Earticle

Objectives : The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of foreign and institutional investors in the pharmaceutical industry on R&D investments. Methods : The empirical analysis was done for the years 2009 to 2013 which examined the period after the influence of the financial crisis. Financial statements and comments in general and internal transactions were extracted from the TS-2000 of the Korea Listed Company Association. STATA 12.0 was used as the statistical package for the panel analysis. Results : The results show that the shareholding ratio of foreigner investors turned out to have a statistically significant influence on R&D investment. No statistical significance was found in the shareholding ratio of institutional investors. Conclusions : The findings of this study, which indicate that a higher shareholding ratio of foreigner investors leads to greater R&D investment, indicate that foreign investors directly or indirectly impose pressure on a manager to make R&D investments for the long-term.

This study developed a model to predict employee turnover intention using data from the 2022 Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS) with 2471 participants. CopulaGAN and Isolation Forests were employed for data augmentation and variable importance. A logistic regression model using the augmented data achieved an accuracy of 0.80, precision of 0.60, recall of 0.72, and an F1-score of 0.65. Key variables included Job Satisfaction, Wage Satisfaction, Work Hours, Job Stability, and Job-Related Training. The study highlights the potential of these techniques for enhancing turnover prediction and aiding proactive HR strategies.

Analyses were performed with Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The population was 1,391 Korean workers in total. Subjects who get scores of self-esteem lower than those before the accidents were 539 people(42.34%). On the other hand, subjects who get the same or higher scores of self-esteem than those before the accidents were 802 people(57.66%). The average score of the whole showed 30.09 point that is higher than 29.99 points that were analyzed from primary panel data. The odds ratio of self-esteem is analyzed to find that what is the most important factor for improving self-esteem of the workers group. The result of odds ratio analysis was 1.60 in the not-to-return-to-work group, significantly higher of the score of self-esteem than the return-to-work group. The statistically significant odds ratio of unemployed workers group from the group of workers who return to work prove the academically conventional social norms. This result shows that the workers condition, whether or not they can return to their work, affects the workers‘ self-esteem. Therefore, the workers' condition for returning to the work should be considered the most important service for Korean workers' compensation and welfare services.

Objectives : Using several waves of the Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance(PSWCI), this study analyzed the effect of work hours on health and lifestyle of Korean workers in a sample from the 2013~2014 year (The first survey was completed in August-October 2013; the second survey was completed in August-October 2014). Methods : The research subjects were 1,312 men from among employees who responded to a 2013 PSWCI panel report. Statistical analyses were done with SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results : According to the results of the analysis, the male subjects had differences in economic activity and health conditions based on the length of working hours. There was a significant relationship among working hours and life satisfaction, and the correlation coefficients were statistically significant. The results show that workplace conditions has a direct positive effect on life satisfaction as we anticipated in the hypothesis. Conclusions : Management should focus on the factors identified in this study when developing employment interventions programs to improve the the promotion of healthy lifestyles for adults over the age of 40.

Purpose: This study was to examined the moderated mediation effect of self-esteem on the relationship between parenting stress and depression among married women with children using longitudinal data from the 3rd to 6th Panel Studies on Korean. Methods: The data from the Panel Study of Korean Children (Korea Institute of Child Care and Education) was collected as part of a longitudinal inquiry of babies born in 2008, their parents and their community environments. Only the data collected from the married women over the age of 20 who participated in the maternal survey was used for this study. Results: The initial level of married women’s parenting stress affects the initial level and the rate of change in self-esteem; the initial level of self-esteem, the initial level and rate of change in depression; and the initial level of parenting stress, the initial level of depression. However, the impact of the rate of change in parenting stress on that of self-esteem was significant only in employed women while the impact of the rate of change in self-esteem on that of depression was significant only in unemployed women. Conclusion: It is necessary to manage parenting stress among married women through various programs and education that increase self-esteem in order to reduce their level of depression.

Purpose: Early adolescence is a pivotal developmental stage characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. Happiness during this period is crucial as it in fluences later life outcomes. This study examined 4-year changes in happiness and iden tified predictors among Korean early adolescents. Methods: A secondary analysis of longitudinal panel data was conducted using latent growth modeling to assess changes in happiness over 4 years, utilizing data from the Panel Study on Korean Children (11th?14th waves) with a total of 1,177 participants. De scriptive statistics were computed using IBM SPSS ver. 29.0, and latent growth modeling, including unconditional and conditional models with associated factors variables, was conducted using IBM AMOS ver. 29.0. Results: A nonlinear trajectory was identified with a sharp decline in happiness, particu larly between the ages of 11 and 12 years. Self-esteem, peer attachment, and a creative school environment emerged as protective factors mitigating this decline, whereas pa rental attachment influenced baseline happiness but not its trajectory. Higher self-es teem, stronger peer attachment, and supportive school environments were associated with a slower decline in happiness. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of early interventions beginning around the age of 11 years, a critical period when happiness decreases more steeply. Practical implications include developing school-based and psychosocial programs that strengthen self-esteem and positive peer relationships, and fostering autonomy-support ive, creative educational environments. Coordinated efforts between schools and fami lies are essential to promote adolescents’ emotional well-being and ensure balanced de velopment in academic and socio-emotional domains.

While existing research has focused on how algorithm experiences drive regulation demand, we know little about whether regulation support can reshape algorithm perceptions in return. Using three-wave panel data (2022-2024, N = 2,269) from the Intelligent Information Society User Panel Survey (KCC & KISDI, 2022-2024), we examined bidirectional relationships between YouTube algorithm perception and regulation support. We found temporal asymmetries between transparency and accountability regulations. For forward effects?where negative experiences trigger regulation demand?transparency operated from the outset and strengthened over time, while accountability emerged only later. Reverse effects?where regulation expectations reshape evaluations-- traced opposite trajectories. Transparency gradually improved perceptions, whereas accountability faded. We also found that dimension-specific digital competence patterns. Low rights protection competence users initially demanded stronger regulation but converged with high-competence users, while reverse effects diverged, benefiting only high-competence users. Critically, low critical understanding competence users supporting accountability regulations exhibited decreased harm perception. Our findings advance algorithmic governance and inform competence-tailored regulation communication strategies.

Purpose: We evaluated changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a panel study of nonsmokers. Methods: This study was based on data from a larger study of tobacco use among a representative sample of adults of Korean descent residing in California. Participants included 846 males and 1,399 females who were nonsmokers at baseline (2005e2006) and at follow-up (2007e2009). Participants were selected by probability sampling and were interviewed by telephone. Results: At baseline, 50.0% were exposed to any SHS, and at follow-up 2 years later, 60.4% were exposed to any SHS (p < .001). SHS exposure at baseline was associated with acculturation, employment, spousal smoking, and having a friend who smoked (p < .001). Employment, spousal smoking, and other family members smoking were associated with SHS at follow-up (p < .001). The odds ratio of SHS in the employed group declined from 2.01 at baseline to 1.53 at follow-up, that of the group having a smoking spouse increased from 1.88 to 2.36, and that of the group having other family members smoking increased from 1.20 to 1.69. Conclusions: We showed that SHS exposure increased among Korean American nonsmokers in California, and the most important variables explaining the change in SHS exposure involved smoking among others with whom the subject is associated. These findings could be used as objective evidence for developing public health policies to reduce SHS exposure.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing positive subjective health awareness of middle school-age multicultural adolescents in Korea. Methods: This study used data from the fourth to sixth waves of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. In this study, a panel logit model analysis was performed using the Eviews 8.0 program (p<.050). Results: Socioeconomic status (r=.02, t=2.13, p=.033), body satisfaction (r=.71, t=1.97, p=.048), and depression (r=-.74, t=2.35, p=.018) influenced positive subjective health awareness in multicultural adolescents. When multicultural characteristics were entered into a statistical model with environmental and personal characteristics, multicultural characteristics did not have a significant influence on positive subjective health awareness. Conclusion: Environmental, personal, and multicultural characteristics were related to positive subjective health awareness in multicultural adolescents; thus, an integrated approach considering those variables is recommended. Nursing interventions and educational programs are needed to improve the psychological status of multicultural adolescents and reduce prejudice about them. In addition, nurses need to be sensitive to multicultural characteristics and the developmental characteristics of multicultural adolescents.

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively explore the associations of socioeconomic status, parenting style, and grit with children's health behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 1,040 parents and their children using data from the 2018 Korean Children's Panel Survey. Socioeconomic status was measured in terms of household income and subjective socioeconomic status. Parenting style and grit and were measured using 62 and 8 items, respectively. Health behaviors were measured by assessing healthy eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Results: Higher household income (β=.07, p=.018) and high maternal levels of an authoritative parenting style (β=.20, p<.001) were associated with higher compliance with healthy eating habits among children. Higher grit was associated with a higher number of weekly physical activity days (β=.08, p=.028) and sedentary behavior for <2 hours (odds ratio [OR]=1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.07) in children. A maternal permissive parenting style was associated with sedentary behavior for >2 hours on weekdays (OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.27-0.69). Conclusion: We suggest that when planning interventions to improve children's health behavior, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that avoids practicing a maternal permissive parenting style, promotes an authoritative parenting style, and incorporates strategies to increase children's grit.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors affecting the mental health status of children from multicultural families in South Korea. Met hods: This study was based on Dahlgren and Whitehead's (1991) rainbow model as a conceptual framework and used data from the second phase of the multicultural adolescents panel study conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with p<.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: In the final model, stress (odds ratio [OR]=0.53, p<.001), life satisfaction(OR=2.09, p=.004), self-esteem (OR=1.73, p=.032), and peer support (OR=1.46, p=.019) affected the mental health status of children from multicultural families. The living and working conditions and general socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions did not significantly influence the mental health status of children from multicultural families in the final model. Conclusion: As components of Dahlgren and Whitehead's model, individual hereditary and lifestyle factors, as well as social and community networks, affected the mental health status of children from multicultural families. Therefore, in order to improve the mental health of children from multicultural families, efforts are needed to alleviate their stress, increase life satisfaction and self-esteem, and strengthen their social support.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among parenting role sharing, parenting stress, happiness, and parenting behavior of mothers with 6-year-old children. Methods: This study used data from the seventh Panel Study of Korean Children, which began collecting longitudinal data on a sample of newborn households nationwide in 2008 and will continue yearly until 2027. The participants were 1,560 mothers of children aged 6 years. We conducted statistical analyses using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 36.8±3.7 years. The mothers' perceived parenting role sharing (r=.07, p=.007), parenting stress (r=-.54, p<.001), and happiness (r=.38, p<.001) were significantly correlated with warm parenting behavior. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that parenting stress (β=-.47, p<.001), happiness (β=.15, p<.001), and parenting role sharing (β=.11, p<.001) were significant predictors for warm parenting behavior by mothers. Conclusion: It is essential to reduce mothers' stress and increase their positive emotions (happiness). Fathers should actively share parenting roles in raising children to enhance mothers' warm parenting behavior.

Purpose: As a follow-up study for the translation and cultural adaptation of the Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory-Korean (PELI-K), this pilot study aims to identify the ranking of the PELI-K items selected as most important/feasible from the original 72 items in Korean nursing homes (NHs) and to lay the groundwork for developing a revised short version of the instrument based on these rankings. Methods: The NH stakeholder advisory panel (n=34) consisting of an experts group (n=22) and a family group (n=12) was asked to complete a self-administered, in-person survey. Results: The top 10 important and top 11 feasible items are reported. Most notably, items related to human basic needs such as sleeping, safety, and privacy were selected as important priorities. Having regular contact with family and using electronic devices to communicate with others were the most feasible preferences. Conclusion: The results from this study will contribute to refining the PELI-K and creating a short version of the tool for wider use. NH providers may plan and deliver care that is geared toward residents’ most salient preferences.

This study examines the dual potential of gaming motivations, which have been discussed as risk correlates of gaming disorder and as possible sources of vitality, by estimating wave-specific associations with Adaptive Game Use (AGU) across five waves. Five-year panel data from the Korea Creative Content Agency (Wave 1 to 5, N=778) were analyzed using MIMIC models. The results indicated that Reward and Escapism motives were consistently and positively associated with AGU across all waves. In an adaptive context, reward-oriented play may align with competence-related gratification, while escapism may reflect psychological restoration. Social motivations also showed wave-dependent patterns. Teamwork was a significant predictor in the earlier waves (Wave 1 to 3), whereas Socializing emerged as a key predictor in the later waves (Wave 4 to 5). Overall, the findings suggest that the implications of gaming motivations depend on the outcome under consideration, supporting game literacy education that strengthens the capacity to harness gaming as a positive resource rather than relying solely on restrictive approaches.

본 연구는 미숙아의 영유아기 발달과 어머니의 우울, 양육스트레스를 파악하고 학습준비도와의 관 련성을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 한국육아정책연구소에서 제공한 한국아동패널 1차-4차, 7차년도 자료를 사용하였고, 재태기간이 259일 미만이거나 출생 체중이 2.5kg 미만인 신생아 총 90명의 자료 를 선정하였으며 종단연구의 가중치를 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 남아, 출생 후 집중치료실에 입원하여 치료를 받은 경우, 출생순위가 셋째 이상인 경우, 질식 분만인 경우, 인공수정 및 시험관 수술 등을 이용하여 임신한 경우 미숙아의 학습준비도가 낮았다. 또한 1세와 3세의 입원 경험이 있는 경우, 1세 미만과 2세 발달검사 결과 의심스러운 발달이었던 경우에 학습준비도가 낮았다. 미숙 아의 학습준비도는 재태기간, 출생 시 체중과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 출생 후 집중치료실 입원기 간, 영유아기 어머니의 우울, 양육스트레스와는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 국내 미숙아의 장기적인 발달과 학습준비도에 영향을 미치는 변인에 대한 기초적인 자료를 제공하였다는 데 의의가 있으며 향후 미숙아 발달과 학업능력 증진을 위한 종단 연구와 중재 연구를 제언한다.

This study aimed to investigate the early childhood development of premature infants, mother's depression and parenting stress, and to explore their relationships with the school readiness of premature infants. Data from the 1st, 4th, and 7th years of the Panel Study of Korean Children were used, and a total of 90 newborns with a gestation period of less than 259 days or a birth weight of less than 2.5 kg were analyzed using weights from a longitudinal study. The results of the study showed the school readiness of premature infants was low in boys, those admitted in the intensive care unit after birth, those third or higher in birth order, those delivered vaginally, those achieved by assisted reproduction, hospitalization experiences of 1- and 3-year-olds, or questionable development in the screening test for infants under 1 year of age and at 2 years of age. The school readiness of premature infants showed a positive correlation with gestational period and birth weight and a negative correlation with duration admitted in the intensive care unit after birth, maternal depression, and parenting stress. This study provides basic data on the long-term development and learning readiness of premature infants, further longitudinal or interventional studies for which are suggested.

This study proposes an early-warning framework for attrition risk that combines unsupervised clustering (K-means, Gaussian Mixture Model) with survival analysis (Kaplan–Meier, Cox proportional hazards), using data on 11,090 wage workers from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS, 2002– 2021). After segmenting latent heterogeneity with K-means and GMM, we estimated cluster-specific survival functions and risk factors via KM survival curves and Cox regression. Based on internal and model-based criteria (silhouette, Calinski–Harabasz, BIC, ARI), performance was optimal when the number of clusters was set to five, with a silhouette coefficient of 0.247, a Calinski– Harabasz index of 680.3, the lowest BIC, and an ARI of 0.94. The 24-month cumulative attrition probability for Cluster 2 (low satisfaction and overwork) was approximately 50 percent (highest), whereas Cluster 1 (high satisfaction and stable) was approximately 12 percent (lowest), with a significant difference by the log-rank test, with the p-value below 0.001. In the Cox analysis, Cluster 2 showed a hazard ratio (HR) of about 2.0, and declines in job satisfaction and increases in overtime hours emerged as significant risk factors. The proposed framework provides quantitative grounds for targeted interventions in high-risk segments by means of early-warning indicators based on 12- and 24-month attrition probabilities and lift.

지난 10년 동안 세계화가 빠르게 진행됨에 따라 FDI는 선진국에서 신흥국으로, 특히 개발도상 국에서 가장 두드러진 특징으로 나타났다. 특히 아시아, 아프리카 및 중남미 국가들은 FDI의 주요 대상국으로 부상하였다. 이에 본 논문에서는 1980년대부터 2019년까지 개발도상국의 패 널데이터를 이용하여 개도국의 FDI 유입 결정요인이 무엇인지 분석하였다. 분석대상은 개발 도상국 33개국 아시아, 아프리카 및 중남미 3개 그룹으로 구분하여, 그룹별 국가에 영향을 주 는 FDI결정요인이 무엇인지? FDI에 영향을 주는 종속변수와 금융발전, 시장규모, 거시경제, 인 프라시설, 무역개방성, 노동자원 6가지 독립변수로 하여 패널 데이터 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 금융발전 수준, 시장 규모, 물가 수준 , 인프라 시설, 무역 개방성, 노동자원이 개발도상국 FDI 유입에 긍정적 요인으로 나타났으며, 아시아, 아프리카, 중남미 각 지역에 대한 분석결과 를 비교해보면 아시아의 경우 FDI 유입을 촉진하기 위해 시장 규모와 무역 개방성이 FDI 유입 요인으로 나타났다, 또한 아프리카의 경우는 인프라와 금융 개발, 중남미 지역의 경우 금융발 전 수준, 시장 규모, 노동자원 및 무역 개방성이 각각 FDI에 영향을 준 것으로 분석되었다.

Purpose : Foreign direct investment is one of the important economic characteristics in the modern globalized world. The flow of investments into developing economies is increasingly accounting for a large share of global FDI. The purpose of the study is to find out the factors that influence the attraction of foreign investment into developing countries. Research design, data, methodology : The study collected data from 33 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin, Central America, and Caribbean between 1980 and 2019. By using the Eviews, stationary test, fixed effects and random effects test to find variables that have a significant impact on the development of developing countries as well as each region of Asia, Africa, Central South America. Results : The results show that since 1980, financial development, market size, price stability, trade openness, infrastructure capacity and labor force have had a significant impact on FDI inflows to developing countries. However, when separating with Asia, Africa, the Americas, Central America and the Caribbean, different factors determine the FDI inflows of each region. For Asia market size and trade openness are influential factors that have a positive impact on attracting foreign capital inflows. The larger the trade openness, the more FDI inflows are attracted. Similarly, a larger market, encouraging efficient investment, has been particularly attractive to FDI investors in recent decades. For Africa, the level of financial development, market size, trade openness, infrastructure and labor source are the factors that influence the attraction of FDI inflows. While for Central South America, the level of financial development is the most significant variable affecting FDI attraction, followed by market size, labor source and trade openness are positive factors that have a significant impact on FDI inflows. Conclusions : Therefore, In order to promote FDI inflow, the level of financial development, market size, openness of trade, infrastructure construction and workers' resources should be established. And as the analysis shows, different FDI determinants in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are different, so policy planning and enforcement for each region are needed.

In this study, we studied the method of using general architectural glass instead of using the existing acrylic material for high luminance flat lighting. The flat panel lighting used the side illumination method to increase the ease of installation and aesthetic satisfaction. In general, glass has an amorphous structure with a lower angle of refraction than acrylic, so it is not suitable for use in flat panel lighting as a light guide, but in this study, the role of light distribution characteristics and diffusion patterns in the case of using such a glass light guide. Quantitative simulations were conducted to confirm new possibilities. In the simulation, the backlight estimation method was used, and about 10,000,000 rays were placed within a unit area in order to obtain a result similar to the real thing. As a result of the simulation, the geometry of the diffusion pattern could be specified, and the value of the geometry could be quantified using the ratio of the diameter and height of the pattern. As a result of the calculation, it was found that the maximum amount of light was generated around 75 degrees by quantitatively calculating the ratio and the outgoing light angle at which the maximum value of the outgoing light occurred between 05 and 1.0. As a result of these studies, it was confirmed that it is possible to use ordinary glass at the same time as a transparent window and light-emitting lighting at night.

중력모형에 의존하여 경제효과를 설명할 경우, 지금까지 주로 패널데이터(panel data) 분석을 통한 개별 고정효과 패널 분석(individual fixed effect)을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 패 널 데이터의 고정효과 분석이 아니라 새로운 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network)을 이용한 예측을 시도하였다. 특히, 그 중에서도 파라미터부분과 인공신경망의 비-파라미터 방식의 혼 합으로 이루어진 반-모수 패널 신경망(semi-parametric panel neural network)을 방법론으로 채택 하였다. 이 방법을 이용하여, 일본과 한국의 2개 국가에 대하여, 각각의 10년 예측과 5년 예측 의 두 종류의 기간에 대하여, 전통적 고정효과 패널 분석(panel individual fixed effect)과 함께 반-모수 패널 신경망(semi-parametric panel neural network) 분석을 시도하여 총 여덟 종류의 학 습과 예측을 실시하였다. 결과 반-모수패널 인공신경망이 여덟 개 케이스 중에서 일곱 개 케이 스에서 전통적 고정효과 패널 추정 방식보다 예측에서 우수한 결과를 보여 주었다.

Purpose : To compare the predictability of gravity model based on panel data, the two methodologies are used and compared. One comes from the traditional panel individual fixed effects and the alternative methodology comes from semi-parametric panel neural network. Research design, data, methodology : The exporting cases of Korea and Japan, for 30 years of data with 247 countries of export partners, were analyzed. Two scenarios dividing the learning period into 20 years with 10 years’ prediction period and the 25 year learning period with 5 years’ prediction periods are performed and compared. Results : The semi-parametric panel artificial neural network outperformed than the traditional panel fixed effect method in 7 out of 8 cases in terms of MSE. Conclusions : The results showed the superiority of semi-parametric neural networks in the analysis and forecasting based on panel data compared to traditional fixed effect panel analysis.

In this study, we performed optical simulations for two light sources: internal and external electrode light sources. Based on the optical simulation results, we created a practical design to verify the design validity and extract optimal design factors for each light source. The three key geometric variables in the design of a direct-lit flat panel light source are the distance between the two lamps, the distance between the lamps and the reflector, and the number of lamps. These variables significantly impact the optical design and determine various characteristics of the flat panel light source system. In this study, we used a 26 mm distance between the two lamps, a 4.5 mm distance between the lamps and the reflector, and a total of 20 lamps to derive optimal values ​​for these variables. Under these conditions, we created a practical design and evaluated its performance, achieving an excellent flat panel light source with a central luminance of 6,423 nits and a luminance uniformity of less than 5%. This study demonstrates that optical simulation techniques are an effective method for designing a surface-emitting light source system for medical LCDs, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving high performance while maintaining a low cost.