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The theory of Prosodic Lexical Phonology (Booij & Rubach 1984, Booij 1992, Booij & Lieber 1993, Inkelas 1989, 1993) argues that there coexist morphological and prosodic structures in the lexicon and many phonological phenomena can be explained by simultaneous reference to both structures. The goal of this paper is to show further evidence for copresence of morphological and prosodic structures in the lexicon through the analysis of invisibility in English. In order to argue for copresence of prosodic and morphological structures in the lexicon for more explanatory account of invisibility, we have addressed the following questions; i) Does invisibility apply to only prosodic units? ii) Is invisibility relevant to only suprasegmental rules such as stress rules? iii) How can we explain invisibility that refers to particular morphological categories such as word-class? iv) Why is the whole prosodic unit not rendered invisible? Through the analysis of the above questions, we have shown the prosodic structure should be posited in the lexicon, along with morphological structure. In addition, we argued that invisibility turns off in prosodic word level universally.

이 연구는 헝가리 엘테대학교 한국학과의 학부와 석사과정에 배정된 한국어 번역 수업의 구체적인 교 육 내용을 선정하고 수업 방안을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국어와 헝가리어 번역 수업을 효과적 으로 진행할 수 있는 수업 방안 제시를 통해 수업 질 향상을 위한 몇몇 과제를 해결하고자 한다. 이 연구에서는 체계기능 언어학 기반으로 번역 수업 과정 모형을 개발하여 번역의 비가시성을 제거하 고자 구성되었으며, 수업 모형을 적용한 한국학과의 번역 수업 사례를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 수업 예시 를 통해 번역 수업에서 교수자는 안내자의 역할을 하고 학습자들은 자기 주도 학습과 협동 학습이 이루 어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 학습자 간의 협동 학습 과정에서 번역문의 비가시성을 제거하여 가독성 을 확보한 번역문을 완성해 가는 것을 볼 수 있다. 이 연구가 외국 대학에서 실시되는 ‘한국어 번역 수업’의 기틀을 마련하는 첫걸음이 되기를 바라며 이 수업을 통해 학습자들은 한국어와 헝가리어의 어휘와 문법을 사용하는 데에 있어서 사회문화적 상황 맥락 속에서 적절한 표현을 구사하는 능력이 향상되기를 바란다. 나아가 학습자들이 한-헝 번역 수업을 통해 한국학 전문가로서 거듭날 수 있기를 바란다.

This study selected specific educational contents of the Korean translation class offered in the undergraduate and master's courses of the Department of Korean Studies at ELTE University in Hungary and sought a class plan. By presenting a class plan that can effectively conduct Korean and Hungarian translation classes, the challenges for improving the quality of classes have been solved. Based on systemic functional linguistics, this study developed a translation class process model that can eliminate the invisibility of translation. The case of translation class at ELTE University showed the teacher's role as a guide and learners' self-directed learning and cooperative learning. Through the collaborative learning process, the learners removed the invisibility of the translated text to complete a readable translation. It is hoped that this study will be the first step in laying the groundwork for Korean translation classes conducted at foreign universities. It is also hoped that through the Korean-Hungarian translation class, learners will be able to improve their ability to express Korean and Hungarian vocabulary and grammar appropriately in a socio-cultural context, as well as be reborn as experts in Korean studies.

최근 새로운 정보기술 패러다임인 유비쿼터스가 등장함에 따라 그에 관련된 연구와 개발이 활발해지고 있다. 유비쿼터스 환경에서 기업은 효과적인 상품 개발과 서비스를 위해 사용자들이 어떠한 요인에 의해 u-서비스를 이용하는지에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 그러나 유비쿼터스에 대한 기존 연구는 기술 중심적인 연구에 치중되어 서비스나 상품을 마케팅 하는 데는 시사점이 적었다. 본 연구에서는 u-서비스 이용에 영향을 미치는 중요 요인에 대한 실증적 연구를 통해 기업의 입장에서 향후 u-서비스를 개발하고 이용자를 확대하는데 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 본 논문은 기존 문헌을 바탕으로 유비쿼터스 개념을 정의하고 유비쿼터스 특성요인을 반영한 u-서비스 수용 모델을 제시하고 이를 실증하였다. 그 결과 u-서비스 이용에 영향을 미치는 요인은 편재성, 상황기반 제공성, 친화성 등이었으며 지각된 가치는 이용의도에 영향을 미치며, 또한 이용 빈도에도 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실증결과를 바탕으로 u-서비스 활성화를 위한 마케팅적 시사점을 토의하고, 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

Recently, the area of ubiquitous has gained a great attention both in academics and in business organizations as we are entering an ubiquitous society where people can interact at "anytime" and "anywhere". To preoccupy the leading status for the next generation of IT technology, many countries such as Korea, Japan, and US are concerned the ubiquitous. In this tendency, companies want to identify what factors make people use ubiquitous in order to develop the effective ubiquitous service and to supply the higher quality service. However, prior researches on ubiquitous are focused on technical area such as higher data delivery, efficient compression of images, so they do not have given companies beneficial materials for making fascinating ubiquitous services. To offer the service materials for development, from the viewpoint of the customer, important factors to use ubiquitous services are investigated in this study. Moreover, the study was progressed up to the new area of investigation how much these factors influenced ubiquitous service actual usage. To achieve these goals, Ubiquitous service adopting reflected in ubiquitous service characteristics was suggested in this study. The results of this study are as follows. First, contextual offer, ubiquity, invisibility are positively related to perceived value. Second, perceived value is positively related to usage intention but perceived risk is negatively related to usage intention. Third, usage intention is positively related to usage frequency. Based on these results, managerial implications for ubiquitous service vitalization are discussed. Lastly, the limitation of this research and further research issues are suggested.

This study explores the interplay of invisibility and hypervisibility in Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss, examining how these concepts shape the identity of diasporic and post-diasporic characters. By analyzing how visibility is mediated through the self-subjectification/ hetero-objectification paradigm of the gaze, this paper reveals how displacement complicates identity formation. Displaced individuals, often objectified and abjectified as ‘out of place’, seek invisibility to blend into their host society but become hypervisible in political discourse. Kiran Desai’s characters navigate this tension by seeking invisibility to reduce vulnerability, a response reinforced by societal marginalization. However, this need for invisibility can turn into a desire for hypervisibility upon returning home, driven by a distorted attempt to reclaim a pseudo-sovereign power. This paper questions whether this duality between invisibility and hypervisibility can be transcended or remains intrinsic to the dislocation experience and examines how these dynamics shape self-perception and construct an “always already” otherized displaced identity.

This study, which finds its theoretic building blocks in polysystem theory, translator invisibility, domestication/foreignization, is aimed at exploring translator invisibility by analyzing book reviews of Please Look After Mom, an immensely acclaimed translation in the English speaking world. With regard to the polysystem theory, the present study reaffirms Even-Zohar comments that translators tend to use existing target-culture models for the TT, when translated literature occupies a secondary position in the polysystem(Even-Zohar, 2000). Put differently, a translator is likely to, or pressured to, accept the literary norms of the target-culture, which, in turn, reduces the translator to an invisible being. This study presents the following as its research findings and suggestions. First, a wide range of reviews(both domestic and international) of Please Look After Mom exhibit a marked preference and high evaluation for a fluent, transparent, smooth translation. Venuti's comments about ‘invisibility of translator’ and ‘the ethnocentric violence of translation’ seems to be born out in this study(Venuti, 1995, p. 1 & p. 16). Such a finding leads us to suggest that the domestication/foreignization is not simply a matter of personal choice on part of the translator, but rather a matter which is influenced and controlled by much bigger social factors. Secondly, this paper hopes to further stimulate academic interest in translation book reviews, as they can serve as sources to assess the general expectations and opinions towards translation in a given society. Literary reviews of Please Look After Mom largely lack comments about translation and even when such comments were offered, reviewers restricted themselves to commenting on a superficial level. It is hoped that reviewers will adopt a wider spectrum of perspectives on translation and incorporate translation theories into the practice of reviewing.

본 논문은 김사량(1914–1950?)의 1939년 작품 「빛 속으로」를 가시성과 비가시 성이라는 개념적 틀을 통해 분석하였다. 이 연구는 사학자이자 정신분석학자 샌더 길먼(Sander Gilman)의 심리학 이론과 페미니스트 정치철학자 아이리스 영(Iris Young)의 이론을 응용하여 작품 속 인물들과 그들이 경험하는 공간의 의미를 깊 이 있게 탐구한다. 특히, 주인공 미나미가 일본 제국 내지의 빈민촌에서 접하는 다 양한 인물들과의 관계를 분석함으로써, 미나미가 자신의 정체성과 이를 둘러싼 복잡한 관계맺기를 통해 어떻게 자기 실현을 이루어 가는지를 심도 있게 설명한 다. 이를 통해, 작품은 식민지 시대의 사회적 억압과 개인의 내적 갈등을 세밀하 게 드러내며, 가시성과 비가시성의 경계에서 벌어지는 정체성의 탐색과 변화를 포착한다.

This paper offers a close reading of Kim Saryang’s 1939 text, “Into the Light” by using conceptual tools such as ‘visibility’ and ‘invisibility.’ In particular, the theoretical frameworks by Sander Gilman and Iris Young are employed to examine the characters and their relationships. The space and movement constructed in the text are examined to further our understanding of the setting, the slums in the colonial metropole inhabited by Japanese, Koreans, half–Japanese, and others. The focal point of this study is the protagonist, Minami and Haruo, the half–Japanese boy, and their relationship.

본 논문은 히구치 이치요(樋口一葉)의 「갈림길(わかれ道)」에 등장하는 오쿄(お京)와 기치조(吉三)의 서사 구성 방식에 주목하여, 인물 묘사의 비대칭성과 그로부터 파생되 는 감정 구조 및 ‘출세’ 인식의 차이를 고찰하였다. 기치조는 생애사와 감정의 진폭이 구체적으로 서술되어 독자의 정서적 이입을 유도하는 반면, 오쿄는 출신 배경과 내면 동기가 생략된 채 절제와 침묵으로 형상화되며, 그녀의 ‘첩살이’ 선택 또한 정당성을 확보하지 못한다. 이러한 인물 구성의 차이는 감정 표현 양식과 ‘출세’에 대한 태도에서도 뚜렷하게 드러난다. 오쿄는 감정을 억제하고 현실을 수용하는 방식으로 생존을 도모하며, 감정 표현이 구조적 제약에 종속된 인물로 그려진다. 반면 기치조는 감정을 직접적으로 표 출하고, ‘출세’를 부정하거나 회피함으로써 무력감을 방어한다. 결말 장면에서는 오쿄 의 ‘첩살이’ 선택이 기치조의 감정을 기준으로 도덕적 평가의 대상이 되며, 서사적 중 심에서 밀려난다. 「갈림길」은 인물 간 정보의 분배, 감정 표현 방식, ‘출세’ 인식의 차이를 통해 감정 형식과 의미 부여의 권한이 젠더와 계층에 따라 어떻게 위계화되는지를 섬세하게 드러 낸다. 특히 두 인물의 서사적 위상 차이는, 동일한 사회 구조 속에서도 감정의 발화 가 능성과 정당화의 권한이 누구에게 부여되는지를 선명히 보여주며, 이를 통해 메이지기 도시 하층민 중에서도 여성이라는 위치가 감정 표현에 있어 한층 더 구조적인 제약을 받는 현실을 드러낸다.

This study examines the narrative construction of Okyo and Kichizo in Higuchi Ichiyo’s Wakaremichi (“At the Crossroads”), focusing on character asymmetry and the resulting differences in emotional structure and perceptions of success. While Kichizo’s background and emotional depth are described in detail, encouraging reader empathy, Okyo’s story is portrayed through restraint and silence, with little narrative justification for her choices. This asymmetry is also reflected in each character’s emotional expression and attitude toward success. As such, Okyo suppresses her feelings and endures reality, while Kichizo expresses his emotions openly and avoids or rejects the idea of success. In the final scene, Okyo’s decision is subjected to moral judgment through Kichizo’s emotional lens and is marginalized within the narrative. Wakaremichi delicately reveals how the forms and justification of emotional expression are prioritized by gender and class through the distribution of information, modes of expression, and differing views on “success.” The contrast in character narratives shows that, even within the same social structure, women—especially among the urban underclass in the Meiji period—faced deeper structural constraints in expressing emotion.

전자감독 제도는 공공안전 강화를 위한 핵심 형사정책으로 기능해 왔다. 그러나 실질적 운영 주체인 보호관찰관은 사회적 담론에서 충분히 조명받지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 네이버 뉴스 기사와 댓글 데이터를 수집하고, 텍스트 마이닝 기반 KEM/KIM 기법을 적용하여 보호관찰관 관련 키워드의 가시성과 확산성을 분석하였 다. 분석 결과, ‘보호관찰관’, ‘인력부족’, ‘과중업무’, ‘책임’ 등은 최근 주목도가 상승 하며 약신호 가능성 키워드로 탐지되었다. 특히 댓글에서는 보호관찰관에게 제도 실 패의 책임을 묻는 반응이 반복적으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 보호관찰관의 역할과 직무 환경에 대한 사회적 관심이 확산되고 있으며, 제도 개선의 필요성을 시사한다.

The electronic monitoring (EM) system serves as a key criminal justice policy to enhance public safety. However, the role of probation officers, who operate the system, has been underrepresented in public discourse. This study analyzed Naver news articles and comments using the KEM/KIM text-mining method to examine keyword visibility and diffusion related to probation officers. Keywords such as “probation officer,” “staff shortage,” and “responsibility” emerged as potential weak signals, showing increased attention in recent periods. Public comments often framed officers as responsible for system failures, reflecting limited recognition of structural issues. These results highlight the growing need for institutional reforms and greater awareness of probation officers’ working conditions.

대기를 커먼즈로 보아야 한다는 논의가 꾸준히 제기되어 왔다. 하지만 커먼즈를 이용과 관리 대상으로 보고 적절한 관리 제도와 규칙을 고안하려는 연구 풍토로 인해 대기 커먼즈 구성에 어떤 정치가 작동하는지는 충분히 탐구되지 않았다. 이 연구는 커먼즈를 정치적 과 정이자 산물로 바라볼 것을 요청하는 ‘커먼즈 정치’를 이론적 틀로 활용하여 대기 커먼즈 정치를 탐색한다. 이를 위해 그간 한국에서 진행된 대기·기후 운동으로서 반공해 운동, 블 루스카이 운동, 미세먼지 대응 운동, 청년 기후 운동 등을 살펴보고, 각 대기·기후 운동에 서 대기 커먼즈를 발화한 맥락, 발화한 주체, 상정한 커먼즈 권리 공동체, 대기 커먼즈의 탈 구성 기제 등을 분석한다. 이를 통해 유동하고 보이지 않는 공간인 대기에 계급, 도시 관리, 국민 국가, 인정의 정치 등 정치적 과정이 각인되어 있음을 보이고, 대기 커먼즈를 통한 탈 영토적 정치의 가능성과 한계를 논의하였다.

In the commons literature, there have been vast discussions based on the idea that atmosphere should be considered as the commons. Especially, appropriate institutions or rules to manage the atmospheric commons have intensively been explored from a view of the commons as an object of use and management. However, less attention has been paid to what political process has been inscribed into the atmospheric commons and how it works. This article calls for rethinking the commons as a political process and political constitution. By using a theoretical framework of ‘politics of the commons’, this paper explores movements against air pollution and climate change in South Korea from the 1970s to 2010s: ‘Against Pollution Damage’, ‘Blue-sky’, ‘Against Fine Dust’, and ‘Youth Climate Movements’. This article analyzes where the atmospheric commons becomes to be spoken, who speak the atmosphere as a commons, how communities having the right to the commons are defined, and how the mechanism of decommonisation is supposed. This is expected to show that the politics of class, urban management, nation-state, and recognition has been carved into the atmosphere, the space of flow and invisibility. Lastly, this paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of post-territorial politics on the atmospheric commons.

This essay reads Danzy Senna’s Symptomatic (2004) in order to consider how Senna revises (or reinforces) the historically problematic figure of the tragic mulatto within the context of late twentieth century America which purports itself to be “post-racial.” The post- 1967 mixed race movement often took up a “celebratory discourse of hybridity,” thereby positioning the mulatto as a figure who has the capacity to “disrupt former paradigms of power and subordination with regards to race” (Young 287, Ibrahim 155). In Symptomatic, Senna seems to caution against the movement’s tendency to simply celebrate mixed-racial identity as an “emblem of successful integration” (Ibrahim 155). I suggest that Senna’s narrative re-views the historical figure of the mulatto within the context of the “‘new’ multiracial national imaginary” and makes sincere attempts to critique the post-racial discourse that is eager to deem mixed race persons as “undeniably ‘tragic no more’” (Young, 290, Streeter 10). However, what I find problematic is that Symptomatic, in resurrecting the problematic figure of the tragic mulatto (albeit inadvertently), serves as a disturbing reminder to its readers that the racial binary (and the corollary marginalization and demonization of racially marked bodies) has made its return from the past, and its destructive discourse haunts the American landscape even in the “Mulatto Millennium.”

In contrast to dominant views that the labeling algorithm (LA) detects (i) only the structurally highest copy of a moved object, or (ii) detects all copies, we propose and defend a third option: (iii) all copies are invisible to LA. The most immediate consequence of this is that objects formed by Internal Merge cannot serve as labels. We relate this proposal to a particular reinterpretation of LA theory such that LA constructs only categorial labels, barring the construction of <Q, Q> and <φ, φ> configurations. We then propose an interface condition, Equal Embedding (EE), under which agreeing features must be equally as embedded in order for interpretation to be licensed. We argue that EE appears to fall out of minimal search requirements. We then propose a principled distinction between Agree and LA, based on their sensitivity to copies and interface relations: Both Agree and LA involve minimal search (Probe-Goal for Agree; categorial feature-detection for LA); however, copies are invisible to LA but not to Agree, and LA involves a CI relation (category-specific interpretation) whereas Agree involves an SM relation (the morpho-phonological process of feature-valuation).

This paper addresses problems with attributing copy invisibility to its being part of a discontinuous element suggested in Chomsky (2021a, 2021b). To solve the addressed problems, I propose an alternative approach in which copy invisibility is derived from the effect of the operation FORMCOPY in the syntax proper. The proposed analysis further provides a solution to labeling issues arising from the argument of indeterminacy claimed in Chomsky (2021a, 2021b). This paper also discusses issues with the notion ‘structural identity’ - the identity via which FORMCOPY operates - and presents a preliminary alternative conceptualization built upon a theta-inclusive identity.

In his book, The Translator’s Invisibility, Lawrence Venuti discusses how the emphasis on fluency in the Anglo-American literary market has relegated translators to the state of invisibility. Often, such an emphasis (whose aim is to make readers feel that they are not reading the text in translation but in the original) conceals the fact of the text’s translation and the conditions and context in which the translation was undertaken. Focus of the first part of this essay is to explore the problems caused by the Anglo-American dominance of domestication as a translation strategy. This part will mainly discuss how fluency came to dominate the Anglo-American discourse on translation and thereby revealing fluency as a product of the specific historical circumstances during the early and latter half of the seventeenth century. This doctrine of fluency (what could also be seen as domestication) amounts to an ethnological violence that forcefully assimilates the foreign culture into the domestic one. Second part attempts to work towards an alternative that will retain the otherness of foreign texts using the theory of Levinas?with a focus on works such as Totality and Infinity and Otherwise than Being: Or Beyond Essence?in which he talks about the ethics of the Other. It talks about the concept of hospitality in terms of translation, where foreign text is the Other, a “neighbor for whom I become responsible.” This essay ultimately proposes that the doctrine of fluency that had long dominated the Anglo-American discourse and beyond needs to be reconsidered, especially in the light that it is not natural but a historical and social construct.

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This paper attempts to examine the invisibility of minorities during the Cold War period in the contexts of colonialism, national division, and the Cold War, rather than at an individual country level. Particularly, it delves into the forgotten history of minorities who crossed the borders of nation-states under the divided regimes of East Asia, such as stowaways, exiles, returnees, and international adoptees. Thereby, it seeks to accentuate the need for an approach to reconstructing the configuration of historicity surrounding national borders, nationality, and border-crossing in the processes of colonialism, the Cold War, and division. It draws attention to invisible minorities for an introspective contemplation of social movements in Korea during the 1970s and 1980s. At the same time, transborder minorities neither shared identical historical backgrounds, nor could they be identified with forced citizens of the nation-state. The Cold War state, groups, and even social movements were implicated in the invisibility of transborder minorities between the cracks of the nation-state.

In November 2009, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights(IACoHR) ruled against the government of Mexico for thedisappearance of Rosendo Radilla and other crimes that resulted fromthe case. Rosendo Radilla is one of the almost 600 victims of forceddisappearances which occurred in the state of Guerrero during thepolitical repression of the 1970s. The invisibility of the repression andits victims is maintained despite the political changes that have occurredat the federal and state level and the 2009 ruling, the only one up to thisday regarding this type of crime. This paper describes and locates the fundamental events from ahistoric perspective, focusing on a long period of notorious impunityand scarce visibility. Despite all the investigations and efforts that ledto the ruling, the emblematic Radilla case has been kept out of thelimelight in public spaces. The article considers the political behavioursand acts of the state which have enabled the perpetuation of unjustcircumstances from a Human Rights perspective. The paper concludesthat the Radilla case reveals a pattern of progress in the evolution of theMexican institutions of justice as well as exposing some of its limitations,and the human rights organizations of the civil society are shown toundergo a social transformation that permitted the ruling of theIACoHR.

The state-sponsored recruitment of migrant healthcare workers from the global South into the global North is a contemporary practice that requires critical engagement. Germany, like many other like-minded countries, has developed its own recruitment program Triple Win which aims to sustainably and ethically secure its national health care system through the use of foreign labor. Absent from Triple Win is an awareness of the ongoing colonial power relations that reproduce the program as a practice in neocolonial care extractivism. This lack of awareness is set against the country’s promotion of a feminist foreign and development policy, which seeks to transform international politics through a gender centred approach. Locating Triple Win within the context of feminist foreign policy we analyse how Germany’s feminist foreign and development policy makes visible, addresses and changes the colonial power relations that sustain care work migration programs. In doing so, we seek to build on existing studies of care work migration as a gendered and racial phenomenon. To do this we adopt a postcolonial feminist approach that is grounded in an ethics of care in order to remap the local and the global through a critical analysis of care work migration as a neocolonial development practice.