Earticle

Electronic word-of-mouth (WOM) plays a crucial role in movie-going decisions, yet spoiler content in reviews remains controversial. Although spoilers may potentially harm enjoyment, they may also alleviate uncertainty, thereby enhancing the viewing experience. Despite such tension, there has been a lack of research on which types of spoilers have either detrimental or informative effects on decision-making. To address this gap, we propose a framework to classify spoiler reviews as either detrimental or informative using natural language processing techniques. Based on the classification results, we conducted econometric analyses to assess their distinct impacts on box office revenue by using data from 322 movies. Our overall findings show that informative spoilers increases box office revenue whereas detrimental spoilers have no significant effect. However, moderating analyses reveal important context effects. Detrimental spoilers reduce revenue for narrative-driven or long-duration films and during weekends but show null effects in other contexts. Similarly, informative spoilers do not always increase demand, with their positive effects diminishing under certain conditions. This study offers valuable insights for review platforms and studios by highlighting the need for nuanced spoiler management to enhance audience engagement and revenue.

강우유출수와 같은 비점오염원은 대부분 100 m 이하의 미세입자로 이루어져 있어 오염물질들이 흡착 및 부착되어 거동 하기 쉬운 특성을 가지고 있다. 이러한 미세입자를 고효율로 처리하기 위해 응집제를 이용한 여과방식에 대한 연구도 진행되 고 있으나 응집제를 이용한 방식은 응집제 주입량에 따라 그 효율이 달라져 처리 조건에 따른 최적의 응집제 주입이 필수적 이다. 때문에 본 논문에서는 섬유볼 여재를 적용한 상향류식 여과 컬럼 장치에 응집제를 주입하여 미세입자 처리효율을 향상 시키고 장치 내 응집제 주입량을 달리하여 최적의 응집제 주입량 산정 및 주입량 변화에 따른 여과장치 처리특성을 분석하고 자 하였다. 실험 결과 유입수에 대한 응집제 주입 농도가 15.625 mg/L 일 때, 탁도 평균 98.88%, SS 평균 98.76%로 가장 높 은 미세입자 처리효율로 나타났으며 그 이상부터는 처리효율이 미세하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 고형물 물질수지 계산을 통해 역세척 효율을 산정한 결과, 응집제 주입량이 증가할수록 역세척 효율이 감소하여 응집제의 주입이 역세척에 직 접적인 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 상향류식 섬유볼 여과장치에 응집제를 주입하여 고효율 처리를 진행할 경우, 응집제 주입농도를 15.625 mg/L로 할 때가 가장 고효율적이며 적절한 응집 여과 조건인 것으로 사료된다.

Non-point source pollution such as rainfall runoff water are mostly composed of fine particles of 100 μm or less, so pollutants are easily adsorbed and attached to move. Studies on a filtration method using a coagulant are also being conducted to treat these fine particles with high efficiency, but the method using a coagulant has its efficiency depending on the amount of coagulant injected, so it is essential to inject an optimal coagulant according to the treatment conditions. Therefore, in this paper, a coagulant was injected into the upflow filtration column device to which the fiber ball filter was applied to improve the processing efficiency of fine particles, and the injection amount of the coagulant in the device was different to calculate the optimal amount of the coagulant injection and analyze the processing characteristics of the filtration device according to the change in the injection amount. As a result of the experiment, when the concentration of the coagulant injection to the influent water was 15.625 mg/L, the highest fine particle treatment efficiency was found with a turbidity average of 98.88% and an SS average of 98.76%, and above that, the treatment efficiency slightly decreased. In addition, as a result of calculating the backwashing efficiency through the calculation of the solid mass balance, the backwashing efficiency decreased as the amount of the coagulant injection increased, indicating that the injection of the coagulant had a direct effect on the backwashing. Therefore, when the high efficiency treatment is performed by injecting a coagulant into the upflow fiber ball filtration device, it is considered to be the most efficient and appropriate agglomerate filtration condition when the concentration of the coagulant injection is 15.625 mg/L.

Recently, the volatility of oil prices has significantly increased due to various factors. This study aims to analyze the influences of oil price fluctuations on agricultural value added, with a particular focus on comparing the magnitude of ripple effects across different categories. In order to achieve this, we designated not only oil prices but also exchange rates and the prices of three grains as random variables, and developed a stochastic model that considers their correlations. When oil prices fluctuate within expected ranges, it was analyzed that agricultural value-added changes by approximately 540 billion KRW. When examined by category, it was found that fruit-bearing vegetables exhibited the largest ripple effect. As a policy alternative to alleviate the farmers’ operational risk, this study introduces margin insurance to effectively manage both the increases in input costs due to rising oil prices and the decreases in agricultural commodity prices.

4차 산업혁명 시대 급격한 기술 변화 속에서 미래 인재 양성을 위한 핵심 역량과 관련하여 교육 현장으로부 터의 요구가 증가하고 있다. 이 중에서 디지털리터러시는 디지털 시대의 핵심 역량으로 부상하였으며, 교육분야 에서 직업분야까지 디지털 사회에 필요한 기초 역량이다. 특히 초등학교에서는 디지털 기술과 문화를 활용할 수 있도록 디지털 역량을 향상시키는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 유럽의 DigComp2.2를 기반으로 초등 디 지털리터러시 측정 모델을 설계하였다. 측정영역은 디지털 정보, 디지털 소통, 디지털 창작, 디지털 문화, 디지털 문제해결 총 5가지의 핵심 역량으로 분류하였다. 각 핵심 역량의 하위 항목에서는 학습이해, 지식창출, 학습성찰 로 구분했으며, 일상생활 속에서 핵심 역량과 관련하여 구체적인 행동 양식에 대해 상세하게 측정할 수 있도록 제시하였다.

Amid the rapid technological changes of the Fourth Industrial Revolution era, there is an increasing demand for core competencies required for nurturing future talent, particularly from the education sector. Among these, digital literacy has emerged as a key competency in the digital age, forming a foundational capability necessary in fields ranging from education to professions. In elementary education, it is crucial to enhance digital competency to effectively utilize digital technology and culture. This study designs an elementary digital literacy measurement model based on Europe's DigComp2.2. The measurement areas were categorized into five key competencies: digital information, digital communication, digital creation, digital culture, and digital problem-solving. In each core competency's subcategories, distinctions were made for learning comprehension, knowledge creation, and learning reflection, providing a means to measure specific behavior patterns related to the core competencies in daily life in detail.

지금까지 많은 리뷰 연구가 이루어져 왔음에도 불구하고 소비자들이 남긴 리뷰들 중 대표적인 리뷰의 위치나 크기를 소비자들이 인식할 수준만큼 강조하는 리뷰, 이른바 강조된 리뷰에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 강조된 리뷰의 노출 방식에 따른 소비자들의 인식 차이를 확인하는 것이 주된 목표이다. 이를 위해 가상의 온라인 리뷰 페이지를 제작하여 최종적으로 강조된 리뷰가 없는 이미지를 보여주는 집단 23명, 긍정적으로 강조된 리뷰만 노출하여 보여주는 집단 61명, 그리고 긍정적으로 강조된 리뷰와 부정적으로 강조된 리뷰를 모두 노출하여 보여주는 집단 87명을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 강조된 리뷰의 노출 방식에 따른 차이는 리뷰의 유용성 측면에서는 유의한 수준으로 유용성에 양의 상관관계가 나타났으나, 회의감에는 유의한 영향을 주지 않았다. 또한 리뷰의 유용성과 플랫폼 신뢰도와는 유의한 양의 상관관계, 리뷰의 회의감과 플랫폼 신뢰도와는 유의한 음의 상관관계가 나타났으며, 최종적으로 플랫폼 신뢰도와 사용 의도와의 관계는 유의한 수준으로 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 모든 분석 결과에서 상품군에 따른 차이는 거의 없었다. 이를 통해, 온라인 쇼핑몰의 리뷰를 설계할 때 잠재적인 소비자들의 사용 의도 및 신뢰도를 높이기 위해서 긍정적으로 강조된 리뷰와 부정적으로 강조된 리뷰를 모두 보여주는 것이 중요하다는 점을 시사할 수 있다.

Though there have been a lot of studies about online product review, the effects of highlighted reviewhave not been examined enough. Highlighted review is a type of review that the platform designer changes its size or position in order to highlight without any sponsorship or incentive. The main subject of this study is about how highlighted review type affects consumer’s perception and behavior in online information acquisition. We collected data from 171 subjects to test hypotheses. Using three different types of screen captures, we compared three groups - general review group, positive highlighted review only group, and both positive and negative highlighted review group. As a result, disclosing both of positiveand negative highlighted review was perceived more useful than disclosing only positive highlighted review. However, correlation between highlighted review type and review skepticism was not statistically significant. The impacts of review usefulness and skepticism on platform credibility were statistically significant, and the correlation between platform credibility and usage intention was also significant. All of results is almost similar across two product types, search goods and experiential goods. This research provides practical implications to online shopping platform designers when they design review systems to make people use their platforms.

Augmented reality is a state-of-the-art technology which presents auxiliary information by synthesizing real world scene with synthetic objects. Some augmented reality applications are commercially available according to the advance of mobile device capability. They combine strong points of "mobility" of mobile devices and augmented reality technology. Mobile games based on augmented reality technology are expected to become widespread in the near future. Therefore, mobile augmented reality technology is crucial for mobile games such as board games and so on. This paper analyzes the research trend of mobile augmented reality and presents some latest research results. Based on this analysis, future directions for mobile augmented reality are given.

본 논문에서는 연기 애니메이션을 위한 GPU 기반의 펜앤잉크 렌더링 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 광선 투사 방법을 이용하여 화면에 그려질 연기의 표면점을 추출하였다. 계산된 표면점에 대해 밝기값과 곡률을 계산하여 스트록의 방향과 스트록의 밀도를 정하였다. 각 스트록은 기하 쉐이더를 이용하여 사각형을 생성하여 스트록 텍스쳐를 매핑함으로써 렌더링하였다. 이때, 사각형의 모양을 곡률을 따라 변형함으로써 스트록이 곡률 방향을 따라 그려지도록 하였으며 텍스쳐에 그려질 스트록의 개수를 밝기값에 따라 정함으로써 스트록의 밀도를 조절하였다. 실험 결과 평균 초당 25 프레임의 속도로 연기 애니메이션에 대한 펜앤잉크 렌더링을 생성할 수 있었다.

In this paper, we propose a GPU-based pen-and-ink rendering method for smoke animation. Using ray tracing, points on the surface of smoke are extracted and the intensity and curvature information at the points are computed. For each point, we draw a stroke by generating a quadrangle in a geometry shader and mapping a stroke texture on the quadrangle. To draw a stroke along the principal curvature direction on the surface, the quadrangle is transformed using the curvature information. The intensity on the surface determines the density of strokes and we use different textures containing different number of strokes to represent the density of strokes. In our experiment, we can render a pen-and-ink style of smoke animation at 25 fps.

증강 현실은 현실 세계를 기반으로 가상의 사물을 합성하는 기술로 현실 속에서 가상세계를 경험하게 해준다. 그동안 게임에 대한 부정적인 시각으로 인해 국내 보드 게임의 보급이 늦었으나, 최근 인식의 변화와 외국 보드 게임의 수입으로 인해 점차 인기를 끌고 있다. 본 논문에서는 증강 현실을 이용한 보드 게임 개발 방법을 제시하려 한다. 이처럼 보드 게임 콘텐츠를 증강 현실 기반으로 개발한다면 게임 유저들에게 증강된 영상이 보여 지므로, 보드 게임의 흥미를 높일 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Augment reality technology makes users experience virtual worlds by synthesizing virtual objects onto real world scene. Until so far, board games could not been spread because of negative views. However, board games become popular these days. In this paper, we propose a design methodology of a board game using augment reality technology. The presented AR board game can make traditional board games fun.

기능성 게임은 재미라는 요소를 다양한 분야에 접목시킨 것으로, 기존의 게임에 대한 부정적인 견해를 완화시켜주 고 있어 최근 많은 관심과 함께 다양한 게임이 출시되고 있다. 기능성 게임은 게임 내부의 물체나 캐릭터와 상호 작 용을 통해 체감성을 중시하는 추세이다. 기존의 삼차원 물체 표현은 물체의 외부만을 표현하기 때문에 충돌 검사 나 시뮬레이션에는 부적합하다는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하는 볼륨 메쉬 파라 미터화 기법을 제시한다. 제시된 기법은 기능성 게임의 상호 작용성을 높여줄 것으로 기대된다.

Serious games can be defined as games which combine entertainments with various applications. They relieve the negative opinions which belong to existing games, so many game titles have been released as serious games in these days. In serious games, interactivity with objects and characters are one of the most important features. Conventional 3D object representations are not suitable for collision detection and simulation because they only contain surface information for objects. This paper presents a volume mesh parameterization algorithm which overcomes these limitations. The proposed algorithm can be expected to alleviate the interactivity of serious games.

Objective To compare the effect of two different hand exercises on hand strength and vascular maturation in patients who underwent arteriovenous fistula surgery.Methods We recruited 18 patients who had chronic kidney disease and had undergone arteriovenous fistula surgery for hemodialysis. After the surgery, 10 subjects performed hand-squeezing exercise with GD Grip, and other 8 subjects used Soft Ball. The subjects continued the exercises for 4 weeks. The hand grip strength, pinch strength (tip, palmar and lateral pinch), and forearm circumference of the subjects were assessed before and after the hand-squeezing exercise. The cephalic vein size, blood flow velocity and volume were also measured by ultrasonography in the operated limb. Results All of the 3 types of pinch strengths, grip strength, and forearm circumference were significantly increased in the group using GD Grip. Cephalic vein size and blood flow volume were also significantly increased. However, blood flow velocity showed no difference after the exercise. The group using Soft Ball showed a significant increase in the tip and lateral pinch strength and forearm circumference. The cephalic vein size and blood flow volume were also significantly increased. On comparing the effect of the two different hand exercises, hand-squeezing exercise with GD Grip had a significantly better effect on the tip and palmar pinch strength than hand-squeezing exercise with Soft Ball. The effect on cephalic vein size was not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion The results showed that hand squeezing exercise with GD Grip was more effective in increasing the tip and palmar pinch strength compared to hand squeezing exercise with soft ball.

Objective To evaluate the clinical utility of the electrically calculated quantitative pain degree (QPD) and to correlate it with subjective assessments of pain degree including a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).Methods We recruited 25 patients with low back pain. Of them, 21 patients suffered from low back pain for more than 3 months. The QPD was calculated using the PainVision (PV, PS-2100; Nipro Co., Osaka, Japan). We applied electrodes to the medial forearm of the subjects and the electrical stimulus was amplified sequentially. Minimum perceived current (MPC) and pain equivalent current (PEC) were defined as minimum electrical stimulation that could be sensed by the subject and electrical stimulation that could trigger actual pain itself. To eliminate individual differences, we defined QPD as the following: QPD=PEC?MPC/MPC. We scored pre-treatment QPD three times at admission and post-treatment QPD once at discharge. The VAS, MPQ, and QPD were evaluated and correlations between the scales were analyzed.Results Result showed significant test-retest reliability (ICC=0.967, p<0.001) and the correlation between QDP and MPQ was significant (at admission SRCC=0.619 and p=0.001; at discharge SRCC=0.628, p=0.001). However, the correlation between QPD and VAS was not significant (at admission SRCC=0.240, p=0.248; at discharge SRCC=0.289, p=0.161).Conclusion Numerical values measured with PV showed consistent results with repeated calculations. Electrically measured QPD showed an excellent correlation with MPQ but not with VAS. These results demonstrate that PV is a significantly reliable device for quantifying the intensity of low back pain.

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of Banchong-san, a traditional Korean herbal formula, and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on renal function and body composition in patients with obesity. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for six patients who received Banchong-san and LCD for weight management. Patients limited carbohydrate intake to 50-60 g per day. Body composition parameters, including weight, body fat mass, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were evaluated at baseline and post-treatment. Adverse events were monitored. Results: All six patients showed increased eGFR exceeding Minimal Clinically Important Difference. Five patients exhibited significant reductions in body weight and fat mass, suggesting a possible association between weight loss and improved renal function. Minor constipation was reported in some patients. Conclusion: This retrospective case series suggests Banchong-san and LCD may improve renal function and body composition in individuals with obesity. This study highlights the potential of this integrative approach for managing obesity and metabolic diseases. Further large-scale controlled studies are required to confirm these observations.

Objectives To report herbal medicine (HM) treatment in an adolescent with Noonan syndrome, focusing on body composition, endocrine status, and reproductive function. Methods A 15-year-old female presenting with weight gain, oligomenorrhea, and growth delay received HM and low-carbohydrate diet counseling from October 2024 to July 2025. Body composition was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis, and thyroid and reproductive hormones were measured approximately every three months. Safety was monitored using blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), liver and renal function tests, and adverse events assessments. Results Height increased from 147.6 to 149.2 cm, and body mass index increased from 22.0 to 23.8 kg/m². Estradiol increased from 12.4 to 57.5 pg/㎖, and the patient, who previously had oligomenorrhea, experienced four consecutive menstrual cycles. BP and HR were monitored; liver and renal function remained normal. Only mild adverse events were observed. Conclusions HM treatment may be associated with improvements in growth and endocrine parameters in Noonan syndrome, although causal inference is limited. Further study is warranted.

STCW 협약 A-VI에 의거, 승선 필수 증서를 발급받기 위해 소화 과정 최저 훈련 이수를 거치게 되는 공간이 수소화 훈련장이다. 선박 화재의 상황과 유사한 장소에서 발생한 화재 진압 훈련을 위한 실습 장소의 특성상, 재실자의 안전을 보장할 수 있는 운영을 위해 안전성을 수치화하여 평가하고 기준을 수립하는 연구의 필요성이 대두되었다. 화재 안전 평가를 위해 FDS를 기반으로 한 Pyrosim을 활용하여 제연설비 유무에 따른 Case를 설정, vector의 분석을 통한 연기 유동 및 열기에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 피난 안전평가는 Pathfinder를 통해 허용 피난시간, 총 피난시간을 수치화된 결과로 해석, 비교하여 안전성을 분석하였다. 각 Case에 대한 안전성을 평가함으로 제연설비별 기능의 적정성을 수치, 시각적으로 나타내었으며, 현재 운영 상태는 안전성이 양호한 것으로 평가하였다. 집진설비가 정지한 비상상황은 각 피난시간과 111.2초의 여유시간으로 나타내어 수소화 훈련장의 비상상황에 대한 피난시간의 기준으로 활용할 것을 제시하였다.

According to the section A-VI/3 of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), Water-based firefighting training center is mandatory to obtain onboard certificates. This space, being similar to fire situations on ships requires that safety measures be quantified to ensure occupant safety and establish operational standards. For fire safety evaluation, cases were designed based on the presence or absence of smoke control equipment using Pyrosim based on Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS). Vector analysis was performed to evaluate flow of smoke and heat. Available safe escape time / required safe escpae time (ASET/RSET) analysis was conducted to evaluate safety by comparing the interpreted numerical results through Pathfinder. During safety evaluation of the current operational condition, the appropriateness of the function of each smoke control equipment was numerically and visually indicated. The emergency situation with dust collector stopped was expressed by each evacuation time and safety margin of 111.2 seconds, suggesting that be used as a standard of evacuation time.

많은 승객이 이용하는 여객선 등, 선박의 사고 예방을 위해 안전과 관련된 규정이 매년 강화되고 선박에 적용하고 있지만 선박에서의 사고는 감소하지 않고 있다. 선박에서의 화재 사고 시 화재 발생 위치에 따라 승객의 탈출 시간이 변화하고, 유해 요인에 의한 위험성이 증가할 수 있다. 화재 위치 변화에 따른 유해 요인들의 위험성과 탈출 시간지연의 원인을 파악하고, 시간지연을 감소시키는 방안을 모색하기 위한 연구를 진행하였다. 선박 승객 거주 구역 화재 시 연소생성물의 유동과 승객의 탈출 과정을 확인하기 위해 FDS를 기반으로 하는 Pyrosim과 Pathfinder를 이용하여 화재 및 승객 피난 시뮬레이션을 진행하였다. 화재 발생 위치 변화에 따라 탈출로의 가시거리 평균값은 3.1m에서 4.2m로 탈출 과정에서 안전하지 않고, 승객의 탈출 시간은 화재가 발생하지 않은 경우보다 9초에서 34초가 늘어나는 것을 확인하였다. 안전성 향상 방안인 제연설비를 임의로 적용하여 동일 시뮬레이션 진행하였다. 화재 구역의 평균 가시거리는 14.9m에서 22.0m까지 증가하여 개선되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 제연설비 설치 여부에 따라 0.8초에서 8.3초의 탈출 시간이 개선되었다. 해당 구역의 안전성 향상 방안을 적용한 결과, 적정한 제연설비가 작동된 이후로 연소생성물에 의한 승객의 위험성이 감소함을 확인할 수 있다.

Every year, safety regulations are strengthened and applied to ships to help prevent accidents. However, the number of accidents has not decreased. When fire breaks out on a ship, the escape time varies depending on wher the fire is, and the risk of hazardous factors increase. Study is conducted to better understand the risks associated with factors and causes of delayed escape time owing to changes in fire location, as well as to reduce the time delay. To study the flow of combustion products and the escape process during a fire on ship., fire and passenger escape simulation were conducted using Pyrosim and Pathfinder based on FDS. As the location of the fire changed, the average visibility distance of the escape route increased from 3.1 to 4.2 m. This indicates that the escape process was unsafe, as the passengers' escape time increased from 9 to 34 seconds compared to the case without fire. We conducted the same simulation randomly applying smoke control systems. The average visibility in the fire zone increases from 14.9 to 22.0 m. Depending on the installation of smoke suppression, escape times improved from 0.8 to 8.3 seconds. The implementation of safety improvements in the area, has clearly reduced the risk of combustion products to passengers by activating appropriate smoke control system.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and usage patterns of traditional Korean herbal medicine users, as well as the factors related to traditional Korean herbal medicine usage, using data from the 2020 Korean Medical Panel. Methods: Characteristics between traditional Korean herbal medicine users and non-users were compared using the chi-squared test. Additionally, binomial logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the factors influencing traditional Korean herbal medicine usage. Andersen's healthcare utilization model was used to examine factors that potentially influenced the usage of traditional Korean herbal medicine. Results: Analysis using Andersen's healthcare utilization model revealed significant differences in factors influencing traditional Korean herbal medicine usage. Predisposing factors such as age and region; enabling factors such as annual household income; and need factors such as the presence of chronic diseases and the number of chronic disease episodes were all significant. Conclusions: Further research on the various factors influencing the use of traditional Korean herbal medicine could extend beyond short-term policy challenges to explore individual health issues and the direction of health care policy from a broader, macro perspective.

Objectives : The study aims to report a suspected case of trimethylaminuria (TMAU) that developed during a herbal medicine-based diet for obesity treatment. Trimethylaminuria, characterized by a fishy body odor, can lead to significant social and psychological distress. The objective is to explore whether the prescribed Korean herbal medicine treatment could alleviate TMAU symptoms, providing insight into a potential integrative approach for managing this metabolic disorder. Methods : A 27-year-old woman who experienced significant body odor changes during a weight loss treatment with herbal medicine was observed retrospectively. The treatment initially focused on weight loss, but was modified to address the odor symptoms. Various herbal formulations were prescribed, and changes in body odor intensity were monitored using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Classification of Odor Intensity (COI) by medical staff. Results : After modifying the herbal treatment, the patient's symptoms of body odor, initially at NRS 8.5 and COI 4, gradually improved over several months. By the end of the treatment, both NRS and COI had reached 0, indicating a complete resolution of odor symptoms. Conclusions : This case suggests that herbal medicine could be an effective treatment for alleviating the symptoms of TMAU. Further research is needed to determine the precise role of herbal formulations in managing metabolic disorders like TMAU, as this study highlights the potential benefits of integrative Korean medicine in managing complex metabolic conditions.

본 논문에서는 Enterprise 네트워크 이외 환경에서의 공격 그래프 연구 중 최근 5년간 가장 많이 연구된 사이버-물리 시스템(CPS) 환경에 대한 공격 그래프 연구 동향을 살펴보고, 기존 연구의 한계와 앞으로 나아갈 방향을 분석한다. 최근 5년간 발표된 공격 그래프 논문 150여 편 중 35편이 CPS 환경을 대상으로 하고 있으며, 본 논문에서는 CPS 환경의 보안 측면 특징을 살펴보고, 대상 연구들을 이러한 특징들에 따라 물리 시스템 모델링 여부와 네트워크 단절 구간에 대한 고려 여부의 두 가지 관점으로 분류 및 분석한다. 본 논문에서 소개한 20편의 논문 중 절반이 CPS 환경의 특징을 제대로 반영하지 못하며, 나머지 절반의 연구가 물리 시스템 모델링과 네트워크 단절 구간 중 하나씩을 다루고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 상황을 바탕으로 CPS 환경에서의 공격 그래프 연구가 직면한 어려움을 진단하고 이에 따라 앞으로의 CPS 환경 공격 그래프 연구는 국가주도 연구, 공개된 상용 시스템을 대상으로 한 연구가 주를 이룰 것으로 분석한다.

In this paper, a research trend of attack graph studies for Cyber-Physical System (CPS) environments is surveyed, and we analyse the limitations of previous works and prospect the future directions. 35 among around 150 attack graph studies conducted within 5 years target CPS, and we inspect key features of CPS environment in the security aspect. Also, we categorize and analyze target studies in the aspect of modelling physical systems and considering air gaps, which are derived as key features of the security aspects of CPS. Half of 20 research that we surveyed do not reflect those two features, and other studies only consider one of the two features. In this circumstance, we examine challenges that attack graph studies on CPS environment face. Finally, we expect state-led studies or studies targeting open-spec commercial CPS will dominate.

정보통신기술의 발전으로 인해 누구나 쉽게 정보를 생산, 유포할 수 있게 되면서, 이를 악용하여 의도적으로 유포하는 거짓 정보인 가짜뉴스가 새로운 문제로 대두되기 시작하였다. 초기에 텍스트 방식으로 주로 전파되던 가짜뉴스는 점차 진화하여 이제는 멀티미디어 형식으로 퍼지고 있다. 유튜브는 2005년에 설립된 이후 세계 최고의 동영상 플랫폼으로 성장하면서 전 세계 사람들이 대부분 이용하고 있다. 하지만 유튜브는 가짜뉴스가 퍼지는 주요 창구가 되며 사회적인 문제를 일으키고 있다. 유튜브의 가짜뉴스를 탐지하기 위하여 다양한 학자들이 연구를 진행해 왔다. 가짜뉴스 탐지 연구에는 콘텐츠 기반의 접근과 배경정보 기반의 접근이 존재하는데 기존 가짜뉴스 연구와 유튜브의 가짜뉴스 탐지 연구를 살펴보면 콘텐츠 기반의 접근이 다수를 차지하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 콘텐츠 기반의 가짜뉴스 탐지가 아닌 배경정보 기반의 가짜뉴스 탐지기법을 제안하는데, 그 중에서도 유튜브에서 제공하는 관련 동영상 정보를 활용하여 가짜뉴스를 탐지하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 구체적으로 관련 동영상에서 얻은 정보와 원본 동영상에서 얻은 정보를 임베딩 기술인 Doc2vec을 이용하여 벡터화 한 후, 딥러닝 네트워크인 합성곱 신경망(CNN)을 통하여 가짜뉴스를 판별하고자 하였다. 실증분석 결과 제안 기법은 기존의 콘텐츠 기반으로 유튜브 가짜뉴스를 탐지하는 접근에 비해 보다 우수한 예측 성능을 보임을 확인하였다. 이러한 본 연구의 제안 기법은 파급력이 높은 유튜브 상에서 유포되는 가짜뉴스의 전파를 사전에 예방함으로써, 우리사회를 보다 안전하고 신뢰할 수 있도록 만드는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

As advances in information and communication technology have made it easier for anyone to produce and disseminate information, a new problem has emerged: fake news, which is false information intentionally shared to mislead people. Initially spread mainly through text, fake news has gradually evolved and is now distributed in multimedia formats. Since its founding in 2005, YouTube has become the world's leading video platform and is used by most people worldwide. However, it has also become a primary source of fake news, causing social problems. Various researchers have been working on detecting fake news on YouTube. There are content-based and background information-based approaches to fake news detection. Still, content-based approaches are dominant when looking at conventional fake news research and YouTube fake news detection research. This study proposes a fake news detection method based on background information rather than content-based fake news detection. In detail, we suggest detecting fake news by utilizing related video information from YouTube. Specifically, the method detects fake news through CNN, a deep learning network, from the vectorized information obtained from related videos and the original video using Doc2vec, an embedding technique. The empirical analysis shows that the proposed method has better prediction performance than the existing content-based approach to detecting fake news on YouTube. The proposed method in this study contributes to making our society safer and more reliable by preventing the spread of fake news on YouTube, which is highly contagious.