Earticle

본 연구는 블라인드 박스와 같은 불확실성 기반 소비 맥락에서 기업이 설계한 불확실성이 고객의 기대감과 감정적 반응에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 조사한다. 기존 연구는 불확실성과 인지된 위험을 주로 부정적 요인으로 간주해 왔으나, 최근 소비환경에서는 이러한 요소가 소비 과정에서 기대감과 감정적 반응을 유발하는 경험적 요소로 작용할 가능성이 제기되고 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 POP Mart 이용 경험이 있는 중국 소비자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 503개의 유효 표본을 가설분석에 이용하였다. 불확실성은 기대감에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 인지된 위험은 이러한 관계를 약화시키는 것이 아니라, 오히려 강화하는 조절효과를 보였다. 또한 기대감과 기쁨 간의 관계는 선형 관계가 아닌 U-자형의 비선형 관계가 나타났다. 특히, 기대감이 낮거나 매우 높은 수준에서 기쁨이 높게 나타나는 반면, 중간 수준에서는 감정적 반응이 약화되었다. 이러한 결과는 불확실성이 제거되어야 할 요소가 아니라, 소비자의 기대감과 감정적 반응 형성에 실질적으로 관여하고 있다는 것을 강조한다.

This study aims to examine how firm-designed uncertainty influences consumers’ anticipation and emotional responses in uncertainty-based consumption contexts, such as blind box products. While prior research has primarily viewed uncertainty and perceived risk as negative factors that should be minimized, recent consumption environments suggest that these elements may serve as core drivers of customer experience. To test the proposed relationships, we collected survey data from Chinese consumers with prior experience purchasing Pop Mart products. A total of 503 usable responses were analyzed to test research hypotheses. Our results indicate that uncertainty has a positive effect on anticipation. Furthermore, perceived risk does not weaken this relationship as traditionally assumed; instead, it strengthens the effect of uncertainty on anticipation. In addition, the relationship between anticipation and joy was found to be nonlinear, specifically exhibiting a U-shaped pattern. That is, joyfulness is relatively high at both low and high levels of anticipation, while it decreases at moderate levels. These findings suggest that uncertainty should not be treated merely as a factor to be reduced, but rather as a key mechanism that shapes consumers’ anticipation and emotional experiences. By identifying the nonlinear nature of anticipation and the amplifying role of perceived risk, this study extends existing consumer behavior theories beyond linear frameworks. The findings also provide practical implications for firms by highlighting the strategic value of designing uncertainty and managing consumer expectations to enhance customer experience.

Hidden nodes have a key role in the information processing of feed-forward neural networks in which inputs are processed through a series of weighted sums and nonlinear activation functions. In order to understand the role of hidden nodes, we must analyze the effect of the nonlinear activation functions on the weighted sums to hidden nodes. In this paper, we focus on the effect of nonlinear functions in a viewpoint of information theory. Under the assumption that the nonlinear activation function can be approximated piece-wise linearly, we prove that the entropy of weighted sums to hidden nodes decreases after piece-wise linear functions. Therefore, we argue that the nonlinear activation function decreases the uncertainty among hidden nodes. Furthermore, the more the hidden nodes are saturated, the more the entropy of hidden nodes decreases. Based on this result, we can say that, after successful training of feed-forward neural networks, hidden nodes tend not to be in linear regions but to be in saturated regions of activation function with the effect of uncertainty reduction.

지난 수 십년 동안 정보통신 기술은 다양한 산업에서의 생산성을 제고하였다. 본 논문은 1990년부터 2017년 기간에 걸친 아시아 36개국의 패널 자료를 이용하여, 정보 통신기술을 반영한 경제성장 수렴에 대한 실증분석을 실시한다. 정보통신기술은 그 자체로써 생산성 향상의 직접적 요인으로 작용하는 동시에 기술전파 요인으로써 간접 적으로 생산성 향상에 기여한다. 특히 기술전파 요인이라는 차원에서, 정보통신기술이 기술확산의 원천으로 작용한다는 점에 대한 많은 관심이 필요하다. 그러나 기술확산에 대한 기존의 많은 연구에도 불구하고, 경제성장 수렴에 대한 논의에 있어서 정보통신 기술을 기술확산에 접목한 이론적 연구는 많지 않다. 이러한 선행연구의 미비한 부분 에 착안하여, 본 연구는 정보통신기술과 경제성장률 간의 관계를 살펴보는 데 있어서 비선형 함수 구조를 설정한다. 본 논문은 준모수적 추정 방법의 일종인 부분선형모형 을 이용하여 정보통신기술과 경제성장수렴의 관계를 살펴보고자 한다. 또한, 본 논문 은 부분선형모형의 추정결과와 고정효과모형의 추정결과를 비교한다. 본 연구의 실중 분석 결과에 따르면 정보통신기술 요인을 비선형함수에 포함시켜 이를 통제할 경우 회귀분석모형의 종속변수인 경제성장률의 관측주기가 낮아짐에 따라 1인당 GDP 설명 변수의 회귀분석계수 추정값은 그 절대값이 증가한다. 또한, 부분선형모형 추정으로부 터 도출된 1인당 GDP 설명변수의 회귀분석계수 추정값은 고정효과모형 추정 결과에 비해 그 값이 전반적으로 더 크다는 결과를 발견한다. 이러한 분석결과는 정보통신기 술 변수의 비선형 특성을 고려할 때 경제성장수렴 현상을 보다 더 잘 이해할 수 있다는 시사점을 제공한다. 또한 본 논문은 부분선형모형의 모형설정이 적합한 지 여부를 검정하며, 그 검정결과로부터 정보통신기술을 비선형모형으로 설정하는 것이, 선형모 형으로 설정하는 것에 비해 더 적합함을 발견하였다. 또한, 본 논문은 비선형모형을 곡선 형태로 추정할 경우 그 형태가 역 U자임을 발견한다. 이러한 비선형함수의 형태는 정보통신기술이 경제성장에 기여하는데 있어서, 최적값이 존재함을 암시한다. 이상 의 결과들을 종합할 때 본 연구는 비선형 모형이 정보통신기술과 경제성장의 관계를 파악하는데 있어서 유용하다는 시사점을 제공한다.

Over the past decades, many economies observed that the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has increased productivity in various industries. This paper empirically examines an economic growth convergence under the presence of the ICT by using panel data for 36 Asian countries from 1990 to 2017. The ICT can directly work as a driving force for productivity and indirectly as a technology propagator. As a technology propagator, the ICT deserves more attention as a source of technology diffusion. Despite many existing studies on the diffusion, theoretical studies have not yet incorporated the ICT into the diffusion issue in discussing the growth convergence. Responding to the unfilled gap in the literature, we impose a nonlinear functional form on the relation between the ICT and economic growth rate. In this paper, we employ a semi-parametric partially linear model (PLM) to relate the ICT elements to the growth convergence. In this paper, we compare fixed-effect results to the PLM results. Our results show that, controlling the ICT nonlinearly, the absolute size of the estimates for the GDP per capita increases as the frequency of growth rates becomes lower. We also find that, for the GDP per capita, the PLM estimates’ absolute values are greater relative to the fixed-effect results for all the frequencies. Our findings imply that considering nonlinearity of the ICT variable enhances understanding of economic growth convergence. We also perform the specification-fit test for PLM estimation and find that the nonlinear specification of the ICT variable is suitable. Further, we observe that the fitted curves of nonlinear functions are hump-shaped for all the frequencies. Then, it is implied that there can exist optimal level of the ICT for its contribution to the economic growth. In sum, all the results suggest that nonlinear modeling is a suitable empirical strategy for the relationship between the ICT and economic growth.

This paper examined different 2-parameter and 3-parmeter nonlinear models for height-diameter prediction that incorporated different stands variable for the development of robust generalised height-diameter models. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting 54 sample plots (20 m by 20 m) for six different age series (6, 9, 13, 15, 17 and 21 years old) plantation. Diameter at breast height (D), total height (h) and merchantable height (hm) for individual trees with D≥10 cm were measured. The Nonlinear model forms were fitted by ordinary nonlinear least square (ONLS) regression to select the base model without random parameters. Stands variables where then incorporated as random components for mixed-effects modelling using Gauss-Newton algorithm for nonlinear (weighted) least-squares. The best models were adjured using Standard error of estimate (SEE), Root means square (RMSE) and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and validated by Z-Score values and residual plot. The overall best height-diameter prediction equation for 2-parameter and 3-parameter estimate was Meyer function and Logistic models respectively. All the parameters of the models predicted at p＜0.05 are significant justifying the use of this model for future predictions in the study area expect for Prodan model. The nonlinear mixed effects yield model developed are efficient and biologically logical in predicting yield of teak in the study area, therefore enabling forest managers to optimise harvest planning, plantation regeneration and management in Area J4 of Omo Forest Reserve.

근래에 비선형 정적해석법에 기초를 둔 성능-기반 방법이 각광을 받으면서 개선되고 있다. 역량스펙트럼 방법과 변위계수법이 비선형 정적해석법 중에서 대표적이라고 할 수 있다. 새로 건설되거나 기존의 구조물에 대하여 내진설계와 내진성능 평가에 대한 비선형 정적해석법의 적용성을 평가하기 위해서는 우선적으로 역량스펙트럼 방법과 변위계수법의 정확성이 평가되어야 한다. 비선형 정적해석법의 정확성은 근거리 및 원거리 지진하중에 대한 철근 콘크리트 벽체 구조물의 진동대 실험결과와 비교하여 평가하였다. 또한, 단자유도계, 등가단자유도계와 다자유도계에 대한 비선형 동적해석기법에 의해 평가된 지진응답도 진동대 실험결과와 비교하여 평가하였다.

Recently, significant progress has been made in performance-based engineering methods that rely mainly on nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures. The Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) and the Displacement Coefficient Method (DCM) are the representative nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures. In order to evaluate the applicability of the procedures to the seismic evaluation and design process of new and existing structures, the accuracy of both CSM and DCM should be evaluated in advance. The accuracy of seismic responses by the nonlinear static procedures is evaluated in comparison with the shaking table test results for the structural wall specimen subjected to the far field and near field earthquakes. Also conducted are comparative studies where the shaking table test results are compared with those from nonlinear dynamic analysis procedures, i.e., Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF), equivalent SDOF and Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) systems.

균열 암반 매질에서의 지하수 흐름과 오염물질 이송에 대한 수치모의 실험이 hydromechanic 모형과 추계적 그리고 이산적 3차원 균열망 모형에 바탕을 둔 비정상상태 흐름 수치 모형을 이용하여 수행되었다. 오염물질 이송에 대한 수치모의 실험에서 random walk의 일종인 particle following 알고리즘이 사용되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 지하 깊은 곳에 위치한 Hot dry rock에서의 지열 개발을 위해 프랑스 Soultz sous Foret 지역에 설치된 두개의 깊은 착정인 GPK1과 GPK2 사이에서의 tracer test 반응을 1995년에 실행된 유체순환 현장 실험으로 부터 얻어진 자료를 이용하여 예측하는 것이다. 모의 실험 결과 비반응입자(nonreactive particles)에 대한 평균 이송시간은 두 착정 사이에서 약 5일이었다.

Numerical simulations for fluid flow and solute transport in a fracture rock masses are performed by using a transient flow model, which is based on the three-dimensional stochastic and discrete fracture network model (DFN model) and is coupled hydraulic model with mechanical model. In the numerical simulations of the solute transport, we used to the particle following algorithm which is similar to an advective biased random walk. The purpose of this study is to predict the response of the tracer test between two deep bore holes (GPK1 and GPK2) implanted at Soultz sous Foret in France, in the context of the geothermal researches.l The data sets used are obtained from in situcirculating experiments during 1995. As the result of the transport simulation, the mean transit time for the non reactive particles is about 5 days between two bore holes.

본 연구는 일반적인 궤도 구조물과는 달리 지지부와 받침이 레일과 상하로 구속되어 있지 않은 가시설 레일을 해석함에 있어 상부 하중에 의해 발생하는 종 방향 하중과 횡 방향 하중 및 진동, 그리고 들림 현상 등을 고려하여 가시설 레일 구조물의 하중 증가율을 제안한 후 비선형 동적 거동 특성을 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 그리하여 상부 구조물의 하중과 진동에 의한 영향이 클 것으로 판단되는 철근 배근 장치에 대한 실구조물 계측을 통해 하중 증가율을 제안하였으며 비선형 동적 유한 요소 해석을 실시하여 진동에 의한 하중 증가율을 고려한 차륜하중에 의해 발생하는 동적응답을 통해 동적 거동특성을 파악하였다. 그 결과 철근 배근 장치의 진동에 의한 하중 증가율을 7%로 제안하였으며 비선형 동적 거동은 선형화된 레일에 비해 최대응력이 14.5% 증가하였고 상부 주행 장치의 속도에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다.

The object of this study is to propose a rate of vibration increase in the analysis of temporary rail non-fixed in the vertical direction and characterize the nonlinear dynamic behavior of temporary rail while considering longitudinal and latitudinal load, vibration and lifting. The rate of vibration increase is proposed through measurement of an actual structure that is largely affected by loading and vibration of the superstructure. Dynamic behavior was additionally characterized by the dynamic response resulting from nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis with vehicle loading, including the rate of vibration increase. As a result, the rate of vibration increase by the vibration of an Auto Bar Machine is determined as 7% and the maximum stress in the analysis of the nonlinear rail is increased 14.5% over that of linear rail, and temporary rail is shown to be very sensitive to the velocity of the superstructure.

본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 성격 특성들(성실성, 정서적 안정성)과 직무수행(과업수행, 맥락수행) 간의 비선형적 관계를 검증하고, 둘째, 성실성의 하위요인(성취, 신뢰)에 따라 성실성과 과업수행 간의 비선형적 관계가 달라지는지를 알아보고, 셋째, 성실성과 과업수행 간의 비선형적 관계에 있어서 직무특성 변인인 직무창의성의 조절효과를 검증하는 데 있었다. 이를 위하여 국내 기업에서 근무하는 종업원들에게 설문조사를 실시하여 총 211명의 응답자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 과업수행과 맥락수행의 측정은 공통방법편파에 의한 결과의 왜곡을 방지하기 위하여 동료 또는 상사가 평정한 타인평정 방법을 사용하였다. 자료를 분석한 결과, 성실성과 과업수행, 맥락수행 간에는 모두 비선형적인 역U자형 관계가 나타났다. 반면에 정서적 안정성은 과업수행과는 역U자형의 비선형적 관계를 보였지만, 맥락수행과의 관계에서는 2차식에 의한 설명량의 증분이 유의하지 않아서 선형적 관계를 나타내었다. 성실성의 하위요인에 따라 과업수행과의 관계에서의 설명량과 변곡점이 다르게 나타났기 때문에 성실성의 하위요인에 따라 과업수행과의 비선형적 관계가 달라진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 성실성과 과업수행 간의 비선형적 관계에서의 변곡점이 직무창의성 수준에 따라 다르게 나타났기 때문에 직무창의성이 성실성과 과업수행 간의 비선형적 관계를 조절한다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점 및 제한점, 그리고 추후 연구과제에 대해 논의하였다.

The first purpose of this study was to examine the nonlinear relationships between personality traits (conscientiousness and emotional stability) and job performance(task performance and contextual performance). The second purpose was to examine the difference of inflection points in the nonlinear relationships between conscientiousness's narrow traits(achievement and dependability) and task performance. And the third purpose was to examine the moderating effect of job creativity on the nonlinear relationship between conscientiousness and task performance. Data were gathered from 211 employees who were working in various organizations in Korea. To reduce the effect from common method bias, task performance and contextual performance were rated by others(peers or supervisors). As results, there were significant nonlinear relationships between conscientiousness and job performance(task performance and contextual performance), and significant nonlinear relationship between emotional stability and task performance. But there was no nonlinear relationship between emotional stability and contextual performance. The inflection points in the nonlinear relationships between the conscientiousness's narrow traits(achievement and dependability) and task performance were different. Job creativity moderated the nonlinear relationship between conscientiousness and task performance. Finally, implication of results and future research tasks were discussed with limitations.

역량스펙트럼 방법은 비선형 거동을 하는 구조물의 최대 변위응답을 간편하게 산정하는데 사용된다. 역량스펙트럼 방법을 사용하여 다경간 교량의 내진성능을 평가하기 위해서는 구조계를 대표하는 하나의 응답을 등가단자유도계 방법을 이용하여 다자유도 응답들로부터 유도하여야 한다. 등가단자유도 방법은 비탄성 정적해석에 의해 산정된 힘-변위 곡선들로부터 역량곡선을 계산하는데 사용된다. 역량스펙트럼 방법에 사용되는 등가단자유도 방법의 정확성을 평가하기 위하여, 몇 개의 등가단 자유도방법과 결합된 역량스펙트럼 방법에 의해 산정된 최대변위응답을 설계지진스펙트럼에 대응되는 인공지진을 사용한 비탄성 시간이력해석의 변위응답과 비교하였다.

The capacity spectrum method (CSM) can be used to simply estimate the maximum displacement response of the nonlinear structures. To evaluate seismic performance of multi-span bridges using the CSM, the representative response for structural system should be derived from the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) responses by using the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (ESDOF) method. The ESDOF method is used to calculate the capacity curve of the structural system from the pushover curves of all piers or structural members estimated by the pushover analysis. In order to evaluate an accuracy of ESDOF methods used in the CSM, the maximum displacements estimated by the CSM incorporating the several ESDOF methods are compared to those by the inelastic time-history analysis for several artificial earthquakes corresponding to the design spectrum.

본 연구는 네 차례에 걸친 종단 조사를 통해, 졸업 후 8개월까지 취업을 하지 못한 대졸 미취업자들의 정신건강 변화와 이 변화에서의 진로 정체감 효과를 비선형 다층모형을 통해 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 대졸 미취업자들의 정신건강의 변화양상은 4학년 1학년 시점을 시작으로 시간에 흐름에 따라 통계적으로 유의미하게 변화하였고, 정신건강 변화에 영향을 미치는 진로미결정과 직업에 대한 지각된 통제감(이후 지각된 통제감)은의 졸업 이전 정신건강 수준에서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 대졸 미취업자들의 정신건강은 4학년 1학기를 시작으로 졸업 시점 즈음까지 GHQ 수치가 계속 높아지다가 졸업 이후 1~2개월인 3월과 4월 즈음에 가장 정점을 이루며 가장 좋지 않은 정신건강 상태를 나타냈다. 하지만 그 시점 이후에는 실업의 장기화와 함께 GHQ 수치가 다시 낮아지면서 정신건강 상태가 좋아지는 양상을 보였다. 정신건강 변화에서의 진로 정체감 효과의 경우, 진로미결정 수준이 낮고 지각된 통제력 수준이 높은 개인들은 초기의 GHQ 총점을 비롯한 GHQ 우울 · 불안 및 GHQ 부적응 수치가 낮았으며 장기 미취업 상태가 되어도 GHQ 수치가 높아지지 않고 계속 낮은 상태로 유지되었다. 반면 진로미결정 수준이 높고, 지각된 통제감 수준이 낮은 개인들은 그렇지 않은 개인들에 비해 실업의 장기화와 더불어 GHQ 수치가 높게 지속되었다. 이 결과는 실업이 개인들에게 동일한 정도로 정신건강에 영향을 주어 정신건강의 패턴은 시간에 흐름에 따라 유사하지만 장기 미취업으로 인한 개개인의 정신건강 수준은 초기의 진로미결정과 지각된 통제감 수준에 의해 달라짐을 보여주었다.

This longitudinal study investigated the change of mental health and career identity effect among unemployed university graduates applied with nonlinear multi-level model. The first purpose of this study was to investigate the change pattern of GHQ(General Health Questionnaire) and GHQ two subscales -GHQ depression, and GHQ disadjustment- with HLM analysis. The results showed that GHQ score (including two subscales) of unemployed significantly increased from T1, T2 and graduation time and it was the highest 1~2 month later after graduation. It meant that unemployed university graduates had the worst mental health after graduation. From this point, GHQ score began to decrease smoothly until 5 month after graduation. GHQ and GHQ depression significantly changed over the time, but GHQ disadjustment didn't. The second purpose of this study was to examine career identity effect(consisting of career indecision and perceive control) on GHQ change. The unemployed who had higher level of career indecision and lower level of perceived control had higher level of GHQ at the initial stage(T1). In addition, they had constantly maintained the higher level of GHQ over the time. On the other hand, the unemployed who had lower level of career indecision and higher level of perceived control held low-leveled GHQ. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed and future directions of study were suggested.

건축과 타 예술의 비교를 시도하는 것은 건축을 새로운 관점에서 해석함으로써 좀 더 창의적이고 구체적인 작업의 방향을 제시할 수 있게 해준다. 종종 건축은 특히 영화와 비교되는데, 이는 둘 다 ‘공간적 장면’이라는 결과물로 이루어져 있기 때문이다. 발터 벤야민은 기술복제 시대의 새로운 예술로서 출현한 영화가 시공간적 현존성과 전시적 가치를 부각시켰다고 주장한다. 이 글은 벤야민의 이러한 주장을 토대로 영화와 건축의 존재론적 상동관계를 살펴보고, 그러한 연관성이 실질적인 건축설계에 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 탐구하였다. 이를 위해 특히 우연적인 ‘장면’의 충돌이 생성하는 충돌효과에 주목하면서 그 구체적인 사례로서 김효만의 작품 ‘가온재’를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 김효만의 건축적 발상이 건물의 배치와 동선 방향의 유도에서 어떻게 기능성과 개성을 결합하면서 가온재를 영화적 공간으로 만들어내는가를 추적하였다.

Comparing architecture with other artistic genres makes it possible to suggest more creative architectural methodologies thanks to the new artistic perspective. More often than not, the similarity between architecture and cinema has been focused because they share the spatial scenes as their products. Walter Benjamin claimed that cinema as the new media in the age of technological reproduction illuminated the importance of spatio-temporal presence and exhibition value. Based on Benjamin’s film theory, I explored the ontological homology between architecture and cinema and how to apply the cinematic characteristics to architectural plans. In addition, I paid attention to the shock effect emerged from the coincidental collisions of scenes in architectural spaces and analyzed GaOnJai by Kim, HyoMan as an exemplary case. In addition, I traced how Kim’s architectural ideas combine the spatial functions and the chtect’s originality especially in terms of layout and walking directions and as a result, turn GaOnJai into a cinematic space.

이 연구는 초등학교 교사의 자율성과 소진의 비선형 관계와 갈등(업무갈등, 관계갈등)의 조절효과를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 목적의 달성을 위해 이 연구는 「서울교원종단연구」의 초등학교 교사 886명의 자료를 활용하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자율성과 소진의 관계에서 소진의 감소 폭이 점점 커지는 비선형 관계가 나타났다. 둘째, 자율성과 소진의 비선형 관계에서 업무갈등과 관계갈등은 두 관계를 조절하였고, 특히 관계갈등이 높은 집단은 자율성이 중간 수준일 때 소진이 가장 낮고 자율성이 높아지면 소진이 높아지는 U자형 형태를 보였다. 연구 결과와 결론을 바탕으로 실천적 제언과 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. 실천적 제언으로 첫째, 소진 위험이 높은 교사 집단을 대상으로 표적 접근을 강화할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 자율성 확대 정책이 실질적인 소진 완화로 이어지기 위해서는 초등학교의 조직적 복잡성을 고려한 학교 문화 개선이 선행되어야 한다. 후속 연구를 위한 제언으로 첫째, 패널조사 데이터를 통해 자율성과 소진의 관계 및 갈등의 조절효과의 종단 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 초등학교 교사의 일반적 특성을 반영한 집단별 차이 분석 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 초등학교 교사의 자율성의 구성요인을 고도화하는 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 초등학교 교사에게 중요하게 다루어지는 변인들의 비선형 관계 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다.

This study aimed to examine the nonlinear relationships between elementary school teachers' autonomy and burnout, as well as the moderating effects of conflict (task conflict and relationship conflict). To achieve the research purpose, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted using data from 886 elementary school teachers from the Seoul Teacher Panel Study. The research findings are as follows. First, in the relationship between autonomy and burnout, there was a nonlinear relationship in which the range of burnout decreased gradually increased. Second, in the nonlinear relationship between autonomy and burnout, task conflict and relationship conflict controlled the two relationships, and in particular, the high relationship conflict group showed a U-shaped pattern in which burnout was the lowest at the intermediate level of autonomy and the higher the autonomy, the higher the burnout. Based on the research findings and conclusions, the following suggestions were presented. As practical implications, first, it is necessary to strengthen targeted approaches for teacher groups at high risk of burnout. Second, for autonomy expansion policies to lead to substantial burnout reduction, school culture improvement considering the organizational complexity of elementary schools should be emphasized. As suggestions for future research, first, it is necessary to conduct longitudinal studies on the relationship between autonomy and burnout and the moderating effect of conflict using panel survey data. Second, it is necessary to conduct group difference analysis research reflecting the general characteristics of elementary school teachers. Third, it is necessary to conduct research to advance the constituent factors of elementary school teachers' autonomy. Fourth, it is necessary to conduct research on linear and nonlinear relationships of variables that are importantly addressed for elementary school teachers.

본 연구는 실시간 스트리밍 기반 온라인 콘서트에서 상호작용성이 관람만족에 미치는 영향을 비선형 관점에서 검토하고, 그 과정에서 몰입의 매개역할과 상호 작용성 수준에 따른 순간간접효과를 규명한다. K-pop 소비자 설문자료를 활용하여, 상호작용성-몰입 경로에 선형항과 제곱항을 포함한 비선형 매개모형 (MEDCURVE)을 적용해 순간간접효과를 추정하였다. 분석 결과, 상호작용성은 몰입에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으나 이차효과는 유의하지 않았다. 반면 관람만 족 모형에서는 상호작용성의 선형효과와 이차효과가 모두 유의한 정(+)으로 나타났고, 몰입 역시 관람만족을 유의하게 예측하였다. 또한 순간간접효과는 상호작용 성이 낮은 수준에서는 유의하지 않았으나, 평균 및 높은 수준에서는 유의한 정(+)으로 관찰되었으며 높은 상호작용성에서 간접효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 결 과는 관객 간 상호작용성이 단순한 주의 분산 요인이라기보다 일정 수준 이상에서는 관람 경험에 통합되어 몰입을 통해 만족을 강화할 수 있음을 시사한다. 더불어 실시간 상호작용 기능의 효과가 극대화되는 조건을 제시함으로써, 라이브 스트리밍 공연의 경험 설계 및 운영전략 수립에 실무적 함의를 제공한다.

This study examines the nonlinear effects of interactivity on viewing satisfaction in live-streamed concerts and clarifies the mediating role of flow and indirect effects across levels of interactivity. Using survey data from 108 K-pop consumers, we applied a nonlinear mediation model (MEDCURVE) that included both linear and quadratic terms for the interactivity–flow path, and estimated the instantaneous indirect effect using 5,000 bootstrap samples. Results showed that interactivity had a significant positive effect on flow, whereas its quadratic effect on flow was not significant. In contrast, in the viewing satisfaction model, both the linear and quadratic effects of interactivity were significantly positive, and flow significantly predicted viewing satisfaction. The conditional indirect effect analysis further indicated that the indirect effect via flow was not significant at low interactivity, but became significantly positive at mean and high interactivity, with the largest indirect effect observed at high interactivity. These findings suggest implications for platform design and concert planning by identifying conditions under which real-time interactive features are most likely to increase viewing satisfaction.

Design a nonlinear controller for second order nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems is one of the most important challenging works. This paper focuses on the design of a robust rule base fuzzy-based tuning fuzzy sliding mode controller for second order nonlinear system in presence of uncertainties. Rule base is one of the important key factors in design of fuzzy based tuning controller. In order to provide high performance nonlinear methodology, fuzzy sliding mode controller is selected. Fuzzy sliding mode controller can be used to control of partly unknown nonlinear dynamic parameters of nonlinear system. Error-based fuzzy sliding mode controller has difficulty in handling unstructured model uncertainties. To solve this problem applied improve rule base fuzzy-based tuning method to error-based fuzzy sliding mode controller for adjusting the rule base in adaptive fuzzy-based tuning. This controller has acceptable performance in presence of uncertainty (e.g., overshoot=0%, rise time=0.4 second, steady state error = 1.3e-11 and RMS error=1.2e-11).

Background : naive pooled data(NPD) or two-stage method, the two traditional population approaches in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic(PK/PD) analysis, have much limitation in their application. Nonlinear mixed-effect modeling approach has many advantages over the traditional approaches. It provides a solution for analysis of nonexperimetntal or observational data, such as those from clinical situations, which have characteristics of sparseness, unbalancedness, and fragmentariness and so on. In addition, it can be also adopted as a method for estimation of PK/PD parameters in clinical trial of less stringent and restrictive design condition and by doing so we can design clinical trial more flexibly, which will be helpful especially if PK/PD are to be investigated in patients. We analyzed a dose-titration trial for barnidipine, an antihypertensive agent, with nonlinear mixed effect modeling and naive pooled data method and based on the actual trial we simulated dose-titration trials of various conditions with Monte-Carlo method and analyzed with both nonlinear mixed effect modeling and naive pooled data method and compared the results. Methods : A dose-titration trial 'Blood-pressure lowering effect of barnidipine HCI in renal parenchymal hypertension' which was performed in three general hospitals of Seoul, was analyzed with nonlinear mixed effect modeling and naive pooled data method And based on the actual trial, we simulated dose-titration trials of various conditions for barnidipine with Trial Simulator $2.1l^{\circledR}(Pharsight)$ which uses Monte-Carlo method in simulation. We designed and simulated a total of 6 trials adopting linear model and Emax model with conditions of drop-outs of study subjects or high BSV/BOV. The simulated outcomes were analyzed with nonlinear mixed effect modeling and naive pooled data method respectively using $NONMEM^{\circledR}$. We used $NONMEM^{\circledR}$, a computer software for the analyses. Results : When we analyzed the actual dose-titration trial, linear model was superior with regard to model building criteria and serum creatinine level was found to be the sole covariate. When we analyzed the simulated data, 18 out of 21(85.7%) population parameters (6 out of 9 in linear model, 12 out of 12 in Emax model) estimated with nonlinear mixed effect modeling or naive pooled data method were statistically different from each other. And 16 of them (88.9%) showed values closer to the true values(those introduced for simulation), which suggested the superiority of nonlinear mixed effect modeling to naive pooled data method in the analysis of parameters. But, when we tested with ANOVA$({\alpha}=0.05)$, parameter sets from base designs, those with drop-outs and those with high variability grouped by nonlinear mixed effect modeling and naive pooled data method combinated with linear and Emax model, only 3 out of 7(43 %) population parameters(1 out of 3 in linear model and 2 out of 4 in Emax model) showed no difference in parameters. Conclusion : In the simulation of dose-response of barnidipine with the parameter estimates from actual clinical data, the results showed a propensity of the lower responses at higher dosages with parameter estimates from naive pooled data method than with those from nonlinear mixed effect modeling in both linear and Emax model. And these are due to the dose-titration design in itself, in which at higher dosage, only poor responders will remain to be administered the higher dosage. Thus, naive pooled data method is not appropriate for the analysis, but nonlinear mixed effect modeling, which reflects the individual differences in analysis, is required for accurate parameter estimation in this kind of trials. When estimated parameters from simulated data, we can confirm that parameters can be estimated more accurately with nonlinear mixed effect modeling than with naive pooled data method in various conditions.

As sea state harsher in the ocean space, more large motion and wave loads occurs on ships hull by non-linear phenomena. To consider nonlinear effect on ships hull in the structural design verification, the direct calculation method with numerical approach is used rather than rule values for the reliable accuracy. In this paper, the non-linear wave loads analysis in time domain is performed by using a Rankine Panel Method together with numerical schemes. Linear calculations have been carried out based on DNV CSA-2 notation to generate the motion responses and wave loads of large ships. By short and long term analysis, the design wave amplitudes are selected for the nonlinear analysis. The maximum wave induced bending moment in hogging and sagging conditions are calculated in the nonlinear analysis. Also, the green water effect on the wave induced vertical bending moment was investigated. The results show the vertical bending moments are more influenced by green water in sagging condition than in hogging condition due to green water loading.

Our results reveal a curvilinear relationship between board size and firm performance after controlling the cultural backgrounds of directors. We demonstrate that the board size effect on performance is contingent on the cultural backgrounds of directors for firms listed in major Hong Kong exchanges. The proportion of Anglo-American directors on a board negatively moderates this effect when the board is small and positively moderates the effect when the board is large. Our findings call for appropriate board sizes for listed firms and suggest that cultural diversity can positively moderate the board size effect for large boards.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ESG performance and firm value of Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed firms from 2013 to 2022. We also examine the relationship in China’s specific circumstances such as state ownership and heavily polluting industries. Design/methodology/approach - ESG data is mainly selected from HUAZHENG ESG rating. The data relating to finance and corporate governance is from China Stock Market & Accounting Research Database(CSMAR). The multiple regression analysis is hired in order to analyze the data. Findings - First, there is a nonlinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship between ESG performance and firm value. As ESG performance grows, its firm value experiences an initial increase, however, once the threshold value is reached, the additional increments in ESG performance result in a reduction in firm value. Second, the state-owned firms weaken the nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship between ESG performance and firm value. Third, heavily polluting firms strengthen the nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship between ESG performance and firm value. Research implications or Originality ? Our findings show the existence of a nonlinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship between ESG performance and firm value, thereby offering a well-supported explanation for the inconsistencies observed in the existing research. Our study suggest Chinese firms need tailored ESG strategy for differentiated ESG thresholds for SOEs/non-SOEs and polluting sectors. Also, our study imply that standardized ESG disclosure is necessary to reduce compliance ambiguity and greenwashing risks.

Given the urgent and disturbing state of global warming, a meticulous investigation into the determinants influencing carbon emission intensity becomes imperative. This paper comprehensively analyzes carbon emission intensity data and its influencing factors from 1997 to 2019 across 30 provinces in China. By constructing a panel dataset and employing the panel threshold model as a methodological tool, our study explores the nonlinear relationship between industrial upgrading and carbon emission intensity within the regional scope of Chinese provinces. Furthermore, in this specific context, our study examines various economic development determinants' impact on carbon emission intensity. Empirical research results indicate that the relationship between China's industrial structure upgrading and carbon emission intensity is rather complex. As the industrial structure continuously upgrades, a U-shaped curve relationship is observed between the two variables. Energy intensity and technological progress exhibit positive impacts of 0.56% and 0.04%, respectively, on carbon emission intensity. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of per capita GDP on carbon emission intensity is 0.17%. Therefore, to achieve low-carbon and sustainable development, the Chinese government must strategically prioritize cultivating high-value-added service sectors in the tertiary industry. Simultaneously, while promoting and developing low-carbon technologies, coordination is necessary to enhance energy-intensive sectors' synchronous enhancement. Additionally, the scope of efforts must also include the systematic decarbonization of the second industry by enhancing energy efficiency and increasing the proportion of clean energy utilization.