Earticle

본 연구는 다기준 의사결정(MCDM, Multi Criteria Decision Making)이 요구되는 전장 환경에서 다변하는 상황하 종합적인 상황판단을 거쳐 유연하고 신속하게 의사결정을 수행하는데 도움을 주기 위한 사용자 인터페이스 방법을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 기존 다기준 의사결정에 사용된 의사결정 행렬(Decision Matrix)의 제한점을 식별하고 인간 인지능력의 특징 및 한계를 고려한 언어 형태로의 정보 제공, 기준별 최소한계치 설정 등의 사용자 인터페이스 개선요소를 제안하였다. 이를 가상의 전장상황에 적용한 구체적 예시를 통해 그 개선효과를 보였다. 이렇게 고려된 사용자 인터페이스는 실시간 의사결정이 필요한 전장 환경에서 신속하고 유연한 의사결정을 지원할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구는 인간의 인지능력을 고려한 사용자 인터페이스 요소를 의사결정 행렬에 적용해 봄으로써 실시간 다기준 의사결정 지원에 개선가능성을 도출하였다는 것에 의의를 가진다.

This study aims to propose a user interface method to support flexible and rapid decision-making in dynamic battlefield environments where Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is required. To this end, the study identifies limitations of the traditional decision matrix commonly used in MCDM and suggests improvements to the user interface that take into account the characteristics and limitations of human cognitive ability. These improvements include presenting information in linguistic formats and setting minimum threshold values for each criterion. The proposed approach is illustrated through a hypothetical battlefield scenario to demonstrate its effectiveness. The user interface considerations presented in this study are expected to enhance real-time decision-making by enabling more adaptable and swift responses in complex operational environments. The significance of this research lies in applying human-centered interface elements to the decision matrix, thereby offering potential improvements in real-time multi-criteria decision making support.

Objective: To examine changes in seat-interface pressure in wheelchair seated spinal cord injured patients. Method: Twenty-six spinal cord injured patients, who were motor complete tetraplegic and paraplegic patients, were included in this study. After 5 cm air-filled cushion (ROHOⓡ) was placed on their own wheelchair seat, patients were seated on wheelchair with neutral position for sixty minutes. The interface pressure and contact area of buttock was measured every 5 minutes. Results: Significant increases of interface pressure were found in maximal and mean interface pressure during 0 to 25 minutes of sitting (p＜0.05). An increased tendency of contact area of buttock was observed during sitting time but it was not significant. Conclusion: There were no significant changes of interface pressure after 25 minutes of sitting in spinal cord injured patients. Therefore, twenty-five minutes may be a reasonable sitting time before interface pressure is recorded.

본 논문에서는 손가락 마디 추정을 이용한 비전 및 깊이 정보 기반 손 인터페이스 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 비주얼 영상 및 깊이 정보 영상을 매핑한 후 왼손과 오른손의 영역의 레이블링 및 윤곽선 잡음 보정 후 각 손 영역에 대하여 손 중심점 및 회전각을 구현한다. 그리고 손 중심점에서 일정간격의 원을 확장하여 손 경계 교차점의 중간 지점을 계산하여 손가락 끝점과 마디를 추정하여 사용자의 손가락 동작을 인식한다. 본 방법을 실험한 결과 손의 회전 및 손가락 시작점 및 끝점을 정확하게 추정하여 다양한 손동작 인식 및 제어가 가능함을 보였다. 왼손과 오른손을 사용하여 다양한 손 포즈에 대해 실험한 결과, 본 논문의 제안 방법은 평균 90% 이상의 정확도로 초당 25프레임 이상의 처리 성능을 보였다. 제안 방법은 컴퓨터간의 HCI 제어, 게임, 교육 등의 비접촉식 인터페이스 응용분야에 적용될 수 있다.

In this paper, we propose a vision and depth information based real-time hand gesture interface method using finger joint estimation. For this, the areas of left and right hands are segmented after mapping of the visual image and depth information image, and labeling and boundary noise removal is performed. Then, the centroid point and rotation angle of each hand area are calculated. Afterwards, a circle is expanded at following pattern from a centroid point of the hand to detect joint points and end points of the finger by obtaining the midway points of the hand boundary crossing and the hand model is recognized. Experimental results that our method enabled fingertip distinction and recognized various hand gestures fast and accurately. As a result of the experiment on various hand poses with the hidden fingers using both hands, the accuracy showed over 90% and the performance indicated over 25 fps. The proposed method can be used as a without contacts input interface in HCI control, education, and game applications.

본 논문에서는 스마트 글래스 환경에서 키보드나 마우스를 이용하지 않고 실시간 손 포즈 인식을 통한 비접촉식 입 력 인터페이스 기술을 제안한다. 먼저 깊이 카메라 입력영상에서 깊이 값에 대한 1차 미분을 수행하여 히스토그램 분포도를 만들고 변곡점을 계산하여 왼손과 오른손의 영역을 분할한 뒤, 각 손 영역에 대하여 손 회전각과 손 중심 점을 계산한다. 그리고 손의 중심점에서 일정간격으로 원을 확장해 나가면서 손 경계 교차점의 중간 지점을 구해 손가락 관절과 끝점을 검출한다. 앞서 구한 손 정보와 이전 프레임의 손 모델간의 매칭을 수행하여 손 포즈를 인식 한 후 다음 프레임을 위하여 손 모델을 갱신한다. 또한 손의 중심으로부터 원을 확장하여 손바닥 위치를 구하여 가 상 키보드 정합을 수행하고 손 끝점과 인접픽셀의 깊이값을 비교하여 클릭을 감지한다. 본 방법은 연속된 프레임간 의 시간 일관성을 이용하여 이전 프레임의 손 모델 정보를 기반으로 실시간 손 포즈 인식이 가능하고 착용형 단말기 환경에서 물리적 장치 없이 가상키보드 입력이 가능하다. 다양한 손 포즈에 대해 인식 실험을 한 결과 평균 95% 이상의 인식률을 보였으며 가상 키보드 클릭의 경우 80% 이상의 정확도를 보였다. 또한 속도는 초당 34 프레임의 성능을 보여주어 실시간 처리가 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

In this paper, we proposes a contact-less input interface in a smart glass environment through real-time recognition of hand poses without using any keyboard or mouse. First, a histogram distribution chart of depth values is created through the first-order differentials of depth values in depth camera input images, and inflection points are calculated to segment the areas of left and right hands. Then the hand rotation angle and hand center point of each hand area are calculated. After that, the centroid point of the hand boundary crossing is determined while expanding the circle at a fixed interval from the center of each hand so as to detect the hand joint points and end points. The hand information obtained before is matched with the hand model of the previous frame to recognize a hand pose and the hand model is updated for the next frame. In addition, virtual keyboard is registered by calculating the position of the palm while expanding the circle from the center of left hand and the keyboard click is detected by comparing the depth values of index fingertip to those of its adjacent pixels. This method enables hand pose recognition through the hand model of the previous frame by using the temporal consistency between continuous frames and allows the virtual keyboard input with no physical input device in the wearable environment. Recognition experiments for various hand poses showed over 95% average recognition rate and over 80% accuracy rate for virtual keyboard clicks. Furthermore, the proposed method showed the processing speed of about 34 frame per second, thus enabling real-time processing.

4차 산업혁명 시대 핵심이 되는 제조 및 서비스를 포함한 다양한 분야에서 실세계의 물리적인 환경과 상호작용 가능 한 디지털 프로필을 기반으로 어떤 장비나 생산라인 등의 미래 상태를 예측하고 관리할 수 있도록 하는 디지털 트윈 기술이 주목을 받고 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 건설기계분야 디지털 트윈 모델을 제시하고, 디지털 트윈 기반 건설기계 자동화 플랫폼에 필요한 데이터 인터페이스 및 실시간 장비 및 부품 이상 유무 예측 시스템을 설계 하였 다. 지능형 차량관리서비스 플랫폼의 일부로서, 제안 시스템은 데이터 생성부터 예측 단계까지 크게 5개 모듈로 구 성하였으며, 분석된 결과로 건설기계의 실시간 이상 유무 판단 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Various fields including manufacturing and services of emerging industry 4.0 era, digital twin technology that can manage and predict the future states of equipments or product lines by interacting with physical environments of real worlds is drawing attention. In this paper, we propose the digital twin data interface model and the method for the real-time fault prediction of construction equipments driven by digital twin. As a part of automotive intelligence service platform, our designed subsystem composed of five modules from data generation to rule-based prediction module, and we confirmed the proper operation of our data interface and real-time fault prediction system.

본 논문에서는 사용자들이 탐색하고 싶은 공격의 진행경과, 공격의 연속성, 공격과 피해간의 연관관계, 차단 우선순위와 방 어 대책 등의 문제들을 멀티 회전축과 방사축 구조를 갖는 시각화 인터페이스를 이용하여 해결하고자 한다. 이벤트의 발생 순 서, 이벤트의 주체, 이벤트의 종류로 구조화된 멀티 회전축과 개별 이벤트 주체들의 진행경과를 나타내는 객관적 시간인 방사 축을 기반으로 시계열 이벤트를 배치함으로써 보안이벤트를 효과적으로 감시 및 추적할 수 있게 한다. 제안하는 시각화 인터 페이스는 전체 공격의 추이와 진행상황, 개별 공격들의 세부 내용과 연속성, 공격자와 피해자간의 연관관계 등을 종합적으로 제공하여 공격 차단 및 방어 대책이 적용가능한 실용적인 시각화 인터페이스이다.

In this paper, we want to solve the problems that users want to search the progress of attack, continuity of attack, ass ociation between attackers and victims, blocking priority and countermeasures by using visualization interface with multi-r otational axis and radial axis structure. It is possible to effectively monitor and track security events by arranging a time series event based on a multi-rotational axis structured by an event generation order, a subject of an event, an event typ e, and an emission axis, which is an objective time indicating progress of individual events. The proposed interface is a pr actical visualization interface that can apply attack blocking and defense measures by providing the progress and progress of the whole attack, the details and continuity of individual attacks, and the relationship between attacker and victim in on e screen.

인공위성은 다양한 제작사에서 공급하는 전장품들로 구성되는 시스템이다. 각 제작사에서는 각 제작사에서 사용하는 제작 이력 및 제작하는 위성 요구조건에 따라 다양한 내부전원을 사용하게 된다. 따라서 전장품마다 사용하는 내부전원이 다르기 때문에 전장품 사이의 접속요건에 대한 분석이 필수적이다. 접속요건에 대한 검증을 완화시키기 위해서 사용되는 회로가 Open Collector회로로, Open collector는 내부전원 차이에서 발생하는 문제를 완화시킬 수 있지만, 정전류에 의한 전력소모 증가 및 상승시간의 증가와 offset 전압 문제를 발생시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 전력소모를 감소시키면서 빠른 반응시간을 얻기 위한 접속회로를 제안 하고, 감소되는 전력 및 상승시간 감소를 분석한다.

In this paper, we present the advanced open collector circuit, interface circuit between aerospace electronics. Satellite is composed of a number of electronics, which were provided from various manufacturers. Each company manufactured its own electronics for satellite using its heritage and requirements for their electronics. Therefore each electronics may use different internal supplies. It make a problem between electronics because the supply is different from other electronics, such as the increasing of power dissipation because of the static current and the mismatch of interface voltage, the offset. Proposed circuit can reduce the static current and rising time, and also decrease the useless power dissipation caused by the static current for open collector circuit

Art-viewers spend time with art. Digital-media-art viewers' engagement is not only time-based but extendable, since depending on the level of aesthetic interaction, people spend more time with the piece, allowing more time to understand the meaning of the work. Interactive digital media art yields an experiential event to art-viewers. Without this interactive event the artwork’s existence becomes questionable. The meaning is output by an art-viewers input; set in a temporal space. A number of studies in HCI, UI, and UX design have dealt with various aspects of time. This paper intends to analyze time as an aesthetic element, and as the reason art-viewers invest their time with interactive digital media art works for artists and designers to understand what they and their prospective viewers are dealing with.

Separating technique for singing voice from music accompaniment is very useful in original sound type Karaoke instrument. We propose a real-time system to separate singing voice from music accompaniment for stereo recordings. Proposed algorithm consists of two stages. The first stage is a spectral change detector. The last stage is a selective vocal separation in frequency bins. Our system consists of a DSP board and a multichannel audio interface board. The DSP board is a TMS320C6713 DSK. And multichannel audio interface has six (three stereos) channels. The proposed vocal removal algorithms are embedded in DSP. Listening tests with extracted MR from proposed system show vocal separating and removal tasks successfully.

We present a method of recognizing hand gestures using RGB values, depth value, hand center coordinates, and finger counting data from Microsoft’s Kinect for implementing the immersive hand interface to overcome inconvenience using HMD. First, we set the RGB values and depth range to detect the hand. This processing can improve recognition rate. Then, through double labeling, outside labeling, and inside labeling, we detect the hand without noise. Then, we use the distance vector to obtain the hand center. It also removes everything except the hand area, including removal of the wrist. After detection of the hand, we use HNMA (Multi Information-Hippocampus Neuron Modeling Algorithm) to recognize the hand gesture. This algorithm helps to improve the recognize rate. It is difficult to use the interface when using an HMD (Head Mount Display) display machine. This algorithm can make an immersive environment.

근래 박물관, 과학관, 미술관 등에서 실시간 카메라와 스크린을 매개로 체험자와 스크린 사이의 인터랙 션 방법론을 활용하는 체험형 콘텐츠가 다양하게 보인다. 이러한 콘텐츠에서는 체험자가 스크린 위에 움 직이고 반응하는 대상물로서 등장하는 경우가 많으며, 이때 체험자는 스크린 위의 자신의 모습을 보며 보다 적극적으로 작품과 상호작용하게 된다. 하지만 때때로 체험자가 자신의 모습에 지나치게 몰입하는 경우, 콘텐츠가 전달하는 내용이나 콘텐츠와의 상호작용적 의미를 미처 파악하지 못하는 한계를 가질 수 있다. 본 연구는 카메라와 스크린을 매개로 한 체험자와 스크린 사이의 인터랙션 방법론을 활용하는 체 험형 콘텐츠에서 체험자의 능동적 참여를 유도하되 지나친 나르시시즘적 몰입을 극복할 수 있는 방법으 로 추상적 인터페이스를 고찰한다. 그리고 스크린을 매개로 한 인터랙티브 수·과학 게임 콘텐츠 프로토 타입인 <Move Us>에 적용한 사례를 논의한다. 본문에서 <Move Us>를 통해 추상화의 정도를 조절한 추상적 인터페이스가 재미와 몰입을 유도하는 동시에 학습 정보에 대한 이해도를 높여주는 역할을 할 수 있을지, 그리고 개발 과정과 사용자 조사를 통한 결과를 논하며 이러한 추상적 인터페이스를 카메라-스 크린 사이에 적절한 거리를 조정할 수 있는 또 다른 인터페이스의 가능성으로 제안하고자 한다.

Recently, a variety of interactive art contents that use interactive methods between participants and screens through real-time cameras are increasingly found in science museums and art museums. When interacting with these contents, participants themselves often become moving and responding objects on the screen, a situation that enables them to interact with the art contents more actively. Interactors can be, however, too greatly immersed into their own appearances narcissistically to understand and enjoy such interactive art contents. Therefore, we propose an abstract interface to induce more active, real-time participation by overcoming excessive narcissistic responses. In order to discuss this, we introduce the interface in Move Us, which is a screen-based interactive game prototype for the study of mathematics and science. We explain how Move Us was developed under this concept and how it works effectively by examining the results of user tests. Through this process, we attempt to discuss how creating a proper distance for interest and immersion and for enhancing the level of the understanding of learning information can work simultaneously. Thus, we finally suggest that an abstract interface is another possibility for creating and adjusting a proper distance for diverse camera-screen interfaces.

Purpose: Interface management is an effort to overcome interface problems considering that projects in the oil and gas industry are mega projects that involve many parties. This study aims to develop an interface management strategy by identifying interface problems and looking for which interface problems affect time performance on the existing oil and gas field development project in the Natuna Block. Design/methodology/approach: This research is divided into 4 stages, where the first is archive analysis and continued with expert validation, the third is a pilot survey & questionnaire of respondents, and the last is an expert validation. Factor analysis was carried out after expert validation, then validity and reliability tests were carried out with the help of SPSS software. Findings: There are 38 interface problems with nine categories namely, participants, methods/processes, practices, resources, management, information, environment, laws and regulations as well as bids and contracts. Research limitations/implications: This study has limitations in a specific project in specific area with certain product and a context of time/schedule performance. Originality/value: The results of the data analysis will be used to develop a strategy for the development of interface management for the existing oil and gas field modification project in the Natuna Block.

In this paper we consider the evolution of the rolling stone with a rotationally symmetric nonconvex compact initial surface ${\Sigma}_0$ under the Gauss curvature flow. Let $X:S^n{\times}[0,\;{\infty}){\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ be the embeddings of the sphere in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ such that $\Sigma(t)=X(S^n,t)$ is the surface at time t and ${\Sigma}(0)={\Sigma}_0$. As a consequence the parabolic equation describing the motion of the hypersurface becomes degenerate on the interface separating the nonconvex part from the strictly convex side, since one of the curvature will be zero on the interface. By expressing the strictly convex part of the surface near the interface as a graph of a function $z=f(r,t)$ and the non-convex part of the surface near the interface as a graph of a function $z={\varphi}(r)$, we show that if at time $t=0$, $g=\frac{1}{n}f^{n-1}_{r}$ vanishes linearly at the interface, the $g(r,t)$ will become smooth up to the interface for long time before focusing.

Objective: This study is concerned with the user interface (UI) design of touch screen based on the reaction time of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) user. Background: Adopting the touch screen technology, the ATM service has recently established a new user interface different from the existing button-type interface. Method: Experiments were conducted by simulating ATM touch screen layouts, and layouts were focused on location of menu buttons (left and right, top and bottom), number of menu buttons (8 and 12 buttons). Results: The results show that there are significant differences in correction ratio and reaction time by user groups, types of menu location, and the number of buttons. Conclusion and Applications: The results of this study can be used to provide baseline information for the interface design of ATM touch screen and the age differences in reaction time.

In the present study, we constructed a membrane inlet assembly for selective permeation of volatile airborne organic compounds for subsequent analysis by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The time-dependent diffusion of analytes through a $75\;{\mu}m$ thick polydimethylsiloxane membrane was measured by monitoring the ion signal after a step change in the sample concentration. The results fit well to a non-steady-state permeation equation. The diffusion coefficient, response time, and sensitivity were determined experimentally for a range of polar (halogenated) and nonpolar (aromatic) compounds. We found that the response times for several volatile organic compounds were greatly influenced by the alkyl chain length as well as the size of the substituted halogen atoms. The detection limits for benzene, ethylbenzene, and 2-propanol were 0.2 ppm, 0.1 ppm, and 3.0 ppm by volume, respectively, with a linear dynamic range greater than three orders of magnitude. These results indicate that the membrane inlet/time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique will be useful for a wide range of applications, particularly for in situ environmental monitoring.

This paper proposes power-efficient ICs for measuring the signal of a Floating Gate (FG) radiation sensor. The ICs include the function of converting the current signal generated in the FG into a digital signal through a regulated-cascode current reference (RCCS) and a time-based quantizer. The proposed sensor interface ICs are implemented with the PDK of DB Hitek process, securing a 45 dB SNR with only 14.7 μW power consumption.