Earticle

본 논문은 반복적인 읽기와 실패 및 성공에 대한 실시간 피드백이 포함된 동화 게임 읽기가 실패 두려움의 특징을 보인 한 ADHD 아동의 실패 두려움 극복에 효과적이었음을 관찰하고 이 사례에 대해 보고한 것이다. 본 연구의 실험에 사용된 동화 게임 <어부와 지니>는 읽기 스크립 트와 BCI와 모션센싱 기술을 활용한 행동과 집중력 미션을 포함하고 있으며, 이를 통해 사용자가 콘텐츠와 인터랙션 하도록 하고, 아동이 책읽기 도중에 실패할 경우 포기하지 않고 미션을 완수 해 줄 것을 독려하여 동화를 끝까지 읽고 이해하기의 목표에 성공하도록 디자인되었다. 동화읽기 실험은 참여자 아동을 대상으로 준비기 1회, 중재 4회의 총 5주 동안 실행되었다. 참 여자가 콘텐츠를 읽는 과정 동안 데이터가 수집되고, 참여 관찰을 통해 아동의 읽기태도와 행동 을 살펴보고, 사후 보호자 인터뷰를 하였다. 실험 결과, 아동에게서 실패의 두려움을 극복하는 모 습이 발견되었다. 이는 아동이 동화 게임 <어부와 지니>를 읽으며 반복적으로 경험한 재미있는 실패가 수행에 참여하는 아동의 수치심 경험으로 작용하지 않고 자기가치감을 손상하지 않는 실 패로 경험됨으로써 그 결과 아동이 실패를 효과적으로 극복하도록 도운 것으로 생각할 수 있다.

This paper reports the case study which examines that reading fairy tale games, including repetitive readings and real-time feedbacks on failure and success, has been effective in overcoming an ADHD child’s fear of failure. The fairy tale game "The Fisherman and Genie", used in the experiment of this study, includes action and attention mission by utilizing scripts, BCI and motion sensing technology. Through this, the user can interact with the contents and the child was encouraged to complete the mission without giving up, and finally achieve the goal of reading and understanding the fairy tale to the end. The experiment of reading fairy tales was carried out for a total of 5 weeks: the first week of preparation session and four weeks of intervention sessions. The data was collected during the participant's reading process. The child's reading attitude and behavior were examined through participant observation and interviews were conducted after the intervention. As a result, it was found that the child could overcome the fear of failure. This is because the positive failure that a child experience repeatedly by reading fairy tale game "The Fisherman and Genie" is not considered as a shameful experience, but a failure experience that does not impair one's self-worth, and as well as to help the child to overcome failures effectively.

타임루프는 등장 인물에게 반복되는 시간의 주기를 경험하게 하는 장치로, 주기적 시간에서의 반복적 실패 를 통해서 문제를 파악하고 해결하는 과정이 드러나 있는 것이 특징이다. 본 논문에서는 타임루프 장치를 통한 반복이 게임의 전개와 플레이어의 경험에 어떤 작용을 하는지 알아보기 위해 게임 ‘12 Minutes’을 중심 으로 게임요소와 스토리텔링을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 게임에서 타임루프로 인지되는 인터랙션이 무엇이고, 그 안에서 플레이어 캐릭터와 플레이어의 위치, 게임의 목표와 분기점이 어떻게 변화하는지 분석하였다. 그 결과, 다음과 같은 사실을 알게 되었다. 첫째, 타임루핑 게임에서 반복적 인터랙션은 오브젝트와 플레이어, 캐릭터 사이에 일어나는데, 루핑을 알고 있는 존재는 플레이어 캐릭터와 플레이어로 타임루핑은 플레이어 차원과 플레이어 캐릭터 차원에서 일어난다는 점이다. 둘째, 게임에서 타임루프는 다중의 서사를 만들어내 는 플랫폼으로 문제해결을 위한 다양한 시도가 가능하고, 플레이어가 가상 세계에 행하는 행위를 통해 자신 의 욕망하는 바를 잘 드러낼 수 있도록 기능하는 장치라는 것이다.

The time loop is a device that allows characters to experience repeated cycles of time, and it is characterized by the process of identifying and solving problems through repeated failures in periodic time. In this paper, game elements and storytelling were examined, focusing on the game '12 Minutes', to find out how repetition through the time loop device affects the development of the game and the player's experience. In addition to the interaction perceived as a time loop in the game, it was analyzed how the function of the player character and the player, the game's goal and turning point change in it. As a result, the following facts were found out. First, in a time looping game, repetitive interactions occur between an object, characters, and a player. So the player character and the player are aware of looping, and time looping occurs in the player's dimension and also the player character's dimension. Second, the time loop in the game is a platform that creates multiple narratives, enabling various attempts to solve problems. Moreover, it is a device that players can express their desires well through the actions they take in the virtual world.

In this paper, we aim to improve the output quality of a food 3D printer through optimized component design and implementation. Existing 3D printers produce customized outputs according to consumer needs, but have problems with output speed and poor quality. In this paper, we aim to solve this problem through optimized design of unit parts such as the extruder, nozzle, guide, and external case. Fusion 360 was used for element design, and in the performance evaluation of the implemented system, the average precision was 0.06mm, which is higher than the non-repeatable precision of ±0.1㎜ of other products, and the feed speed of the existing system was evaluated to be more than twice as fast, from 70mm/s to 140mm/s. In the future, we plan to continuously research output elements that can produce texture and color and device control methods for convenience.

The present study contributes reviewing and suggesting various models for measurement system analysis (MSA). Measurement errors consist of accuracy, linearity, stability, part precision, repeatability and reproducibility (R&R). First, the major content presents split-plot design, and the combination method of crossed and nested design for obtaining gage R&R. Second, we propose x-s variable control chart for calculating the gage R&R and number of distinct category. Lastly, investigating the determination of gage performance curve which establishes the control specification propagating calibration uncertainties and measurement errors is described.

오존층의 파괴물질인 CFCs의 대체물로써 SF6의 사용량이 늘어나면서 대기 중의 SF6의 농도가 높아지고 있다. SF6은 지구온난화가스중의 하나로써 대기 중에서 3,200년 이상 머무를 뿐만 아니라 온난화지수도 매우 높아 무려 22,800이나 된다. 그러나, 대기 중에서의 SF6 농도는 낮은 수준이어서 검출한계이하인 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 극미량 SF6 농도를 정확하게 분석하기 위해서 GC-μECD를 이용한 12가지 분석방법을 실험적으로 고찰하였다. 극미량 SF6 농도를 가장 정확하게 분석할 수 있는 방법은 Carboxen-1000 물질을 사용한 흡착관과 저온농축 고온탈착 방식의 농축장치에 역 추출방식의 분석법을 사용할 경우가 최상의 효율을 나타냈다.

Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, set the obligation to reduce CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 in developed countries during 1st promised period. SF6 has been drawing a lot of attention since the Kyoto Protocol because once it is released into the atmosphere, it not only stays in the atmosphere for more than 3,200 years but also emits 22,800 times stronger global warming potential at the same concentrations as CO2 if remains in the atmosphere for 100 years. This study introduces 12 methods for SF6 of measuring trace. SF6 of trace level in the atmosphere correctly, the measurement method was changed and as a result, when the back flush method was applied to the pre-concentration system that used low-temperature concentration and high-temperature desorption system, which used Carboxen-1000 adsorption trap, the effect was the best.

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study compared to evaluation of repeatability of scanning abutment tooth stone model and impression applied CAD/CAM ISO standard in dentistry. Methods: To evaluate repeatability of scanning abutment tooth stone model, were repeatedly scanned to obtain 11 data via 3D stereolithography (STL) files. 10 data (STL files) were compared with the first 3D data (STL file), and the error sizes were measured by using 3D superimposing software(n=10). Also, the repeatability of scanning abutment tooth impression was evaluated with the same procedure. Independent t test was performed to evaluate the repeatability of scanning abutment tooth stone model versus impression through root mean square(RMS) and standard deviation(SD)(α=0.05). Results: RMS±SD with regard to repeatability were 14.7±2.5㎛, 17.1±4.0㎛, respectively, with scanning abutment tooth stone model and impression(p=0.129). Conclusion: This study results showed a little different repeatability of scanning abutment tooth stone model and impression applied CAD/CAM ISO standard in dentistry, will suggest futures good studies and clinical advantages.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of dental white light scanner. Methods: The impression(Zerosil, Dreve, Germany) were digitized in white light scanner(Identica, Medit, Korea) to create 3-dimensional surface-models. The distribution of the discrepancies between the number of points in the corresponding CRM models and the point clouds in the others were measured by a matching-software(Power- Inspect 2012, Delcam Plc, UK). The discriptive statistics were used for statistical analysis(SPSS 20.0). Results: The measurement of repeatablity showed very good reliability. The mean(SD) discrepancy value on the white light scanner digital models was 8.7(0.67) , based on SD and absolute mean values. Conclusion: These in vitro studies showed that repeatability of dental white light scanner is high reliability. These results can be confirmed in further clinical studies.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of two dental scanners. Methods: The master die and the stone replicas(Kavo, Germany) were digitized in touch-probe scanner(Incise, Renishaw, UK), white light scanner(Identica, Medit, Korea) to create 3-dimensional surface-models. The number of points in the point clouds from each reading were calculated and used as the CAD reference model(CRM). Discrepancies between the points in the 3-dimensional surface models and the corresponding CRM were measured by a matching-software(Power-Inspect R2, Delcam Plc, UK). The t-student test for one samples were used for statistical analysis. Results: The reproducibility of both scanner was within 3 , based on mean value. The mean value between measurements made directly on the touch probe scanner digital models and those made on the white light scanner digital models was 2.20-2.90 , and was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion: With respect to adequate data acquisition, the reproducibility of dental scanner differs. Threedimensional analysis can be applied to differential quality analysis of the manufacturing process as well as to evaluation of different analysis methods.

Min, Kyungmo. 2014. A Study on the Size and Repeatability of Vocabulary in Advanced-level Korean Textbooks. The Language and Culture 10-1: 79-100. This study aims to analyze, via quantitative survey, the size and repeatability of vocabulary present in three recently published advanced-level Korean textbooks. We identified the following quantitative properties of vocabulary in the three current advanced-level textbooks: 1. A single unit of advanced-level Korean textbooks has shown to have an average of approximately 5,800 tokens, with any one unit of textbooks carrying 4,000～ 8,000 tokens. Each of the units includes about 3,100 full words on average with the exception of postpositional particles, endings, markers, affixes, and proper nouns. 2. The total number of vocabulary types in the textbooks comes to 14,058. Each textbook can have as few as 6,364 types and as many as 9,089 types. 3. One volume of a textbook has 5,138 types on average. 4. A single unit of the textbooks has 1,062.1 types on average. Each of the units in the textbooks can have as few as around 740 types and as many as around 1,460 types. 5. The repeatability of vocabulary in the three advanced-level Korean textbooks is 13.4 times in total, about 8 times per textbook, and about 6 times per volume. In addition, the intra-unit repeatability of words comes to approximately 3 times per word. These figures are relatively constant regardless of the size of the textbooks or units within the textbooks. 6. In a survey of the inter-unit repeatability, words which appear in only one unit are the greater majority. This means that a word in Korean advanced-level textbooks is usually presented unit-independently. (Keimyung University)

The repeatability of system is a fundamental requirement for various iterative learning control methods, and is a necessary condition for the outcome of perfect tracking. This paper theoretically and numerically explains that how the history before the initial time of dynamic systems influences the current state and repeatability of the system. To this end, the convergence analysis of PD-type iterative learning control for initialized system is presented. A practical preconditioning strategy is added to accelerate the convergence speed, and the detailed discussions of initialization function and initialization response are shown as well. The minimum preconditioning time interval is achieved, and some unique properties of initialized system are illustrated to provide novel challenges for robust and adaptive controls. A number of numerical simulations exhibit that a simple preconditioning process can efficiently improve the performance of the initialized iterative learning control.

PURPOSE. We assessed the repeatability and reproducibility of abutment teeth dental impressions, digitized with a blue light scanner, by comparing the discrepancies in repeatability and reproducibility values for different types of abutment teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. To evaluate repeatability, impressions of the canine, first premolar, and first molar, prepared for ceramic crowns, were repeatedly scanned to acquire 5 sets of 3-dimensional data via stereolithography (STL) files. Point clouds were compared and the error sizes were measured (n=10, per type). To evaluate reproducibility, the impressions were rotated by $10-20^{\circ}$ on the table and scanned. These data were compared to the first STL data and the error sizes were measured (n=5, per type). One-way analysis of variance was used to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the 3 types of teeth, and Tukey honest significant differences (HSD) multiple comparison test was used for post hoc comparisons (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The differences with regard to repeatability were 4.5, 2.7, and $3.1{\mu}m$ for the canine, premolar, and molar, indicating the poorest repeatability for the canine (P<.001). For reproducibility, the differences were 6.6, 5.8, and $11.0{\mu}m$ indicating the poorest reproducibility for the molar (P=.007). CONCLUSION. Our results indicated that impressions of individual abutment teeth, digitized with a blue light scanner, had good repeatability and reproducibility.

The purpose of this study was to assess repeatability and reliability of a new phoria test as compared to established phoria tests and to assess the possibility of mobile or online testing using the auto-flashed presentation. Near dissociated phoria was measured using the von Graefe method, the Howell card test, the modified Thorington test, and a new dichromatic card test (Red-Blue Phoria card test; RBP card test) on 109 subjects. The inter-examiner difference and test-retest difference were calculated. With the auto-flashed presentation of the RBP card test, near dissociated phoria was measured and the intraclass correlation coefficient and test-retest repeatability was assessed on 26 subjects. The variation in inter-examiner repeatability was the smallest for the modified Thorington test (+3.1/-2.6). The RBP card test was +3.0/-3.1, the Howell card test was +3.5/-2.7, and the von Graefe test was +6.2/-6.0. The variation in test-retest repeatability was the smallest for the RBP card test (+0.4/-1.4). The modified Thorington test was +1.3/-1.3, the Howell card test was +1.27/-1.45, and the von Graefe test was +1.59/-2.20. The ICC was 0.919 for the auto-flashed presentation of the RBP card test. The RBP card test is considered a highly repeatable method clinically and can be made a useful application for testing in mobile or online.

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of corneal epithelial thickness (CET) measurements in normal eyes and eyes diagnosed with corneal disease using the epithelial thickness map (ETM) of anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with three OCT scans using the ETM mode of Cirrus OCT between October 2021 and January 2024 were reviewed. Two groups of subjects were included: (1) normal subjects with no history of ophthalmic surgery, corneal diseases, and topical antiglaucoma medication uses; and (2) subjects with corneal diseases including dry eye syndrome, recurrent corneal erosion, pterygium, and others. A total of 57 eyes of 57 normal subjects and 106 eyes of 76 patients with corneal disease were included. ETM was analyzed in 25 zones (one zone within 0?2 mm diameter, eight zones within 2?5 mm diameter, eight zones within 5?7 mm diameter, and eight zones within 7?9 mm diameter). Repeatability was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CoV), within-subject standard deviation (Sw), and Bland-Altman plot. Results: Among a total of 25 sectors, the normal eyes showed high repeatability (ICC, >0.75; CoV, 2.160%?5.292%; Sw, 0.760? 1.653 μm) in 23 sectors, and corneal diseases patients also showed high repeatability (ICC, >0.75; CoV, 4.167%?9.606%; Sw, 1.298?3.340 μm) in 22 sectors. However, the wide range of 95% limit of agreement width of Bland-Altman plot presented in corneal disease group and some peripheral zones in normal eyes indicates some variability of CET measurements. Conclusions: Except for a few peripheral sectors, ETM of Cirrus OCT provides repeatable CET measurements in normal eyes; however in corneal disease group, repeatability was not consistently high. To measure CET accurately, performing multiple measurements is advised especially in patients with corneal disease and patients in whom peripheral CET values.

Purpose: To evaluate repeatability and agreement of chord mu between Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam HR) and sweptsource optical coherence tomography?based optical biometer (IOLMaster 700). Methods: In this retrospective study, 63 eyes from 33 patients were included. Chord mu, X and Y Cartesian distances between the corneal vertex and the pupil center (Px and Py), and the pupil diameter were compared using two instruments. Repeatability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CoV), and within-subject standard deviation (Sw). Interdevice agreement was evaluated using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Although Sw values for all parameters were similar between the two devices, CoV values of chord mu and pupil diameter were lower, and ICC values of those parameters were higher, in the IOLMaster 700 than in the Pentacam HR. Chord mu and pupil diameter values were higher in IOLMaster 700 than Pentacam HR (p < 0.01). The width of the 95% limit of agreement was wide for all parameters. Conclusions: IOLMaster 700 showed better repeatability than Pentacam HR in chord mu, Px, Py, and pupil diameter values. Because there were statistically significant differences and a low level of agreement in chord mu and pupil diameter values between the two devices, they cannot be used interchangeably.

Purpose: To analyze the repeatability of vessel density (VD) measurements and manual foveal avascular zone (FAZ) measurementsusing optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) without macularedema. Methods: The study population consisted of patients with RVO and central macular thickness <300 μm. For each subject,measurements were performed twice with a 5-minute interval. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient ofvariation (CV) were calculated to analyze the repeatability of results obtained with the OCTA device. To identify factors relatedto repeatability, we performed Pearson correlation analyses based on the CV of potential factors. Results: A total of 48 eyes were included in the study. The ICCs of the VDs in superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and the deepcapillary plexus (DCP) were 0.748 and 0.665, respectively, and the CVs of the VDs in SCP and DCP were 9.1% and 12.6%, respectively. The ICCs associated with the FAZ of the superficial layer (SFAZ) and that of the deep layer (DFAZ) were 0.965 and0.956, respectively, and the CV of the SFAZ and DFAZ were 8.8% and 9.7%, respectively. From Pearson correlation analyses,OCTA quality was significantly correlated with the CV of the VDs of SCP and DCP. However, there were no variables that weresignificantly correlated with the CV of SFAZ and DFAZ, including OCTA quality. Conclusions: VD measurements in the SCP layer using OCTA exhibited good repeatability, and VD measurements in the DCPlayer exhibited relatively low repeatability compared to that of SCP layer measurements in patients with RVO without macularedema after treatment with bevacizumab. Manual measurement of the FAZ area in both SCP and DCP layers resulted ingood repeatability. In addition, the repeatability of VD measurements in SCP and DCP layers was correlated with OCTA imagequality.

Purpose: To analyze the repeatability of manual measurement of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in an opticalcoherence tomography angiography (OCTA) image in high myopia. Methods: This study comprised patients with high myopia and controls. Two consecutive FAZ areas of the superficialand deep capillary plexus were obtained using OCTA. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) andcoefficient of variation (CV) were assessed, and univariate and multivariate generalized linear mixed modelswere conducted to identify factors related to repeatability. Results: Thirty eyes with high myopia and 34 eyes of healthy subjects were included in the study. The meanage in high myopia and control subjects was 55.5 and 60.8 years, respectively, the mean spherical equivalentwas -9.98 and -0.55 diopters, and the mean axial length was 28.0 and 23.9 mm. The ICCs of FAZ area of thesuperficial capillary plexus (SCP) were 0.891 and 0.919, while the CVs were 8.8% and 8.5%. In measurementof the deep capillary plexus, the ICCs were 0.788 and 0.907, while the CVs were 11.2% and 11.0%, which wereacceptable but exhibited lower repeatability than those of SCP. Multivariate analyses showed that older age (p= 0.030) and greater axial length (p = 0.005) were significantly associated with lower repeatability of SCP FAZarea measurements. In addition, greater axial length (p = 0.044) was a significant factor for lower repeatabilityof deep capillary plexus FAZ area measurements. Conclusions: Manual measurement of FAZ area using OCTA exhibited relatively good repeatability for high myopia. Age and axial length affected repeatability and should be considered when analyzing FAZ areas in highmyopia patients.