Earticle

The purpose of this study is to know some changes of resolution and image if we remove scattered ray using lead plate when doing lumbar lateral projection. Using 3 DR system(2 FD types, 1 CCD type) equipments and 2 film system equipments, we gain the image whether the phantom of abdomen equivalent sticking resolution chart has lead plate or not, whether we do collimation or not. Also, we use ion chamber, measure radiation exposure rate and change to entrance surface dose from it. we gain that images in the greatest condition of taking in clinic. 5 people in this group decoded resolution with our eyes, measured thickness of images and compared them from each equiments. Resolution has difference to size of collimation in DR FD type. Also there is no difference the original image with the new image which we abbreviated mAs. In DR CCD type, resolution didn't have difference whether lead plate is or not and whether we do collimation or not. In film type, existing or nonexisting of lead plate didn't influence on resolution. Lead plate makes the quality of image higher due to reducing scattered ray, it doesn't influence on resolution.

몰입감은 게임을 플레이 하는데 중요한 요소이며 궁극적으로 게임 자체의 성공을 좌우하는 재 미 그 자체아 결부되기도 한다. 시각적 영역과 밀접한 연관이 있는 해상도는 게임 개발에 있어서 비중있는 요소이며 게임을 개발할 때 염두에 두어야 할 요소이기도 하다. 그래픽 기술의 발전은 하드웨어 발전과 함께해 왔으며, 대부분의 게임은 현재 고해상도의 고품질 그래픽으로 개발되고 있다. 현재 다양한 사용자들의 다양한 해상도 정보 분석 및 시장 조사는 게임 개발자들에게 효과 적인 정보를 제공해 줄 것이며 연구 가치가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 지난 4년 간 네이버 소프트웨어 문서분야에서 가장 많은 다운로드 수를 기록하고 있는 문서 뷰어인 'DAVU'의 사용자 정보를 통해 한국인 IT사용자들의 평균 해상도를 분석한다. 'DAVU'는 국내 통합 뷰어 솔루션으로 2014년 국내 문서 및 이미지 뷰어 솔루션을 통해 서비스를 시작했으며 사용자가 뷰어를 실행할 때 개인정보를 제외한 사용자 정보(해상도, 파일 포맷, OS, IE정보 등)를 서버로 전송하여 집계가 가능하다. 이 연구는게임 및 소프트웨어뿐만 아니라 모니터 하드웨어 산업에도 효율적 정보를 제공해 주는 연구가 될 것이다.

Immersion is a very important factor in playing games, and ultimately it is linked to fun, which in turn affects the success of the game itself. The resolution, which is a visual area in this immersion, is a very important factor, and it is also a factor that must be kept in mind when developing a game. The development of graphics technology has been accompanied by the development of hardware, and most games are now being developed with high-resolution, high-quality graphics. Currently, analysis and market research on how various users contact content at various resolutions will provide effective information to game developers and they are worth researching. This study analyzes the resolution of Korean average users through the user information of 'DAVU' which is the number one document viewer in Naver Software Data Room for the last 3 years. ‘DAVU’is a domestic integrated viewer solution, launched its service in 2014 with a domestic document and image viewer solution. When the user runs the viewer user without environment information (resolution, file format, OS, IE information, etc.) , it is transmitted to server and aggregated. It has been ranked No. 1 in the Naver Software Viewer category for more than two years, with 16 million total users. The analysis of computer users' resolution will be an effective study not only for games and software but also for the monitor hardware industry.

본 연구는 일러스트레이터의 과도한 사진자료 의존도를 개선하고 시각적 상상력을 확장하고자, 시각의 형태인식 과정과 시각기억의 속성을 검토해 시각기억의 해상도를 향상시키는 관찰법을 도출, 제안하였다. 일상 속에서 시각기억은 해상도가 낮은데 그것은 형태 인식이 인지적 경제성을 위해 기본층위범주에서 이루어지고, 그 과정에서 대상에 대한 상세 정보를 상실하기 때문이다. 시각기억의 해상도를 높이려면 상실한 상세 정보들을 재 포착해 작업기억 속에 유입시킴으로써 의미 분석할 수 있도록 하는 관찰이 필요하다. 먼저 대상을 전체가 아닌 부분별로 포착하는 것이 중요하며, 부분은 대상 자체의 질서와 구조에 맞게 분할되어야 한다. 포착한 시각정보는 의미 분석되어야 장기기억 속에 저장될 수 있고 시각기억의 해상도 향상에 기여할 수 있다. 의미 분석은 포착한 시각정보를 기존의 지식과 관련시킴으로써 앎의 영역으로 끌어 들이는 것으로 범주 확인, 형태 기술, 단순화, 연상, 지식의 확인, 추론, 구조적 관계 파악이 있다.

This research drew an observational method to enhance resolution of visual memory from study about the recognition process of vision and the properties of visual memory. It is for improving the excessive dependence on photo references of illustrators, and expanding visual imagination. Visual memory shows low resolution in everyday life since form recognition is performed at basic-level category for cognitive economy and lose detail information about an object at that process. Observation that can recapture the lost detail information and putting them into working memory for semantic analysis is needed to enhance the resolution of visual memory. First of all, object should be divided according to its own order and structure, and it should be captured by parts. Only when captured visual information is semantically analyzed, it can be stored in long-term memory and contribute enhancing of resolution of visual memory. Semantic analysis is to bring captured visual information into the domain of knowledge by connection to existing knowledge, such as category checking, form description, simplification, association, knowledge confirmation, inference, structural relation understanding.

본 연구에서는 ATS-539 다목적 초음파 팬텀을 이용하여 초음파 영상의 변조전달함수(Modulation-Transfer Function, MTF)를 분석하고, 임상 프리셋(THYROID, BREAST, APPE-L) 및 장비 설정 변수(Gain, Dynamic Range, Frame Average)의 변화가 영상의 공간 해상도에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 획득된 영상의 분석 결과, 중심 주파수가 높을수록 MTF 50% 값이 증가하여 세부 구조 재현성이 향상되는 경향을 보였다. 반면 Gain, DR, FA 변화에 따른 MTF 50% 값은 큰 차이를 나타나지 않았다. 또한 ATS-539 다목적 초음파 팬텀의 수직 방향 표적 분석 결과, 초점 영역이 형성된 근거리(상단) 위치에서 MTF 값이 높게 측정되어 깊이에 따른 공간 해상도 변화가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 초음파 영상 품질의 정량적 관리(Quality Assurance, QA) 및 장비 성능 검증의 표준화에 기여할 수 있으며, 초음파 영상의 진단적 품질 유지와 영상 최적화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of ultrasound images was analyzed using the ATS-539 multi-purpose ultrasound phantom, and the effect of changes in clinical presets (THYROID, BREAST, APPE-L) and equipment setting variables (Gain, Dynamic Range, Frame Average) on the spatial resolution of images was quantitatively evaluated. As a result of analyzing the obtained images, the higher the center frequency, the higher the MTF 50% value, which tended to improve the detailed structure reproducibility. On the other hand, there was showed little variation in the MTF 50% value according to changes in Gain, DR, and FA. In addition, as a result of the vertical direction target analysis of the ATS-539 multi-purpose ultrasound phantom, the MTF value was measured high at the near (top) location where the focal area was formed, confirming the change in spatial resolution according to depth. These results are expected to contribute to the standardization of the quality assistance (QA) of ultrasound image quality and equipment performance verification, and to the maintenance of diagnostic quality of ultrasound images and image optimization.

본 연구에서는 초음파 영상 품질의 정량적인 평가를 위해 변조전달함수(MTF)와 잡음력스펙트럼(NPS)을 적용하여 해상도 및 잡음을 평가하였다. ATS-539 다목적 초음파 팬텀과 ABDFAN 인체형 복부 팬텀을 이용하 여 각각의 탐촉자별 주파수 변화에 따라 초음파 영상을 획득하였다. MTF 측정 결과 50% MTF에 해당하는 공간 주파수 값은 각 탐촉자 모두 주파수 Res, Gen, Pen 순서로 높게 나타났다. 그리고 초점 위치의 ROI에서는 공간 주파수가 높게 나타났으며, 같은 위치에 설정한 ROI별로 비교했을 때 영상의 주파수가 높아질수록 공간주파수가 높게 나타났다. NPS 측정 결과 각 탐촉자 모두 주파수 Res, Gen, Pen 순서로 NPS 값이 높게 나타났다. 초음파 영상에서 구체적인 MTF, NPS 측정 방법과 기준값을 수립하기 위해 향후 다양한 초음파 장비와 파라미터 조건 을 적용하여 활발한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

This study applied the MTF and NPS to quantitatively evaluate ultrasound image quality in terms of resolution and noise. Ultrasound images were obtained using the ATS-539 multipurpose phantom and the ABDFAN human abdominal phantom, varying the frequencies for each probe. The MTF results indicated that the spatial frequency values at 50% MTF were high in the order of frequencies Res, Gen, and Pen, especially in the ROI at the focal position. Comparing the ROIs set at the same location, the values increased as the frequency of the image increased. The NPS results showed that NPS values were high in the order of frequencies Res, Gen, and Pen for all probes. Further research is needed to establish specific MTF and NPS measurement methods and reference values by applying various ultrasound equipment and parameters.

본 연구는 부산지역 의료기관과 대학에서 실습용으로 실제 사용 중인 초음파 영상진단장치의 성능을 평 가하기 위하여 고주파수 선형 탐촉자(Linear Probe)와 N-365 Multipurpose Phantom을 활용하였다. 8가지 평가 항목으로 구성하였으며 총 24대 장비 중 21대가 합격으로 평가되었다. 불합격으로 평가된 3대에서는 특히 측방향 분해능과 기능적 분해능의 1 [mm] 표적에서 p value 0.001 미만으로 나타나, 초음파장비 성능평가 합격 여부에 중요한 역할을 함을 확인하였다. 또한, 카이제곱 검정과 Mann-Whitney U 검정을 통해 기관별, 제조회사별, 장비 사용 연수에 따른 합격 여부의 차이를 분석한 결과, 기관과 제조회사별 합격 여부는 유의미한 차이가 없었으나 (p=0.489), 사용 연수에 따른 합격 여부는 유의미한 차이가 있었다(p=0.012). 이러한 결과는 초음파 영상진단장치 의 정확도와 신뢰성을 유지하기 위해서는 사용 연수에 따른 정기적인 성능평가와 품질 관리가 필수적이며 이는 초음파검사의 질을 향상시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

This study evaluated the performance of ultrasound imaging system in use for training at medical institutions and universities in Busan, using high-frequency linear probes and the N-365 Multipurpose Phantom. The evaluation included eight criteria, and 21 out of 24 devices passed. The three that failed showed significant deficits in lateral resolution and functional resolution at the 1 [mm] target, with p values below 0.001, highlighting their importance in the performance assessments. Further analysis using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests showed no significant differences in pass rates across institutions and manufacturers (p=0.489), but there were significant differences related to the years of use(p=0.012). These results emphasize the need for regular performance evaluations and quality control based on the age of the equipment, as proper management can enhance the quality of ultrasound examinations.

본래 탈자는 신과 인간의 의식연관으로서 육체적 틀을 벗어난 자아의 상태이다. 그 의 미는 신과의 교섭을 통해 현존하는 인간이 자기의 무근거(Ungrund)를 망각하는 주술과도 같다. 하지만 하이데거는 이러한 탈자를 부조리한 죽음을 뒤집어 버리는 불안의 주술로 바 꾼다. 그것은 죽음의 숙고 속에 일상적 세계를 떠나 기투하면서 본래적인 자기로 존재할 것을 결의하는 것이다. 다시 말해 하이데거는 죽음을 인간 존재의 기초조건으로 간주하고 인간을 본래적으로 존재하게 하는 무력한 결의를 산출한다. 이러한 실존의 양식으로 인간 의 본질을 밝히고자 했던 초기 하이데거는 많은 비판에 직면한다. 비판가들은 현존재의 본 래성에 함의된 유아론적 혐의를 확인하고 신의 이념을 전제하는 다른 유형의 인간주의라 고 말한다. 이러한 비판은 인간의 세속적 이해를 초월해야한다는 본래성 개념이 스콜라철 학의 절대성과 인격성에 손쉽게 연관 지어짐에 따른 결과이다. 이런 맥락에서 이 글은 초 기 하이데거가 어떻게 탈자의 관념을 전유하는지 밝힌다.

Ecstasy is originally a state of divine madness as a connection of consciousness between God and human being. The Meaning is like a magic in which a human being forgets its “Unground” through dealing with God. Heidegger, However, turns the ecstasy into a magic of anxiety that revers an absurd death of human being. It is a resolution to leave the everyday world and to be as the authentic self in the contemplation of death. In other words Heidegger counts death as a fundamental condition for human being and yields helpless resolution that makes authentically human being exist. Early Heidegger, who tries to reveal the nature of human beings in this mode of existence, faces a lot of criticism. Critics confirm the solipsistic suspicion implied in the authenticity of Dasein and criticize his thought as another type of humanism that presupposes the idea of God. This criticism is the result due to the fact that the conception of authenticity to transcend the worldly understanding of human being is easily related to the absoluteness and personality of Scholar philosophy. This thesis, therefore, is intended to read how Early Heidegger appropriate the ecstasy.

The United Nations and international community condemned, sanctioned and made recommendations to North Korea for its serious violations of human rights. In particular, the UN Human Rights Council and General Assembly considered and passed resolutions on human rights since 2003. North Korea, ignoring the UN resolutions, revolted and blamed the UN for intervening in its domestic affairs. Having formed the Commission of Inquiry (COI) on North Korean Human Rights in 2013, the UN released the COI report after conducting the testimony of North Korean refugees and investigations. The COI report made recommendations that North Korean leadership be referred to the International Criminal Court on charge of crime against humanity and the issue be dealt with by the Security Council. Following the report, North Korea responded actively, vindicating its position by the participation of the foreign minister in the UN General Assembly and submitting national reports required by human rights treaties. The U.S. and Japan took measures to enact domestic laws to help support to improve upon North Korean human rights situation and resolve the issue of abduction of its own nationals. The ROK, after big political wrangling, enacted the act in 2016. More efforts and attention have been required of the government to establish the Foundation to conduct policy research and other relevant work and to achieve its effectiveness. Looking at North Korean human rights laws of these countries, the laws shall not be applied to the territory of North Korea directly, and therefore the issue of direct ex-territorial application of domestic laws is not raised. In this regard, the domestic laws have inherent limitation in their ex-territorial application to foreign countries.

Lithographic data obtained from PHS(polyhydroxy styrene) having various functionalities were investigated by using a photoacid generator based on diazo and onium type. Chemically amplified photoresist based on the KrF type photoresist was developed by using a photoacid generator and multi-functional resin. Thermal stability for the photoacid generator showed that the increase of loading amount of photoacid generator resulted in the decrease of glass transintion temperature (Tg). The photoacid generators having methyl, ethyl, or propyl group in their cationic structure produced T-top structure in pattern profile due to the effect of acid diffusion during the generation of acid in the resist. The increase of carbon chain length in the anionic structure of photoacid generators resulted in lower pattern resolution due to the interruption of acid diffusion.

This paper presents a robust vehicle detection method for Low Earth Orbit satellite imagery degraded by environmental factors. To enhance feature representation from RGB and IR images, a denoising encoder and a multimodal fusion (MF) module with multi-head squeeze excitation are used. To compensate for texture loss in small vehicles at low resolution, a spatial attention module (SAM) is embedded into the YOLOv5 backbone, and a modified wide activation super-resolution (WDSR) branch is attached for learning finer-grained representations. Experiments on degraded images show that the proposed model outperforms the YOLO series and SuperYOLO in terms of mean average precision (mAP).

In millimeter wave communication, the beamforming technique with accurate angle information plays a key role to overcome the high path-loss and mitigate the interference. Particularly with multiple mobile stations (MSs), accurate multi-beam tracking without any knowledge of dynamic model is challenging. In this regard, we propose the model-free multi-beam tracking algorithm combining the Q-learning with auxiliary beam pair-based angle estimation in multi-MS environment. The proposed scheme benefits from low pilot overhead and high-resolution angle estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional schemes in terms of the effective sum-rate.

Objective: Dysphagia has been reported to occur in patients with inflammatory myopathy (IM). Although high-resolutionimpedance manometry (HRIM) provides precise information regarding the pharyngeal pressure, it has not yetbeen used for assessing dysphagia in routine clinical practice. This study determined whether the results of HRIMfor evaluating deglutition disorders in patients with IM could reflect an abnormality that can’t be identified by avideo fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). Methods: We reviewed both VFSS and HRIM results of nine patients with IM, four of whom presented with globussensation. Results: Cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction was noted in all four patients with globus sensation, and the upperesophageal sphincter residual pressure (UESRP) was higher (≥8 mmHg) in the patients with pharyngeal residue. Using VFSS and HRIM, we demonstrated that dysphagia in patients with IM may arise owing to failed relaxation ofUES or decreased hyolaryngeal excursion. Conclusion: In conclusion, UES-RP values of ≥8 mmHg indicate the presence of pharyngeal residue and globussensation in patients with IM. HRIM provided a comprehensive assessment of the mechanisms of dysphagia, andHRIM facilitated recognizing subtle abnormalities in pharyngeal contraction and UES function. HRIM can overcome thelimitations of VFSS by allowing clinicians to perform objective measurements in patients with IM.

Many reports of changes in cervical alignment after posterior occipitocervical (O-C) fusion causing dysphagia are available. The clinical course can range from mild discomfort to severe aspiration. However, the underlying pathogenesis is not well known. We report an 80-year-old female with videofluoroscopic swallowing study evidence of aspiration that developed after occiput-C3/4 posterior fusion. Pharyngeal pressure was analyzed using high resolution manometry (HRM). Impaired upper esophageal sphincter opening along with diminished peristalsis and pharyngeal pressure gradient were revealed by HRM to be the main characteristics in such patients. The patient fully recovered after a revision operation for cervical angle correction. Distinct pressure patterns behind reversible dysphagia caused by a change in cervical alignment were confirmed using HRM analysis.

Versatile Video Coding (VVC) promised to provide the same video quality as HEVC with 50 % bitrate reduction, which was introduced in 2020. Our suggested method for VVC Intra-coding is residue super-resolution convolutional neural network (RSR-CNN) utilizing downsampling and upsampling procedures. We present an effective complexity reduced VVC intra-coding scheme based on residue SR-CNN. Reducing an original video's resolution in both the vertical and horizontal directions is all that is required to execute down sampling. Increasing the video dimensions for improved visual quality, convolutional neural networks are utilized in the upsampling process to create residue super-resolution. Specifically, for every block, we train a CNN model to perform residue SR after downsampling and compressing the residue at low resolution, and then we carry out motion estimation (ME) and motion compensation (MC) to extract the residue. Using the MC prediction signal, a new residue SR-CNN is designed. Additionally, this work comprehensively examines the complexity and performance of VVC intra-coding tools and integrates them with the residue SR-CNN method. The experiments demonstrate a substantial time savings of 40 % in encoding with BDBR coding gains of 4.2 %, and 2.9 % in AI and RA configurations respectively.

Radio maps are essential for electromagnetic spectrum awareness, supporting communication network optimization and spectrum management. However, existing methods often lack sufficient accuracy in complex propagation environments. To address this, we propose RMG-SRGAN, an improved radio map generation network based on an enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial network. The generator incorporates a Multi-scale Attention Aggregation (MAA) module that strengthens feature representation using multi-scale fusion and dual-path attention in spatial and channel dimensions. The discriminator includes a Feature Enhancement (FE) module to boost discriminative power through multi-stage feature processing.In our evaluation, we prioritize physical fidelity and structural reliability over generic perceptual metrics. Consequently, we employ Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to quantify the precision of predicted signal strength and the F1-Score to assess the classification accuracy of coverage zones versus blind spots. Extensive experiments on the RadioMapSeer dataset demonstrate that RMG-SRGAN achieves state-of-the-art performance, securing the lowest RMSE and highest F1-Score compared to existing baselines.

We argue that accurate person re-identification is a vital problem for urban public monitoring systems in the smart city context. Since images captured from different cameras have arbitrary resolutions resulting in resolution mismatch, this work proposes a model that takes arbitrary images and converts them to a pre-defined fixed resolution. The model then passes the images to a super-resolution network, producing high-resolution images. We employ a feedback network to generate more realistic super-resolution images, which are fed to the re-identification network to acquire a unique descriptor to disclose the person’s identity. We outperformed in all measures against other state-of-the-art methods.

Background : Correct identification of Panax species is important to ensure food quality, safety, authenticity and health for consumers. This paper describes a high resolution melting (HRM) analysis based method using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S ribosomal DNA barcoding regions as target (Bar-HRM) to obtain barcoding information for the major Panax species and to identify the origin of ginseng plant. Methods and Results : A PCR-based approach, Bar-HRM was developed to discriminate among Panax species. In this study, the ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA genes were targeted for testing, since these have been identified as suitable genes for use in the identification of Panax species. The HRM analysis generated cluster patterns that were specific and sensitive enough to detect small sequence differences among the tested Panax species. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the HRM curve analysis of the ITS regions and 5.8S rDNA sequences is a simple, quick, and reproducible method. It can simultaneously identify three Panax species and screen for variants. Thus, ITS1HRM and 5.8SHRM primer sets can be used to distinguish among Panax species.

Since the requirement of secure transmission for massive multiple-input?multiple-output (mIMO) is high, we consider a secure massive MIMO system in presence of multiple digital to analog converters (DACs). We deal with complicated performance analysis of the proposed system including a base station, a legitimate user, and an eavesdropper while these nodes are equipped with multiple antennas. In particular, we intend to present the closed-form expression for the ergodic secrecy rate of the system and also calculate the optimal power allocation for better performance gain. The simulation analysis shows that quantization bits, transmit signal to noise ratio at the base station, and power allocation plays a major role in enhancing the performance of the system.

Objective To compare swallowing function between healthy subjects and patients with pharyngeal dysphagia using high resolution manometry (HRM) and to evaluate the usefulness of HRM for detecting pharyngeal dysphagia.Methods Seventy-five patients with dysphagia and 28 healthy subjects were included in this study. Diagnosis of dysphagia was confirmed by a videofluoroscopy. HRM was performed to measure pressure and timing information at the velopharynx (VP), tongue base (TB), and upper esophageal sphincter (UES). HRM parameters were compared between dysphagia and healthy groups. Optimal threshold values of significant HRM parameters for dysphagia were determined.Results VP maximal pressure, TB maximal pressure, UES relaxation duration, and UES resting pressure were lower in the dysphagia group than those in healthy group. UES minimal pressure was higher in dysphagia group than in the healthy group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to validate optimal threshold values for significant HRM parameters to identify patients with pharyngeal dysphagia. With maximal VP pressure at a threshold value of 144.0 mmHg, dysphagia was identified with 96.4% sensitivity and 74.7% specificity. With maximal TB pressure at a threshold value of 158.0 mmHg, dysphagia was identified with 96.4% sensitivity and 77.3% specificity. At a threshold value of 2.0 mmHg for UES minimal pressure, dysphagia was diagnosed at 74.7% sensitivity and 60.7% specificity. Lastly, UES relaxation duration of <0.58 seconds had 85.7% sensitivity and 65.3% specificity, and UES resting pressure of <75.0 mmHg had 89.3% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity for identifying dysphagia.Conclusion We present evidence that HRM could be a useful evaluation tool for detecting pharyngeal dysphagia.

Objective To observe changes in pharyngeal pressure during the swallowing process according to postures in normal individuals using high-resolution manometry (HRM).Methods Ten healthy volunteers drank 5 mL of water twice while sitting in a neutral posture. Thereafter, they drank the same amount of water twice in the head rotation and head tilting postures. The pressure and time during the deglutition process for each posture were measured with HRM. The data obtained for these two postures were compared with those obtained from the neutral posture.Results The maximum pressure, area, rise time, and duration in velopharynx (VP) and tongue base (TB) were not affected by changes in posture. In comparison, the maximum pressure and the pre-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) maximum pressure of the lower pharynx in the counter-catheter head rotation posture were lower than those in the neutral posture. The lower pharynx pressure in the catheter head tilting posture was higher than that in the counter-catheter head tilting. The changes in the VP peak and epiglottis, VP and TB peaks, and the VP onset and post-UES time intervals were significant in head tilting and head rotation toward the catheter postures, as compared with neutral posture.Conclusion The pharyngeal pressure and time parameter analysis using HRM determined the availability of head rotation as a compensatory technique for safe swallowing. Tilting the head smoothes the progress of food by increasing the pressure in the pharynx.