly poorer score in BBS and SS-QOL than Non-depressed group. But, the Depressed group showed not significantly poorer score in MBI than Non-depressed group. the BDI score were significantly correlated with BBS(r=-.706), MBI(r=-.644), and SS-QOL(r=-.644)(p<.01). These result suggest that depression is related to balance, activitise of daily living, quality of life in poststroke patients.

This study examined whether learning context and language aptitude affected the use of pronunciation learning strategies and pronunciation proficiency. One hundred thirty-eight Chinese learners (88 KFL Ss & 50 KSL Ss) learners were investigated for the correlation between learning context(KSL, KFL), language aptitude (high/low), pronunciation learning strategy and pronunciation proficiency. Participants' sound discrimination ability was measured by PLAB and then they were divided into high group (upper 30%) and low group (lower 30%) by scores. SPLS and personal information survey were also conducted. The results showed that (i) a significant difference was found in pronunciation proficiency pursuant to learning context and language aptitude, (ii) use of pronunciation learning strategy differed significantly pursuant to learning context and language aptitude, and (ⅲ) use of pronunciation learning strategy could predict pronunciation proficiency. The findings suggest that effective pronunciation learning strategy should be investigated and taught in L2 Korean classroom.