Earticle

최근 COVID-19 펜데믹은 전 세계 기업들의 경영환경을 불안하게 만들면서 고용시장에 악영향을 미 치고 있다. 이러한 불확실한 환경과 최근 첨단기술들의 발전은 지속적인 일자리를 감소시키고 있다. 일 자리 감소는 경제 발전 저해와 각종 사회문제를 발생시킬 수 있다. 그러므로 신직업 창출 즉, 창직을 통하여 일자리를 증가시켜야 한다. 창직을 위해서는 ‘창의적인 아이디어’라는 필수적인 요소가 필요하 다. 그러나 창의적인 직업 아이디어 발상을 위한 체계화된 방법론에 관한 연구는 아직 부족한 상황이 다. 따라서 본 연구는 효율적이고 창의적인 신직업 구현을 위하여, 활성화 초기에 있는 신직업을 대상 으로 적용된 창의적 아이디어 발상 원리들과 창의성 수준을 분석하여 창직의 아이디어 발상 원리를 도 출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 분석 방법으로 창의적 아이디어 발상법인 SIT(Systematic Inventive Thinking)와 창의적 비즈니스들의 아이디어 발상기법 BCC(Business Creativity Code) 그리고 창의성 평 가 방법론인 ICA(Integrated Creativity Analysis)를 활용하여 한국고용정보원이 제공한 신직업, 미래 직 업 총 117개를 대상으로 창직의 내재된 아이디어 발상 원리와 창의성 원리를 3개월 동안 분석하였다. 이러한 결과, SIT와 BCC 11가지 발상 원리 중 신직업들에 85% 이상 적용된 핵심적인 5가지 발상원리 인 재정의, 연결, 분리, 유추 그리고 결합 기법을 도출하였다. 또한, 신직업들의 창의성 분석으로 9개 분야와 신직업 각각의 창의성 수준이 평가되었다. 그 결과 독창성보다 실용성 수준이 높게 평가되었다. 그러므로 창직을 위한 창의적인 아이디어를 위해서는 직업들의 실용성을 높이는 활동이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 시사점은 창직을 위한 아이디어 발상을 수행할 때, 5가지 핵심적인 발상 원리와 창 의성의 독창성과 실용성 수준을 고려하여 창직의 신직업 아이디어 발상을 수행한다면, 보다 효과적이 고 효용성이 높은 창직을 수행할 수 있다는 것이다.

Recently, COVID-19 pandemic is adversely affecting the employment market and made the business environment disturbed for companies around the world. This uncertain environment and advances in technology continue to reduce jobs. job reduction can inhibit economic development and cause various social problems. Therefore, it is necessary to create new jobs through Job Creation. Job Creation requires an essential element called 'creative ideas'. However, research on a systematic methodology for deriving creative job ideas is still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to derive the idea generation principles and creativity levels for job creation by analyzing new occupations in the early stages of activation. As an analysis method, SIT (Systematic Inventive Thinking), BCC (Business Creativity Code), and ICA (Integrated Creativity Analysis) were conducted for 3 months on a total of 117 new and future jobs provided by the Korea Employment Information Service. As a result, among the 11 ideation principles of SIT and BCC, five core ideation principles were derived that were applied to more than 85% of new occupations: Redefinition, Connection, Division, Analogy and Combination techniques. In addition, through analysis of the creativity of new occupations, the level of creativity in each of the nine fields and new occupations was evaluated. As a result, the level of practicality was evaluated higher than originality. Therefore, in order to come up with creative ideas for job creation, activities that increase the practicality of jobs are necessary. The implication of this study is that when coming up with ideas for job creation, if you consider the five core ideation principles and the level of originality and practicality of creativity, it will be more effective and more useful.

Background The range of motion of the ankle joint in stroke patients facilitates the smooth performance of functional movements and highlights the necessity of adequate ankle joint range of motion for performing these functional movements. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sit-to-stand exercises combined with joint mobilization with movements (MWM) and passive ankle stretching followed by sit-to-stand exercises on lower extremity functions, balance, and gait performance in stroke patients. Study design Two-group pre- and post-test design Methods A total of 34 chronic stroke patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Sit-to-stand using MWM group (SUG) performed sit-to-stand exercises combined with MWM. Passive stretching group (PSG) performed passive ankle stretching followed by sit-to-stand exercises. A two-way ANOVA was used to examine the interactions between the two groups. The statistical significance level (α) was set at 0.05. Results SUG showed statistically significant difference in the dorsiflexion active range of motion (AROM), the five time sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and the 10-meter walking (10MWT) (p < 0.05). PSG showed statistically significant difference in the FTSTS and 10MWT (p < 0.05). A post-hoc analysis was conducted to compare pre- and post-test outcomes between groups; however, no statistically significant differences were found in dorsiflexion AROM, the FTSTS and 10MWT. (p >0.05). Conclusions Sit-to-stand exercise combined with MWM may be suggested as an effective program for improving lower extremity functions, balance, gait performance of stroke patients.

Objective: To prove 5-time sit-to-stand (5-STS) and 30-second sit-to-stand (30sSTS) tests in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic heart failure (HF) patients with systolic dysfunction. Alternative tests, such as 5-STS and 30sSTS, may be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with HF but have not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to prove 5-STS and 30sSTS tests in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done, evaluating chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction that have received optimal guideline directed medical treatment for at least 3 months. All patients underwent the same intervention on the same day, starting with an initial 5-STS test, followed by a 30sSTS, and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT).Results: A total of 34 patients were enrolled in this study. The median left ventricular ejection fraction was 44% (interquartile range=34%?48%). Mean values of 5-STS, 30sSTS, and 6MWT were 13.90±4.72, 13.29±3.38, and 463.65±87.04, respectively. 5-STS showed moderate correlation with 6MWT (r=-0.436, p=0.01). However, the 30sSTS revealed strong correlation with 6MWT (r=0.629, p<0.001).Conclusion: The 30sSTS test had strong correlation with 6MWT. It could be used to illustrate cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction.

Objective To compare an objective assessment scale for “come-to-sit” in stroke patients with the previously established subjective assessment scales of “performance-based assessment” and the “ability for basic movement scale”. Method A specifically designed jacket was used to determine the objective degree of assistance needed for patients to perform the task. While patients were sitting up, the investigator evaluated the amount of assistance needed in a fully dependent state (A) and with maximal eff ort (B). Using this measure, we obtained an objective scale, {(A-B)/A} ×100. In addition, patients were tested in two starting positions: hemiplegic-side lying and soundside lying. We then compared the objective scale with subjective scales and other parameters related to functional outcomes. Results For both starting positions, the objective assessment scale showed high correlation with the previously established subjective scales (p<0.01). Only the hemiplegic-side lying-to-sit objective scale showed a signifi cant correlation with the parameters used to assess functional outcomes (p<0.05). In terms of Brunnstrom stages, only the leg stage showed a signifi cant correlation with the objective “come-to-sit” scale (p<0.01). Conclusion The objective scale was comparable to established subjective assessment scales when used by an expert. The hemiplegic-side lying-to-sit maneuver had a high correlation with patient’s functional recovery. Specifi cally, balance and lower extremity function appear to be important factors in the “come-to-sit” activity.

The gradually increasing environment of market competition in Korean travel industry and economy crisis have urged travel agents to strive against the low profit with decreasing revenue. To develop right SIT(special interest tourism) product in environment can be offer not only travelers' satisfaction but also agents' profit. The core advantage of segmentation is that customers will be more satisfied with the product because it has been designed with their needs in mind. The purpose of this study is to analyze usefulness psychographics survey for SIT products market segmentation and to suggest useful marketing strategies for development of SIT products. AS a result of collecting questionnaire from the respondents 8 different types are classified in accordance with the characteristics of psychographics style. This study results indicate that psychographics factors are useful to segment SIT market as much as demographic factors. This study has a limitation which can offer the direction of the study in the future. That is limited sample in empirical survey as 20 or 30 ages.

Load asymmetry in the lower limbs of patients with hip fracture is asso-ciated with decreased gait ability, impaired balance, and increased risk of fall. The modified sit-to-stand (STS), which combines positioning the foot behind with chair seat elevation, facilitates loading on the affected limb. This study aimed to investigate lower limb load asymmetry during STS and walking in patients with hip fracture after modified STS train-ing. This quasi-randomized pilot trial assigned patients with hip fractures to modified or normal STS (feet together) groups, matched by age and stratified (mean age, 81.9±5.5 years vs. 82.7±6.8 years). Twelve and ten participants in the modified and normal STS groups, respectively, were included in the analysis. The intervention lasted for 15 min/day for 2 weeks in both groups. The amount of load on the affected and unaf-fected limbs during STS and the amount of load and stance time during walking were measured before and after the intervention. Other physi-cal functional outcomes included lower limb strength, balance, and gait speed. The amount of load on the affected limb, stance time of the af-fected limb, knee extension strength of the affected limb, and Berg Bal-ance Scale score showed a group and time interaction, and were sig-nificantly greater in the modified STS group after than before the inter-vention. Modified STS training in patients with hip fracture improves the load on the affected limb during STS, stance time of the affected limb during walking, knee extensor strength in the affected limb, and balance function.

The purpose of present study was to compare the tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), and erector spinae (ES) muscle activities at variety chair height during sit-to-stand (STS) on normal weight and obese sub-jects. Also, we compared the muscle activity difference between the normal weight and obese subjects. The study included 26 subjects (nor-mal weight 13 and obese 13). Each subject performed STS at three chair heights (40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm) and TA, RF, and ES muscle activities measured. According to the results of the measurement, muscle activa-tion of TA showed significantly higher than RF and ES muscle activation during STS at all chair heights on obese subjects. The muscle activation of TA showed significantly higher than RF muscle activation during STS at all chair heights on normal weight subjects. The muscle activation of RF and ES showed significantly higher in normal weight subjects than obese subjects at 40 cm and 50 cm of chair heights. However, the TA muscle activation showed no significant difference between normal weight subjects and obese subjects. This study’s results suggested that obese subjects should practice the use of RF and ES muscles in a low-height chair during STS.

Six-min walk test (6MWT) is widely used exercise test for the evalua-tion of interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, the long test duration and need for long and flat surface hinder its routine use. One-min sit-to-stand test (1-STST) is devoid of such limitations, but has been scarcely evaluated. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 1-STST by correlating it with 6MWT in ILD patients. Stable ILD patients were prospectively enrolled. After initial spirometry, all patients per-formed 6MWT and 1-STST following the standard recommendations. Exercise capacity and physiological parameters (heart rate, pulse oxy-gen saturation, blood pressure and dyspnea [modified Borg scale]) in-cluding peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were correlated after the tests using Pearson correlation, Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa (κ) coefficient. The results showed that the mean age of the patients (n=60) was 58.8±11.5 years (male:female=1:1). Repetitions af-ter 1-STST showed significant correlation with 6MWT (r=0.48; P<0.001). Changes in the physiological variables were similar (P>0.05) with good consistency (ICC=0.68–0.95) between 6MWT and 1-STST. Both lowest SpO2 and difference in SpO2 also showed good agreement (ICC=0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–0.92 and ICC=0.68; 95% CI, 0.47–0.81 respectively) and significant correlation (r=0.76 and r=0.52, respectively). 1-STST and 6MWT were consistent in identifying patients having oxygen desaturation ≥4% (κ=0.56; 96% CI, 0.30–0.82). The results demonstrated that the performance of 1-STST was consis-tent with 6MWT in terms of exercise capacity and change in physiolog-ical parameters. 1-STST can be a valid alternative to 6MWT in the as-sessment of ILD patients, especially in peripheral health centers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the balance abilities of the adolescent girl with brain lesions by Sit-to-Stand (STS) action analysis before and after the rehabilitative horse riding of 16 week program. The subject aged 16 yr old who had the disabilities of spasticity and hemi-plegia was recruited with the consent approval. The equilibrium abilities of the subject were tested by Sit-to-Stand examination with Weight Transfer Time (WTT), Mean Rising Index (MRI), Mean Weight Asymme-try (MWA), Max Trunk Flexion Velocity (MTFV), and Max Trunk Exten-sion Velocity (MTEV). Research was designed by AB single subject study with baseline of 3 times of measurement and rehabilitative horse riding treatments. In the results, the enhancement of the subject’s equi-librium ability was shown from the comparisons between baseline and treatment by the STS test that WTT was 2.37 sec faster, MRI was 6.64 N/kg higher, and MWA was 8.12% lower, and MTFV was 0.57°/sec larg-er than all those means of baseline. It suggested that the subject showed her enhanced balance ability while in sitting and standing after the re-habilitative horse riding treatments.

この事件は、被告人らの事業場施設の占拠行為が労働組合の争議行為とし て、その占拠した範囲、排他的に占拠したことなどと関連し、業務妨害罪及び 退去不応罪に成立可否を争った。これに対し、一審裁判所(ソウル中央地方法院 2006.10.12)は被告人の甲と乙が退去要求に不応し、威力でA協会の業務を妨害 し たと判決した。また、「原審」(ソウル中央地方法院2007.6.20)は原告(協会)の 主張を受け止め、労働組合の占拠行為が争議行為に当たるが、使用者側の出入 りや管理支配を排除するまま、これを全面的・排他的に占拠したもので、その 他に被告人らの争議行為を事前に書面申告を行わなかったので争議抗議の正当 性から逸脱することで、業務妨害罪の責任を認めた。また、原審は被告人らが 協会の協会長及び役人らの業務空間を排他的に占拠し協会側の退去要求に不応 することで、この事件、退去不応罪は成立するのであって、仮に協会側の職場 閉鎖措置が違法であるとしても、このような事情が被告人らの上記の退去不応 罪の成立に影響を与えるのではないと判断した。 これに対し、本評釈対象の判決である最高裁判所の判決では、原審判決に対 し認めた内容は、争議抗議の正当性と退去不応罪に関する法理を誤解したと し、原審判決を破棄し、原審裁判所(ソウル中央地方法院)に破棄差し戻しした 事 件であった。 今回の最高裁の判決では、労働組合の組合員らが事業場内の会議室を占拠し た 行為は、争議行為としての目的と手続き的正当性を整えたもので、その事業 場の施設を全面的・排他的に占拠したものと判断しにくく、むしろその占拠の 範囲が事業場施設の一部分であり、使用者側の出入りや管理支配を排除しない 部分的・併存的な占拠に過ぎない上、実質的に事業主の業務を中断するか、混 乱を招いたこともないと判示している。ここに、事業主の業務が実際に妨害さ れたり、またはせめてその業務妨害の結果を招く危険性が発生したとも見えな いとしながら、組合員らの事業場内会議室の占拠行為は労働関係法令による正 当な争議行為として違法性が阻却されたと判断した事例であった。また、この 事件の労働組合支部がストライキに突入したわずか4時間あまりに、事業主が す ぐ職場閉鎖の措置を取ったことは、労働者側の争議行為に対する対抗・防衛手 段としての相当性が認められないと判断した。よって、上記の職場閉鎖は正当 な争議行為と認められない。従って、事業主が上記の職場閉鎖を理由で労働者 である組合員らに退去するように求めたことならば、組合員らがそれに不応し たとしても、退去不応罪が成立しないとみた事例であった。このような判示の 内容は、従来の最高裁判例の立場の流れに沿った妥当な判決であったと見られ る。最後に、今回の最高裁の判決では、労働組合及び労働関係調整法施行令第 17条上の申告義務の効力に対し、初めて争議行為をするに当たって、その細部 的・形式的な手続きを規定したものの法的効力に対し争議行為に適法性を与え るために必要な本質的な要素ではないので、申告手続きの未順守だけを理由 で、争議行為の正当性を否定することができないと裁判所の立場を明らかにし た点で、その意義を探せる判決であった。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the both lower limb muscle asymmetry during sit-to-stand (STS) and spatiotemporal gait asymmetry in subjects with stroke. Twenty-nine pa-tients were included in this study, lower limb muscle (rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) asymmetry during STS, five times sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and spatiotemporal (speed, step length, step time, swing time, stance time, single support time) gait asymmetry were measured. According to the results of the measurement, significant positive cor-relations between gastrocnemius and rectus femoris asymmetry during STS and step length asymmetry. Furthermore, significant positive cor-relations between rectus femoris asymmetry during STS and step time asymmetry. In addition, significant negative correlations between the FTSTS and gait speed. This study’s results suggested that necessary to apply exercise that the gastrocnemius and rectus femoris symmetry during STS for improving step length and step time symmetry of gait, and necessary to apply exercise that increase STS speed for gait speed.

Developmental delays cover a wide range, with different movement characteristics occurring depending on differences in muscle tone. We aimed to investigate muscle activity and acceleration during sit-to-stand in developmentally delayed (DD) children with different muscle tones. Forty participants were divided into three groups: typically devel-oping (TD) children (n=18), DD children with hypertonia (n=12), and DD children with hypotonia (n=10). Electromyography was used to mea-sure muscle activity and BTS G-Walk was used to measure accelera-tion. As a result, the activities of the rectus abdominal muscle and quadriceps muscle were lower in DD children with hypertonia than in TD children (P<0.05). The activity of the tibialis anterior muscle was higher in DD children with hypotonia than in TD children (P<0.05). The trunk angle was greater in DD children with hypotonia than in TD chil-dren (P<0.05), and vertical acceleration was lower in DD children with hypertonia than in TD children (P<0.05). Based on these differences, we will be able to provide intervention programs appropriate for the characteristics of DD children with different muscle tone.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in the activation of the lower extremity and back muscles according to the inclination angle during the sit-to-stand (STS) test. STS is commonly performed in daily life and is a prerequisite for independent upright mobility. STS is a complex process that requires coordinated contraction of the lower extremities and trunk. Although previous studies on STS have analyzed the kinematic characteristics of chair height and seat angle, there have been no studies on the effect of seat angle on the lower extremity and back muscle activities while standing up from a sitting position. Twenty healthy adults were enrolled in this study and performed STS. Measurements were conducted from sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit for rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), and erector spinae activation using surface electromyography( EMG). Muscle activation was measured three times for 5 seconds in each posture, and the %RVC value was calculated after excluding for the first 1 second and the last 1 second of 5 seconds the measurement. In this study, pppmuscle activity in the GA was significantly lower at A10 and N than at P10 (p<.007). Muscle activity in the RF was significantly lower at A10 than at P10 (p<.007). The muscle activity in the ES was significantly lower at A10 than at P10 (p<.042). The anterior seat inclination position is thought to be applied as a therapeutic rehabilitation method because STS is possible with little muscle activation of the lower extremities and back muscles.

The study aimed to examine the effects of changes in the angle and height on movements and ground reaction forces in the feet. Subjects were instructed to sit and stand on different angles and heights; 0° (43 cm), 10° (51 cm), and 15° (58 cm). The motion required in this study is similar to that of standing up from sitting on a chair. The Tumble Forms Wedges (10° [8 cm], 15° [15 cm]) were placed on the toilet seat to cre-ate angles and heights at 0° (43 cm), 10° (51 cm), and 15° (58 cm). The side-to-side travel distances when the subjects stood up from sitting were 103.70±12.46 at 0° (43 cm), 96.99±12.11 at 10° (51 cm), and 99.12±12.00 at 15° (58 cm). The forward and backward travel distances when the subjects stood up from sitting were 235.93±10.60 at 0° (43 cm), 194.17±8.07 at 10° (51 cm), and 181.63±8.66 at 15° (58 cm). The ground reaction forces when the subjects stood up from sitting were 1.09±0.02 at 0° (43 cm), 1.08±0.22 at 10° (51 cm), and 1.07±0.21 at 15° (58 cm). Increases in the angle and height of the toilet seat affected for-ward-and-backward swaying during standing up, but did not affect the ground reaction force and side-to-side swaying.

Various methods of sit-to-stand (STS) training for chronic stroke patients have been devised in the clinical rehabilitation field, aiming at reinforcing muscle strength and recovering balancing ability, including improving weight-bearing capacity. However, there is little research on STS training using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which is known to be effective in enhancing muscle strength and balancing ability. Hence, this study investigated the impact of STS combined with NMES on the muscle strength of the lower trunk and extremities and balancing ability in chronic stroke patients. They were randomly divided into 12 experimental groups (STS with NMES) and 12 control groups (only STS). Measurements were used before and after the intervention. All measurements significantly increased in both the experimental group and control group after the intervention, respectively (p<0.05). However, after the intervention, between the groups, the experimental group was not more statistically significant than the control group in all measurements (p<0.05). This study illustrated that STS with NMES may not differ concerning the muscle strength of the lower trunk and extremities and balancing ability in chronic stroke patients compared to the application of only STS.

Sit-to-walk (STW) movement is a complex task characterized by starting one step before reaching a full standing posture and maintaining the body moment forward until the end of the movement. The purpose of this study was to provide an efficient interventional perspective in close proximity to daily life for improving the function of patients with chronic stroke by providing information on the positive effects of sit-to-walk training. Two patients with chronic stroke volunteered for this study. The STW training fior Subject 1 and the sit-to-stand training for Subject 2 were performed an average 30 minutes per day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks (a total of 12 sessions). Measurements included electromyographic analysis (muscle activity and onset time) on vastus medialis, bicepps femoris, tibialis anterior, and soleus, and timed up and go (TUG) test. With respect to anticipatory postural adjustments before and after training, the tibialis anterior muscle onset time of Subject 1 and 2 decreased from 1.09 to .63 seconds and from 2.46 to 1.25 seconds, respectively. In relation to multi-task performance, the TUG test with a motor task decreased by 5.90 seconds for Subject 1 and 12.03 seconds for Subject, respectively. These findings suggest that the STW training might be considered as a part of functional movement re-education close to everyday life in rehabilitation programs of stroke patients and as higher difficulty training.

This study aimed to identify the effect of a sit-to-standing exercise using mirror on the strength of lower extremity, balance and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with stroke. fourteen subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects of experimental group underwent the sit-to-standing exercise using mirror for averaging 30 minutes daily for 4 weeks (total of 20 sessions). The subjects of control group underwent the common rehabilitation exercise for averaging 30 minutes daily for 4 weeks (totla 20 sessions). Assessment tools were made with stregnth of lower extremity, Berg balance scale (BBS) and modified Barthel index (MBI) before and after the 4-week training period. Strength of lower extremtiy and BBS showed significant improvement after sit-to-standing exercise using mirror than control group (p<.05). This study demonstrates that a sit-to-standing exercise using mirror may be favorable for enhancing strength of lower extremity, balance and ADL of patients with stroke. This study provides valuable information for future studies in this field. Further studies with wider range of subjects and longer experiment span are required to strengthen the results of this study.