Earticle

본 연구는 중, 고등학교 골프선수들을 대상으로 지도자의 리더십이 신뢰, 동일시, 경기력에 어떠한 영향을 미치 는가를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 학생골프선수 252명을 연구대상으로 선정하여 연구를 진행하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 17.0프로그램을 이용하여 다중회귀분석을 통해 분석되었고, 다음과 같은 결론 을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 지도자의 리더십은 선수의 신뢰에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 지도자의 리더 십은 지도자동일시에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 지도자의 리더십은 선수의 경기력에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 지도자의 신뢰는 경기력에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 지도자동일 시는 경기력에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of golf-leader's leadership on the leader-trust, leader-identification, and performance level of golf-players through analyzing secondary school golf players. The subjects of this study were 252 secondary school golf players. The data was analyzed by multiple regression and path analysis methods by SPSS WIN 17.0. The conclusions were as follows; First, the leader's leadership had significantly influenced on the leader-trust of secondary school golf-players. Second, the leader's leadership had significantly influenced on the leader-identification of secondary school golf-players. Third, the leader's leadership had significantly influenced on the performance level of secondary school golf-players. Fourth, the trust of golf-leaders had significantly influenced on the performance level of secondary school golf-players. Fifth, the leader-identification factor had significantly influenced on the performance level of secondary school golf-players.

본 연구는 IPA 분석을 통하여 대학 공통 교수역량 강화 교육의 기본 틀을 제공함과 동시에 계열별 맞춤형 교수역량 강화 교육의 틀을 개발하여, 일반 공통 교육요소와 전공 세부 교육요소를 통합적으로 제시하는 일반 종합대학의 교수역량 교육 체계를 개발하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 연구 1과 연구 2가 수행되었다. 연구 1에서는 D대학의 전체 정년트랙의 교수를 대상으로 IPA 설문조사를 실시하였다. 응답자는 155명으로 기술통계와 t-test, Borich의 값, ANOVA, 등을 통하여 자료를 분석하였다. IPA 설문결과 교수역량의 모든 항목에서 필요수준이 실행수준 보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 이러한 경향은 전공계열이나 강의경력에 상관없이 동일하게 나타났는데, 이는 대부분의 교수자들이 제시된 교수역량 항목을 중요하게는 생각하나 실제 교육에 실행하고 있지는 못함을 의미한다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 모든 교수에게 적용되는 교수역량 증진을 위한 기본 공통 교육 체계는 제시된 교수역량 항목(내용전문성, 수업설계, 교수학습촉진, 평가, 열정, 학생존중)을 중심으로 개발하기로 하였다. 연구 2는 설문의 개방형 답변에서 발견된 각 계열별 상이한 교수역량 증진 지원 요구를 파악하고 계열별 교수역량 증진 지원 체계를 개발할 목적으로 실시되었다. 이를 위하여 계열별로 각 3회의 초점집단을 활용하여 각 전공계열별 교수역량 증진 지원 교육 체계를 추가적으로 개발하였다. 연구 1과 연구 2를 통해 도출된 D 종합대학의 교수역량 증진 지원 체계의 특징은 일반 공통 교수역량과 계열별 교수역량의 개발과 운영이 이원화되어 함께 개발되고 운영되어야 한다는 것이다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 수업 역량에 대한 공통적 요소와 함께 계열별 맞춤형 교육 프로그램의 효과적인 운영에 관한 교육적 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between the level of performance and the level of teaching competence according to teaching characteristics by using the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) technique and develop the instructional systems to enhance university professor’s teaching competencies. Study 1 and 2 were conducted for this purpose. In Study 1, IPA questionnaires were given to professors at D University. Respondents were 155 and analyzed the data through descriptive statistics, t-test, borich value, and ANOVA. As a result of the IPA questionnaire, the required level was statistically significantly higher than the execution level in all items of the teaching proficiency. This tendency was the same regardless of major field or lecture career, which means that most of the professors thought the presented teaching competence items are all important but did not implement it in their actual education. Based on these results, we have developed a common teaching system based on the proposed teaching competency items (content expertise, teaching design, teaching and learning promotion, evaluation, passion and respect for students). Study 2 was conducted to create a concrete educational system for improving the teaching capacity of the professors of different colleges. We conducted focus group interviews to identify the needs for teaching competency support for each major. As a result of Study 2, we found that there is a very different educational needs for each different college. The conclusion of this study implies that the common teaching capacity support system for all professors and the teaching capacity support system for each college should be operated in a dual manner.

In this paper we direct a seismic design of a Reinforce concrete frame building under displacement based design. There is a problem with force based design that we can’t find a clear relation between forces & cracking, that was drift or displacement is directly related with damage. By this simple design method we consider drift as parameter and can easily design this with given performance level under-code drift limit. In this paper determine maximum deviation from target drift& justified it code limit. The approach of our design methodology satisfactorily achieves by inelastic time history analysis as well as push over analysis. In this simple design we get a very successful and a clear predictable seismic response.

Purpose: This study investigated the performance of patient safety activities among hospital nursesand aimed to identify the factors influencing their performance of these activities. Methods: It employed a descriptive survey design, targeting 131 nurses currently working in hospitals. The data collection involved posting a guide to the study on an online social network for nurses (NURSECAPE) andrecruiting nurses who understood the content and agreed to participate in the survey. The survey wasconducted through a self-reporting method via a URL provided to research participants, and the datacollection period was from August 11 to September 11, 2019. Results: The results revealed that 46.6%of the participants had experienced patient safety incidents, with falls being the most common. Thefactors influencing the performance of patient safety nursing activities among the participants werefound to be the type of medical institution, community orientation, and environmental suitability inorganizational health. These factors explained 38.5% of the variance. Conclusion: Based on thesefindings, it appears crucial to explore strategies for improving organizational health tailored to thecharacteristics of each hospital to facilitate better performance of patient safety activities among hospital nurses. Furthermore, subsequent studies are needed to objectively evaluate the adequacy of patient safety activity performance according to the size of the hospital.

The digestibility of different vegetable protein sources were investigated and the effects of supplementing canola meal (CM) as partial inclusions were studied in growing pigs, to determine the performance parameters and its economic importance. In Exp. 1, four pigs (average initial BW?=?15.4?±?0.35 kg, 5 weeks of age) fitted with simple T-cannula at terminal ileum, were fed four diets following repeated 4?×?4 Latin square design having adoption period of 7 days. Diet 1 was Nitrogen free diet containing corn starch. Diets 2, 3, and 4 were the basal diet supplemented with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), and domestic CM respectively. The AID of crude protein was decrease in RSM in comparison to SBM supplementation. The AID of Dietary indispensable amino acids (DIAA) such as Lys, Meth, Pha, and dispensable amino acid Ala, Pro, Asp were decreased (P?<?0.05) in RSM supplemented diets. The SID of DIAA does not differ but the SID of Asp was higher (P?<?0.05) in RSM and CM diets while SID of Pro was lower (P?<?0.05) in RSM in comparison to SBM supplemented diets. In Exp. 2, 192 growing pigs (average initial BW 24.76?±?2.55 kg) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with increasing levels of CM i.e. 0, 3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 % respectively. Diets were fed in meal form for 35 days. Increasing CM levels in diets had no effects (P?>?0.05) on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy. Total weight gain, total feed intake, and feed cost per kg weight gain were not affected by increasing levels of CM in diets but total feed cost (TFC) per pigs was linearly reduced (26.463 to 25.674; P?<?0.05). Broadly, the AID, and SID of amino acid was reduced in RSM but was not effected in CM in comparison to SBM supplemented pigs. Moreover, increasing levels of CM in pigs diet had no effect on the ATTD and performance but TFC per pig was reduced. Thus CM inclusion of up to 11.25 % in diets can be used for reducing the production cost in growing pigs without any negative effect.

Objective: To compare ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and dynamic balance performance during the Y-Balance Test (YBT) between individuals with and without Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), as classified by the cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 20 adult recreational badminton players. Participants were classified into a CAI group (n = 10) with CAIT scores <24 and a non-CAI group (n = 10) with scores ≥24. The YBT was used to assess dynamic balance and dorsiflexion ROM. Ankle dorsiflexion angles were analyzed using 2-D video analysis with reflective markers and Kinovea software. Independent t-tests were used to analyze between-group differences in ankle dorsiflexion ROM and normalized reach distances, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The independent t-tests revealed no statistically significant differences in ankle dorsiflexion ROM between the CAI group and the non-CAI group for in the anterior (p > 0.05), posteromedial (p > 0.05), or posterolateral (p > 0.05) directions. Similarly, there were no significant differences in normalized maximum reach distances and composite YBT score between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study found that individuals classified as having CAI by the CAIT questionnaire showed no significant differences in ankle dorsiflexion or dynamic balance performance during the YBT. These results suggest that the dorsiflexed position during the YBT may enhance joint stability and obscure functional deficits related to ankle instability. Therefore, clinicians shoulder consider using functional assessment with appropriate caution to better detect impairments associated with CAI based on these results.

This study investigated the effects of tannic acid(TA) in the diets for weanling pigs prepared with/without supplemental Fe on performance, hematology, fecal microflora and diarrhea incidence. Limestone and calcium phosphate used in Experiment 1 and 2 were of semi-synthetic and feed-grade quality, respectively; while the trace-mineral premix used in both the experiments was prepared without any added Fe source. In Experiment 1, 108 weaned pigs(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, initially 6.46±1.04kg BW) were allotted to 3 treatments including control(diet added with FeSO4 and antibiotic), T1(diet devoid of FeSO4 and antibiotic) and T2(T1 diet added with 125mg/kg TA). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 9 pigs in each pen. Feeding of T1 diet had a negative effect on the performance and plasma Fe status of pigs, while addition of TA to T1 diet resulted in performance of pigs comparable to pigs fed the control diet, reduced diarrhea incidence but had a negative influence on the hematological and plasma Fe indices. Additionally, pigs fed T2 diet had fewer(p<0.05) total anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium spp. and coliforms than pigs fed T1 diet, and greater number of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in feces when compared with pigs fed control and T1 diets. In Experiment 2, 144 weaned pigs(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, initially 6.00±1.07kg BW) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments including control(diet added with FeSO4 and antibiotic) and diets devoid of supplemental Fe added with antibiotic(An), TA and both(AnTA). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 9 pigs in each pen. Addition of An, TA or both to diets devoid of supplemental Fe did not have any effect on performance, blood hematology and plasma Fe but resulted in reduced(p<0.05) diarrhea incidence and lower(p<0.05) fecal coliform population than pigs fed the control diet. These results suggest that TA has a negative influence on blood hematology and plasma Fe status when diets are inadequate in Fe; however, TA reduced diarrhea incidence and might have antimicrobial activity.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in perceived task performance, task importance, and educational needs for novice-level tasks among neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses with varying levels of clinical experience and to provide foundational data for developing systematic educational programs to strengthen the competencies of novice nurses. Methods: Participants were recruited from the NICUs of three hospitals?one university-affiliated hospital and two general hospitals located in Busan, South Korea. Using convenience sampling, 116 staff nurses with at least 3 months of NICU experience were surveyed between March and November 2025. For comparative analysis, participants were divided into three career groups based on their NICU experience: <3 years, 3?9 years, and ≥9 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and the Scheffe test with IBM SPSS ver. 25.0, and importance?performance analysis (IPA) was conducted to prioritize educational needs. Results: Across all career groups, the “direct nursing performance” domain showed the highest task performance. Novice nurses with <3 years of experience reported significantly higher performance in central line care and transfusion management than those with ≥9 years of experience. The IPA identified central line management, and transfusion management as priority areas for improvement, while vital sign monitoring, respiratory surveillance and discharge education for parents were common educational needs regardless of experience level. Conclusion: Educational programs for novice NICU nurses should focus on strengthening patient safety?related competencies and should be progressively structured with simulation and case-based learning to enhance clinical performance

This study investigated the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on body weight (BW), laying performance, egg quality, and nitrogen (N) balance in laying hens from 18 to 62 weeks of age. A total of 84 Hy-Line Brown hens at 18 weeks old were randomly assigned to two groups, each with six replicates. The control group (CON) received diets with 17.5%, 16.5%, 15.5%, and 14.5% CP from weeks 18?38, 39?46, 47?54, and 55?62, respectively. The reduced protein group (RP) was fed diets with 1.5% less CP than the CON group during the same periods (16.0%, 15.0%, 14.0%, and 13.0%, respectively). The RP group showed significantly lower BW from weeks 30?62 (p < 0.05) and reduced hen-day egg production during weeks 18-38 and 54?62 (p < 0.05). Egg weight (EW) was significantly higher in the CON group than the RP group during weeks 54?62 (p = 0.003), and feed efficiency was also reduced in the RP group across multiple phases (p < 0.05). At week 38, Haugh units (HU) were lower in the RP group (p = 0.034), and yolk color was lighter at week 62 (p = 0.006). N balance parameters showed that the RP group had significantly lower N intake at weeks 46, 54, and 62 (p < 0.01), and N excretion was reduced throughout the trial (p < 0.05). Total N retention was lower in the RP group at weeks 26, 38, 54, and 62 (p < 0.05), and N retained in eggs was also reduced at weeks 26, 38, and 62 (p < 0.05). In summary, lowering dietary CP levels by 1.5% decreased N excretion, suggesting environmental benefits. In summary, reduction of dietary CP levels by 1.5% reduced N excretion but also compromised BW, laying performance, HU, and N retention. These findings highlight the need for further refinement of amino acid formulations to achieve both environmental and production goals.

The interactive effect of dietary fat supplementation and milk yield level on dairy cows performance under heat stress has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of production level, the source of fat supplements and their interaction on dairy cows performance under heat stress. In this study, 64 Holstein multiparous cows were divided into 2 groups and received one of two rations having either calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA) or high-palmitic acid (PA) supplements (2.8% of DM; dry matter). After completing the experiment and based on maturity-equivalent milk, cows were divided into two groups of high-yielding (14,633 kg) and medium-yielding (11,616 kg). Average temperature humidity index (THI) was 71 during the trial period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.04), organic matter (p = 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; p = 0.04) for cows fed Ca-FA were greater than cows fed PA. The milk fat content in high-producing cows was 0.3% greater than medium-producing cows (p = 0.03). The milk protein content in cows fed Ca-FA was greater than cows fed PA (p < 0.01). High-producing cows had greater serum cholesterol (p = 0.02) than medium-producing cows. The cows fed PA tended to have a greater BUN than cows fed Ca-FA (p = 0.06). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase tended to be increased by PA, which indicates that cows in PA treatment may have experienced more adverse effect on the liver function than cows on Ca-FA. Therefore, under heat stress and in 90 d trial, milk production level does not affect the cows’ response to PA or Ca-FA. Although cows fed Ca-FA received lower energy than those fed PA, they compensated for this shortage likely with increasing the digestibility and produced a similar amount of milk.

A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) chelate and forage levelover two years, 1st fattening and 2nd fattening period on growth parameters, carcass characteristics and bloodmetabolites of 46 Korean native (Hanwoo, Bos Taurus, BW = 183 ± 44 kg) steers. Treatments were: 1) Steers in thelow forage (LF) group were fed diets that consisted of 60% concentrate and 40% forage; 2) Steers in the highforage (HF) group were fed diets that consisted of 40% concentrate and 60% forage. Following the 1st fatteningperiod, steers (BW = 480 ± 37.6 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: LF (40 F plus no Cr-Metsupplementation in the 2nd fattening period), LFCM (40LF plus added 400 ppb of Cr-Met during the 2nd fatteningperiod), HF (60 F plus no added Cr-Met during the 2nd fattening period) and HFCM (60 F plus added 400 ppb ofCr-Met in the 2nd fattening period). Dry matter intake of the treatment diets did not differ during the raising and1th fattening period (P > 0.05). The ADG in the raising period showed no difference between the 40 F and 60 Fgroups (P > 0.05). Carcass characteristics including rib-eye area and meat yield index were higher in HF than theother treatment groups (P < 0.05). The HF group tended to show a higher (P = 0.08) marbling score than the LFgroup whereas the HFCM group showed a higher marbling score than the LFCM group (P < 0.05). HDL washigher and LDL lower in groups fed with Cr-Met than in other groups whereas glucose showed the lowest valuein HF group (P < 0.05). Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol, PUN and total protein (TP) were the same among all treatmentgroups (P > 0.05). The Insulin concentration in the blood was significantly higher for the HFCM group than for the LF,LFCM and HF groups (P < 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation of chromium-methionine chelate could improvemeat quality in beef steers.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary protein level and phase feeding regimens on performance, carcass characteristics and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs. In both experiments, growing pigs(n=90; barrows; Landrace× Yorkshire×Duroc) were allotted to 3 treatments. Each treatment had 3 replicate pens comprising 10 pigs in each. In Exp. 1, pigs (average body weight 25.06±0.57kg) were fed diets having low(17.50-14.50-12.51%), medium(19.49-17.50-13.87%) or high (22.47-19.49-16.36%) CP concentration(LP, MP and HP diets, respectively) diets during grower-finisher I-finisher II phases, respectively. Feeding of MP diet resulted in higher(P<0.05) ADG and better FCR than pigs fed LP diet. Pigs fed HP diet had lower(P<0.05) pork color and marbling score. Meat of pigs fed LP diet had higher (P<0.05) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS), while meat of pigs fed HP and LP diets had greater drip loss than pigs fed MP diet. In addition, meat from pigs fed LP diet was darker while meat of pigs fed HP and MP diets was paler and redder. In Exp. 2, pigs(average body weight 10.40 ±0.61 kg) were subjected during 126 days to three or four phase regimes of different duration. The treatments T1 and T2 were subjected to four phase feeding regimens(grower I, grower II, finisher I and finisher II) for 22, 42, 32 and 30 days(T1) and 40, 40, 25 and 21 days(T2), respectively, while T3 was subjected to three phase feeding regimen(grower I, grower II and finisherI) for 40, 56 and 30 days, respectively. Duration of phase feeding regimens had no effect(P>0.05) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs. These results suggest that both high and low levels of CP have a negative effect on performance and pork quality; however, alterations in the phase feeding regimens do not have any discernible effect on the performance and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs.

The reproductive performance of lactating sows was investigated by using different feeding methods including conventional feeding (CF, 3 times/d) or free feeding (FF), and different dietary energy level including low energy (LE: 3,300) or high energy (HE: 3,400 kcal/kg) during the hot season. A total of twenty-eight crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) sows were distributed into four treatments as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Sows in the FF group showed lower body weight and backfat loss (p < 0.05) compared with the CF group. Backfat loss during lactation was lower (p < 0.05) in sows fed HE diet than in that fed LE diet. There were no significant differences in litter survival rate and weaning to estrus interval, but the litter weight at weaning was improved (p < 0.05) in FF and HE sows. Hence, it is concluded that using the free-feeding system or increased dietary energy density leads to improved sow performance during hot ambient temperature.

Effect of molasses addition to complete calf starter(CCS) and the following pellet processing was evaluated with 12 Holstein- Friesian(HF) calves(7-14 d old with 42±5.5kg average BW), with 6 calves(replicate) per treatment. The CCS was formulated with 65% concentrate calf starter and 35% local corn fodder. On the CCS, molasses was added either 5%(M5) or 10%(M10), then the mixture was pelleted and fed to the calves for 7 weeks. Molasses addition, regardless of addition level, improved (p<0.05) both the durability and hardness of the pellet which contains 35% of high fibrous local corn fodder. Upon feeding to calves, the feed intake and daily gain were numerically higher with 5% molasses addition compared to 10% molasses addition. Blood VFA level was remarkably higher(p<0.01) in calves fed M10 than calves fed M5. There was no difference(p>0.05) in blood glucose level between M5 and M10. Length and number of papillae were not different(p>0.05) by the addition levels of molasses. However, there was one exception in number of papillae at caudo-dorsal sac which were higher(p<0.05) number in M5 than M10 calves. Considering the quality of CCS pellet, calf performance and rumen development, there was no additional benefit of 10% molasses addition compared to 5%. From the results of this study, 5% molasses addition could be recommended for local farmer when they utilize local corn fodder to make CCS for HF calves in Indonesia.

본 연구는 작업집단의 다양성(인구학적 다양성과 정보 다양성), 응집성(사회적 응집성과 과업 응집성) 및 성과 간의 관계를 살펴보고 있다. 본 연구에서는 사회범주화이론(social categorization theory)과 정보-의사결정이론(information/decision-making theory)을 토대로 하여, 집단 응집성이 작업집단의 다양성과 집단성과 간의 관계를 매개할 것이라는 것을 가설로 제시하였다. 보다 구체적으로, 사회적(팀원 간) 응집성은 인구학적 다양성(연령 다양성)과 집단성과 간의 관계를 매개하며, 과업에 기초한 응집성은 정보 다양성(팀내 경력 다양성)과 집단성과 간의 관계를 매개할 것이라는 가설을 검증하였다. 집단 다양성과 응집성 간의 관계를 살펴본 첫 단계 분석에서는 연령 다양성은 사회적 응집성과 부적 관계를 가지고 있으며, 조직 내 경력 다양성은 과업 응집성과 정적 관계를 가지고 있음을 보여주었다. 과업집단 내 다양한 연령구성은 사회적 응집성을 약화시킬 수 있지만, 조직 내 경력 다양성은 과업 관련 집단 응집성을 오히려 높여주고 있다. 팀 구성원들의 다양한 경력에서 오는 정보 다양성은 팀 구성원들의 다양한 관심과 폭넓은 시야로 인해 과업수행을 위한 정보를 정교화하고 확산시킴으로써 최적의 해결책을 찾아낼 수 있도록 한다. 매개효과를 살펴본 두 번째 단계 분석에서는 정보 다양성은 과업 응집성을 통해 직무성과에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있으나 사회적 응집성은 인구학적 다양성과 직무성과 간에 매개요인으로 작동하고 있지 않음을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 집단 다양성과 집단 응집성에 관한 연구성과에 기여하고 있다. 다양성과 관련된 쟁점에 있어, 인구학적 다양성과 정보 다양성은 모두 조직 내 변화를 가져오는 중요한 근원이 된다. 특히 과업에 기초한 응집성은 팀 구성원들이 갖는 아이디어와 관점의 폭을 넓혀줌으로써 팀 다양성의 긍정적 효과를 향상시킬 수 있다. 따라서 팀 구성의 다양성이 적정하게 확보되고 관리된다면 과업관련 집단 응집성은 팀원들간의 정보 불균형이 집단 다양성의 부정적 효과로 나타나지 않도록 해줄 것이다. 본 연구는 다양한 배경의 노동인력을 관리하는 조직이 높은 성과를 낼 수 있도록 하는 실용적 함의도 제시한다. 경영진은 넓은 범위의 과업 관련 자원과 시간을 적절히 이용함으로써 조직의 다양성으로부터 오히려 이득을 얻을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 여러 유형의 다양성이 가져 올 부정적 효과도 방지하도록 할 수 있음을 강조하고 있다. 끝으로 차후 연구를 위한 제언을 제시한다.

This study examines the inter-relationship between diversity (demographic and information), cohesion (social and task) and performance at the group level. Data were collected from 99 work teams in an electronic equipment manufacturing firm in Korea. Based on social categorization and information/decision-making perspectives, this study proposes that group cohesion mediates the relationship between work group diversity and group performance. Given various dimensions of diversity, this paper focuses on age composition for demographic diversity and organizational tenure as a criterion for information diversity. It is hypothesized that social (interpersonal) cohesion mediates the relationship between demographic (i.e., age) diversity and group performance, and that task cohesion functions as a mediator between information (i.e., organizational tenure) diversity and group performance. In the first stage of analysis of the relationship between group diversity and cohesion, it was found that age diversity is negatively associated with social cohesion, but organizational tenure diversity is positively related to task cohesion. Diverse age composition in the workgroup weakens social cohesion. On the other hand, organizational tenure diversity enhances task-related group cohesion. Greater information diversity with respect to diverse organizational tenure produces more elaboration and expansion of task-relevant information because members are more likely to possess multiple concerns and agendas and to hold more comprehensive knowledge that will enable them to locate the best solutions for the team task. This result has interesting implications for research into the effects of demographic and information diversity on performance at the group level. In the second stage relating to mediation, the results show that task cohesion positively transmits the effect of information diversity to group performance. However, social cohesion no longer functions as a mediator between demographic diversity and group performance. The present study contributes to the literature on both diversity and group cohesion. On the issue of diversity, both demographic and information diversity constitute a valuable source of variability in organizations. Social and task group cohesion increase the benefits of team diversity by fostering enlarged pools of ideas and perspectives. Task group cohesion also ensures that information disparities among team members do not to lead to harmful effects of diversity as long as optimal team composition is properly managed. This study extends and enhances explanations of how diversity and group cohesion matter in teams. Social and task group cohesion are necessary components of a more complete picture of how diversity influences group performance. The results reflect the fact that the substantive effect of diversity is transmitted through group cohesion. Based on the findings and discussion presented in the present study, practical implications are provided to the organizations seeking to cope with an increasingly diverse workforce at the same time attaining high performance. In this study, an integrative model is tested incorporating the influences of work team diversity and cohesion to reveal and examine inconsistencies found in the extant literature on diversity. Hopefully, the results of this study may constitute the basis for expanding the body of knowledge concerning multifaceted relationships between diversity, cohesion and performance.

This study attempts to measure the possible impact that flipped teaching has had on the improvement of learners’ academic performance, as well as their satisfaction in a cross-cultural communication course. A total of 90 students learning English as a foreign language (EFL) were assigned to three conditions: a structured flipped classroom using a WebQuest active learning strategy, a semi-structured flipped classroom, and a traditional classroom. Results showed that the structured flip lessons were the most effective instructional intervention in improving participants’ academic performance, followed by the semi-structured flip lessons and the traditional lessons. Data collected from the questionnaire and interviews indicated that learners were more satisfied with the structured flip lessons than the semi-structured flip lessons. Given the positive results, the present study argues that the flipped classroom model could be a useful and promising pedagogical approach in EFL teaching. However, additional research is needed to contribute to the knowledge base of this approach across disciplines.

According to the dynamic changes in business environment, there has been an observable trend in structural transformation of firms. An increasingly large number of firms have been transforming into either project-based organization or project expert group. Within project-based organization, various spectrums of expert groups are obligated to create valuable business output and each group members get a certain level of empowerment to maximize business performance in project. This study aims to investigate antecedent factors that are required for the optimal level of empowerment with consideration of the project-based team environmental nature and job characteristic. In addition, three factors have been applied to measure significant impact on psychological empowerment as result variables. To find out antecedent factors and result variables on psychological empowerment, employees’ interviews and precedent studies were used. Additionally, for the empirical study, four determinants of empowerment variables have been modeled into a single second-order reflective construct. As a result, the study has validated that there are significant factors to determine the level of psychological empowerment. Furthermore, this study has also found out the fact that the level of empowerment has a significant impact on performance.

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of two Bacillus spp. on digestibility, growth performance, innate immunity, and water ammonia level of Litopenaeus vannamei. A control diet was made without the probiotic supplementation, and four other diets were prepared by including B. subtilis (BS) alone (0.1 × 1010 and 0.2 × 1010) or a mixture of BS and B. pumilus (BP) (0.1 × 1010 and 0.2 × 1010). Quadruplicate groups of shrimp (0.14 g) were hand-fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Shrimp fed diets containing Bacillus spp. showed significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and dry matter than shrimp fed the control diet. The growth performance was significantly improved in shrimp fed higher dose (0.2 × 1010) of the Bacillus spp. compared to the control group. Innate immunity of shrimp fed the probiotic diets was significantly enhanced compared to the control group. In a water ammonia test, culture water of the probiotic diets had lower total ammonia concentration than that of the control diet. The results in this study suggest that Bacillus spp. can positively affect digestibility, growth performance, feed efficiency, innate immunity, and water quality for L. vannamei.