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This study investigates the anti-manipulation effects of average futures within a generalized framework. Our primary contributions include revising and extending the anti-manipulation features proposed by Yoo (2015) and providing an in-depth comparison of existing anti-manipulation settlement mechanisms and average futures in terms of their efficacy as manipulation deterrents. We find that the anti-manipulation effects are weaker than in Yoo (2015) if a manipulator engages in an average futures contract with a smaller contract multiplier or more reference dates, manipulates it not only on its expiration date but also on other reference dates, or if the price momentum of the underlying asset due to the manipulation is stronger. Additionally, average futures effectively deter manipulation and help preserve market stability, unlike traditional anti-manipulation mechanisms that often distort prices. This comprehensive comparison underscores the advantages of using average futures to maintain market equilibrium and mitigate manipulation.

Background/Objectives: Manual therapy (MT) has been proposed in pulmonary rehabilitation programmes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but an updated systematic review of the evidence is lacking. We aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of MT interventions, alone or added to exercise, on lung function, exercise capacity and quality of life in COPD patients. Methods/Statistical analysis: We searched PubMed, PEDro, CochraneLibrary, using the terms: COPD manual therapy, COPD AND manual therapy. Only randomised controlled trials (RCT) were considered. Findings: Out of 168 articles screened, 6 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Sample sizes varied from under 20 to over 200 participants ranging in age from 50 to over 60 years. ALL of the six studies reported improvements in lung function and exercise performance following MT intervention. Improvements/Applications: This review provides a methodologic evaluation of the evidence for using MT in the management of COPD. While the quality of the evidence provided by six experimental study was high, they were most of small sample sizes. These results highlight the need for further research into the use of MT in conjunction with exercise on people with COPD.

We investigate a unique period of at least six months and one day, at the beginning of which a group of American companies cancel their employee stock options that are voluntarily tendered in return for replacement options to be granted at the end of the period (the stock option exchange program). As the exercise price of the replacement options is determined by the stock price on the re-grant date, a decrease in the stock price during the period benefits participating employees. We examine the hypothesis that management, when its options are tendered in exchange for replacement options, manipulates the stock price during the period to have a lower exercise price for the replacement options. We find some evidence supportive of this hypothesis. Furthermore, participation of management in the exchange program appears to be costly to shareholders who have to sell before the end of the period.

기존(旣存) 범용 구조해석용(構造解析用) 프로그램들은 선택(選擇)된 역학적(力學的) 이론(理論), 계산(計算) algorithm등이 고정(固定)되어 있으므로 이용자(利用者)는 프로그램을 원하는 대로 control하기 어렵고 프로그램에 정의(定義)된 대로 data input만 준비(準備)한다. 이용자(利用者)가 계산과정(計算過程)을 control 할 수 있으며 원하는 역학적(力學的) 이론(理論) 및 계산(計算) algorithm등을 보완(補完)하여 이용(利用)할 수 있도록 한 구조해석용(構造解析用) 프로그램인 Symbolic Manipulation Program들이 개발(開發)되었으나 이들은 single domain 문제(問題) 해석용(解析用)이므로 대형(大型)콤퓨터가 필요(必要)하다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 substructure technique을 도입(導入)하여 구조물(構造物)을 multi domain으로 하여 중(中), 소형(小型)콤퓨터로도 해석(解析)할 수 있으며, matrix analysis 및 finite element analysis를 할 수 있도록 finite element characteristic arrays(Stiffness, Mass matrix)등을 계산(計算)하는 Element Subroutine 중 3D Beam element, Plate bending element 및 동력학계산(動力學計算)을 위한 Eigenvalue routine을 포함(包含)한 Symbolic Manipulation Program 개발(開發)이다. 이 프로그램의 구조(構造)는 module화(化)된 독립적(獨立的) 기능(機能)을 가진 processor 들로 구성(構成)되어 프로그램의 수정(修正), 첨가(添加), 삭제(削除)가 용이(容易)하며, Integrated Program Network(IPN) 개념중(槪念中) data base 방법(方法)으로 matrix form으로 된 data의 취급이 효율적(效率的)이다.

The general purpose programs are in their fixed algorithm and theory of mechanics which can not be altered without painful program modifications. Users are usually guided by user's manual for data input. The several symbolic manipulation programs for structural analysis are introduced recently. These programs allow users to include a wide class of solution algorithm and to specify, by means of some symbolic manipulation, a combination of analytical steps to suit a particular problem. As they can solve a single domain problem, a large computer is usually needed. The scope of this study is to develop an efficient symbolic manipulation program with space beam element, plate bending element and eigen value routines. The incorporated Substructure capability and generation capability of finite element characteristic arrays (e.g., stiffness matrix, mass matrix) enables users to analyse multidomain problem with small computer. The program consists of modulized independent processors, each having its own specific function and is easily modified, eliminated and added. The processors are efficiently handling data by the Data base approach which is the concept of integrated program network(IPN).

Methane emission from the enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock is a main source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and a major concern for global warming. Methane emission is also associated with dietary energy lose; hence, reduce feed efficiency. Due to the negative environmental impacts, methane mitigation has come forward in last few decades. To date numerous efforts were made in order to reduce methane emission from ruminants. No table mitigation approaches are rumen manipulation, alteration of rumen fermentation, modification of rumen microbial biodiversity by different means and rarely by animal manipulations. However, a comprehensive exploration for a sustainable methane mitigation approach is still lacking. Dietary modification is directly linked to changes in the rumen fermentation pattern and types of end products. Studies showed that changing fermentation pattern is one of the most effective ways of methane abatement. Desirable dietary changes provide two fold benefits i.e. improve production and reduce GHG emissions. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss biology of methane emission from ruminants and its mitigation through dietary manipulation.

Objective To investigate whether an audible cracking sound during shoulder manipulation following distention arthrography is clinically significant in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.Methods A total of 48 patients (31 women, 17 men) with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder completed the study. All participants underwent C-arm?guided arthrographic distention of the glenohumeral joint with injections of a corticosteroid and normal saline. After distention, we performed flexion and abduction manipulation of the shoulder. The patients were grouped into sound and non-sound groups based on the presence or absence, respectively, of an audible cracking sound during manipulation. We assessed shoulder pain and disability based on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and passive range of motion (ROM) measurements (flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation) before the procedure and again at 3 weeks and at 6 weeks after the intervention.Results The patients were divided into two groups: 21 were included in the sound group and 27 in the non-sound group. In both groups, the results of the NRS, SPADI, and ROM assessments showed statistically significant improvements at both 3 and 6 weeks after the procedure. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups except with respect to external rotation at 6 weeks, at which time the sound group showed a significant improvement in external rotation when compared with the non-sound group (p<0.05).Conclusion These findings showed that manipulation following distention arthrography was effective in decreasing pain and increasing shoulder range of motion. In addition, the presence of an audible cracking sound during manipulation, especially on external rotation, was associated with better shoulder range of motion.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the alteration of upper cervical manipulation to autonomic nervous system (ANS) through the heart rate variability(HRV) analysis in young healthy individuals. Design: Two-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Thirty four young healthy participants (17 males and 17 females) were randomized into the 2 groups, such as the upper cervical manipulation group (UCM group, n=17), neck stretching group (NS group, n=17). UCM group received a upper cervical manipulation, especially on the atlas, and NS group did stretch for both side of upper trapezius and levator scapular. For the UCM, Atlas mobility was checked by therapist and thrust was given once at the posterior arch of Atlas. HRV was measured before and after intervention to investigate ANS alteration. After the intervention, both groups were given 3 minutes break-time before measuring HRV. Results: The UCM group showed significant differences in ANS Activity, Stress Resistance, Stress index and Fatigue Index (p<0.05) while no differences in NS group with before and after intervention. There were significant differences in ANS Activity, Stress Resistance, and Fatigue Index between groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study suggected that upper cervical manipulationhas positive effects on the ANS activity, stress resistance, and fatigue index.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of flexion-distraction spinal manipulation on intervertebral height, pain, spine mobility in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease. Design: Randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest control group design Methods: A total of 96 participants with degenerative disc disease participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups received intervention for 3-5 minutes a day. The experimental group (n=48) underwent flexion-distraction spinal manipulation for 3-5 minutes, and the control group (n=48) was maintained in the same position as the experimental group for 5 minutes without any intervention. The intervertebral height was measured by computed tomography, pain was assessed using visual analog scale, and the spine in flexion mobility was measured using the finger-to-floor distance test and passive straight leg raise test. Pre-test and post-test measurements were obtained. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement in intervertebral height, degree of pain, and spinal mobility (p<0.05). The intervertebral height increased from 6.32±1.90 to 6.93±1.85 mm (p<0.05), lower back pain decreased from 69.17±13.35 mm to 48.48±12.20 mm (p<0.05), lumbar spine mobility changed from 17.37±4.49 to 12.69±4.34 cm (p<0.05), and passive straight leg raise test range increased from 46.94±13.05° to 56.01±12.20° (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that flexion-distraction spinal manipulation could be an effective treatment for decreasing pain and improving function in patients with degenerative disc disease.

Spinal accessory nerve (SAN) injury mostly occurs during surgical procedures. SAN injury caused by manipulation therapy has been rarely reported. We present a rare case of SAN injury associated with manipulation therapy showing scapular winging and droopy shoulder. A 42-year-old woman visited our outpatient clinic complaining of pain and limited active range of motion (ROM) in right shoulder and scapular winging after manipulation therapy. Needle electromyography and nerve conduction study suggested SAN injury. Physical therapy (PT) three times a week for 2 weeks were prescribed. After a total of 6 sessions of PT and modality, the patient reported that the pain was gradually relieved during shoulder flexion and abduction with improved active ROM of shoulder. Over the course of 2 months follow-up, the patient reported almost recovered shoulder ROM and strength as before. She did not complain of shoulder pain any more.

Background: Several studies have found an association between cervical spinal mobilizations (CSMob) and cervical spinal manipulations (CSM) on pain perception, disability, and satisfaction. However, choosing the proper technique continues to be a challenge for many practitioners. Objectives: To study the effects of a single session of cervical spinal mobilization versus cervical spinal manipulation on pain, disability, and satisfaction. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Methods: 36 subjects with acute and non-specific mechanical neck pain were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups (CSMob, CSM, or control). Outcome measures using the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Numeric Pain Rate Scale (NPRS), and Global Rate of Change (GROC) were quantified at baseline, 5-minutes post, and 4 days post corresponding intervention. Results: The CSM group showed significant increase in GROC (p=0.025) compared to the CSMob and control groups (p=0.472 and p=0.176 respectively) over time. There was a significant decrease in NPRS for the CSM and CSMob groups (p=0.002 and p=<0.001) and a non-significant decrease in NPRS (p=0.642) in the control group over time. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in NDI for the CSM and CSMob groups (p=<0.001 and p=<0.001) and a non-significant decrease in NDI (p=0.084) in the control group over time. Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that skilled manual therapy interventions can be a viable and effective treatment option for reducing neck pain, disability, and perceived favorable change following a single session on subjects with acute, non-specific mechanical neck pain.

Objective: Clinical practice guidelines for chronic low back pain (LBP) strongly recommend thrust manipulation; however, its effectiveness for acute and subacute nonspecific LBP is controversial. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the immediate or short-term effects of thrust manipulation on pain in patients with acute and subacute LBP. Design: Asystematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A literature search was performed in international databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed) in June 2023. Search terms were set according to PICOSD (participants, intervention, comparison, outcomes, study design). Risk of bias (RoB) assessment was performed using the RoB tool and quantitative analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. The effect measure was standard mean difference (SMD) and the analysis model was random effect model. Results: The database was searched for 249 studies and six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were finally synthesized after independent review by researchers. Only pain intensity was found to have a significant effect on pain intensity and disability (p<0.05). The pooled results showed a small effect size for pain intensity in acute to subacute LBP with thrust manipulation in sixRCTs(SMD= -0.44; 95% CI, -0.80 to -0.08) and a large effect size for disability in three RCTs (SMD= -0.96; 95% CI, -2.67 to 0.76). Conclusions: In conclusion, this review provides evidence supporting the effectiveness of thrust manipulation in reducing pain intensity and disability in patients with acute and subacute LBP. It highlights the potential benefits of incorporating thrust manipulation as a treatment option for LBP.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the changes in dorsiflexion and balance following proximal and distal tibiofibular joint manipulation in individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS). Methods: Fifteen participants with a history of unilateral LAS, exhibiting a restriction in ankle dorsiflexion were included in this study. LAS ankle received a manipulation to the proximal and distal tibiofibular joint, while the opposite control ankle received no manipulation intervention. The outcome measures included ankle dorsiflexion and balance. Ankle dorsiflexion was measured using weight-bearing lunge test. Static and dynamic balances were measured using the overall, anterioposterior, and mediolateral balance index via the biodex balance system. Measurements were obtained prior to and following manipulation. Results: This study showed that ankle dorsiflexion and dynamic balance were improved following the manipulation compared to those prior to the manipulation (p<0.05). There was no significant change in static balance (p>0.05). Conclusion: The joint manipulation technique applied to the ankle of those with a history of LAS appears to improve ankle dorsiflexion and dynamic balance. This suggest that a manipulation to the proximal and distal tibiofibular joint could be provided as preliminary data regarding the prophylactic effects of recurrent LAS.

In order to develop a cell based robot, we present a micro-mechanical force measurement system for the biological muscle actuators, which utilize glucose as a power source. The proposed measurement system is composed of a micro-manipulator, a force transducer with a glass probe, a signal processor, an inverted microscope and video recording system. Using this measurement system, the contractile force and frequency of the cardiac myocytes were measured in real time and the magnitudes of the contractile force of each cardiac myocyte under different conditions were compared. From the quantitative experimental results, we could estimate that the force of cardiac myocytes is about $20\sim40{\mu}N$, and show that there are differences between the control cells and the micro-patterned cells.

The purpose of the current experiment was to describe interlimb coordination when swing limb conditions are being manipulated by constraining step length or by adding a 5 or 10 pound weight to the swing limb distally. Subjects were asked to begin walking with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on one of the secondary targets (long and short step length). These three step length conditions were repeated while wearing a 5 pound ankle weight and then when wearing a 10 pound ankle weight. Ground reaction force (GRF) data indicated that there were changes in the forces and slopes of the swing and stance Fx GRFs. Long stepping subjects had to increase the propulsive force required to increase step length. Consequently, swing and stance toe-off greatly increased in the long step length condition. Short step length subjects had to adequately adjust step length, which decreased the speed of gait initiation. Loading the swing limb decreased the force and slope of the swing limb. Swing and stance toe-off was longest for the long step length condition, but there was a small difference of temporal events between no weight and weight condition. It appears that subjects modulated GRFs and temporal events differently to achieve the peak acceleration force of the swing and stance limb in response to different tasks. The findings from the current study provide preliminary data, which can be used to further investigate how we modulate forces during voluntary movement from a quiet stance. This information may be important if we are to use this or a similar task to evaluate gait patterns of the elderly and patient populations.

Since areas of pain and dysfunction of musculoskeletal typically suffered by the patients with back disorders spread all over the body, WBIP(GCM Program) for the primary treatment and management is required. The purpose of this study is to analyze if WBIP(GCM Program) based on the hyper/hypomobility pattern of Four Body Types can identify the effective treatment of back disorders and the effect on the postural balanced restoration of the spine and extremities. Non-specific back disorder is still a major reason for sick leave. And moreover, its been reported that there was often recurrence to the patients whose symptom had been diminished. As a WBIP(GCM Program) based on kinematic chain patterns of Four Body Types, this study gave a new information on the effective diagnosis, treatment and management of non-specific back disorders. 337 patients above the twenty-five years old with the non-specific back disorders at the hospital and oriental medical clinics at Kyungnam and Busan areas in South Korea from August 24th, 2000 to Feb 23rd, 2001 have randomly been assigned to four experimental groups such as Whole Body Intervention Program Group, Physical Therapy Group like modality treatments, Acupuncture-Treatment Group, and Placebo Control Group. According to intervention program applied to the each four group for three times per week(twelve times per 4weeks), as the time-series methods, we compared and evaluated the body status of the pretest with that of post treatment completion of four week, three month, and six month, respectively. As the analytical method of measurement, our researchers used the Moire Interferometry Unit and Postural Kit that could measure the postural balance of spine and extremities. The collection of data was performed in the designated hospital and oriental medical clinics. For the analysis of the data, the SPSS 10.0 package program was used. X2-test has been taken in order to compare and analyze characteristics and GPES of the patients in four experimental groups. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test has been adopted in order to compare the effects of the balanced restoration of the spine and extremities among four Groups categorized for this study. Statistical significance was accepted at the 0.05 level of confidence The effect of the balanced restoration on the spine and extremities of the patients with non-specific back disorders has been proved in all of the Groups. As for the restoration degree, however, WBIP(GCM Program) Group produced the highest effectiveness in terms of the fact that it had a dense moire in comparison with the other three Groups and that the Moires of both sides had the same level by the time(p<0.01). WBIP(GCM Program) based on four tilting types of scapular and ilium and hyper/hypomobility pattern took a higher effect on the balanced restoration of the spine and extremities through a whole body as well as the treatment of back disorders than the other three Groups which the usual remedy without classification of body type had been applied to.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among pain, range of motion of the neck, neck disability index and grip strength after thoracic manipulation and cervical stabilization training in patients with chronic neck pain. Methods: In this study, twelve subjects with chronic neck pain were included. All participants had thoracic manipulation and cervical stabilization training. Intervention was conducted three times per a week, for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS), range of motion of neck, neck disability index (NDI), as well as the grip strength before and after intervention were measured in all participants. Paired t-test was used to compare variables before and after intervention. Pearson correlation analysis was used to identify the correlations between the variables. Results: All variables after the intervention were significantly improved. There was a significant negative correlation between VAS and flexion angle of the neck (r=-0.669, p<0.05). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between NDI and VAS (r=0.636, p<0.05), and a significant negative correlation between NDI and flexion angle of the neck (r=-0.692, p<0.05). Conclusion: Patients with reduced pain following therapeutic intervention illustrated that there would be an improvement in the flexion angle rather than the extension angle of the neck, and that those with increased flexion angle would have less restriction of activities in daily living.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects and characteristics of the height of the treatment table on the force and time of ground reaction (GR) and contact hand (CH) generated from the therapist's feet to generate thrust during spinal manipulation (SM). Design: A cross-sectional survey study Methods: Thirty-six healthy subjects were recruited. SM was performed on the ilium using a knee-high table, where the therapist felt it was easy to control the subject's posture and body shape and comfortable to generate force, as well as a relatively high thigh-high table. The force and time generated by the therapist's GR and CH were simultaneously measured through a force plate. Results: As a result, there was a significant difference in peak force and rundown force at the therapist's GR according to the table height (p < 0.05). In the therapist's CH, there was a significant difference between PreMin (preload minimum) force and peak force (p < 0.05), and there was a significant difference between the time from PreMin to peak and the time of the entire section (p < 0.05). Conclusions: As a result, the generation of increased CH force and faster thrust duration were confirmed by mobilizing the reduced GR force of the therapist to generate thrust than the relatively high table on the knee-high table.

본 연구는 정보조작이론(Information Manipulation Theory: IMT)을 적용 및 확 장하여, 거짓말에 있어 한국과 미국 간의 문화적 차이점과 유사점을 살펴보았다. 특히 ‘눈치’라는 한국의 문화 특수적인 개념이 특정 언술의 ‘허위성(deceptiveness)’판단에 있어 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 체계적으로 탐구하였다. 2 (문화: 한국과 미국) × 2 (위 반의 현저성: 노골적 ·은밀한) × 5 (위반의 유형: 진실, 질적 위반, 양적 위반, 화제전 환, 회피)의 요인설계 실험디자인을 통해 각 변수의 주효과와 상호작용효과를 검증하였 다. 위반의 현저성과 위반의 유형은 집단 내 요인들(within subject factor)로 총 455 명의 실험참여자(199명의 한국인과 256명의 미국인)들은 주어진 10개 메시지들의 허위 성을 평가하였다. 선행 IMT 연구결과들과 일관되게 한국, 미국 실험참여자들 모두 ‘질 적 위반’을 다른 유형의 위반 메시지들보다 더‘거짓된’것으로 평가하였다. 그러나 미국 참여자들과는 달리 한국 참여자들은 눈치 메시지를 노골적인 위반 메시지보다 덜 허위 적인 메시지로 판단하였다. 그리고 문화적 차이와 위반의 현저성 변수 간의 이변수 상 호작용 효과는‘위반의 유형’변수에 의해 조절되는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 한국인 들은‘양적 위반’과 ‘화제전환’의 경우 눈치 메시지(현저한 위반)를 미국인들보다 훨씬 덜 허위적인 메시지로 평가하였다.

Using Information Manipulation Theory (IMT), the current study examines the cultural similarities and differences in deception between Koreans and Americans. In addition, this research investigates how moderating factors and the culture-specific variable (i..e., nunch’i) affect the deceptiveness rating. An experiment examined both main and interaction effects for culture, condition, and violation type; a 2 (country: Korea and the U.S.) × 2 (condition: covert violation and nunch’i) × 5 (violation type: baseline, quality, quantity, relevance, and manner violation messages) mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. A total of 455 subjects including 199 Americans and 256 Koreans participated in the experiment. Consistent with the IMT literature, the results indicated that both Korean and Americans evaluated quality violation messages as more deceptive than any other type of violation messages. Besides, this study found that while Koreans evaluated nunch’i messages as less deceptive than covert violation, Americans did not. Finally, it was found that Koreans viewed nunch’i messages (i.e., overt violation messages) for quantity and manner violation as significantly less deceptive than Americans.

We consider a two-sided many-to-one matching model where universities offer scholarships to students. We show that every stable matching rule is manipulable by a university via destroying and predonating endowments under a fairly wide class of scholarship rules. We also show that the student- and university-optimal matching rules are non-manipulable under the class of scholarship rule, where the universities give some of their endowments only to their most preferred student as scholarship. Furthermore, we show that the set of Nash equilibria of the destruction game and the set of stable matchings may be disjoint. We also show that there exists a stable allocation which is manipulable by a university via destroying as well as via predonating endowments whenever the scholarships are determined endogenously in the model.