Earticle

본 논문에서는 레이저스캐너만으로 이루어진 감지 시스템을 이용하여 도로 위에 있는 객체의 위치를 추정하고 분류 하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 각각의 레이저 스캐너에서 획득한 데이터는 그리드 맵을 사용하여 데이터를 융합하였으며, 팽창 연산과 레이블링 방법을 사용하여 측정 오차를 보정하였다. 추출한 객체의 정보(길이, 폭)를 입력으로 사용한 퍼지 방법을 통해 객체를 보행자, 자전거, 차량으로 분류하였으며, 이러한 방법은 레이저스캐너로만 이루어진 감지 시스템의 정확도를 증가시켰다. 또한 본 논문에서는 실제 도로 환경에서 몇 가지 시나리오를 설정하여 실험을 하였다. 실험을 통 해 감지 시스템이 객체를 정확히 분류하는지, GPS-RTK 장비를 사용하여 획득한 위치 정보와 비교하여 객체의 위치 정 보를 정확히 추정하는지 검증하였다.

This paper proposes the on-road object detection and classification algorithm by using a detection system consisting of only laser scanners. Each sensor data acquired by the laser scanner is fused with a grid map and the measurement error and spot spaces are corrected using a labeling method and dilation operation. Fuzzy method which uses the object information (length, width) as input parameters can classify the objects such as a pedestrian, bicycle and vehicle. In this way, the accuracy of the detection system is increased. Through experiments for some scenarios in the real road environment, the performance of the proposed detection and classification system for the actual objects is demonstrated through the comparison with the actual information acquired by GPS-RTK.

본 논문은 체육교과 핵심성취의 관련 개념, 의미, 위계적 관계를 빗대어보고, 학생들의 체육교과 핵심성취를 함양하기 위한 공공체육과목 의무화 사업의 이론 적 근거와 문제점, 그리고 그 대책을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 기존의 평가지표를 요약하고, 체육교과의 핵심성취에 기초한 대학 필수 공공체육과목의 평가모형을 구성하였다. 지수의 가중치를 산정하기 위해서는 AHP 방법을 이용하 며, 실증연구를 위해서는 퍼지종합평가 방법을 이용한다. 결 과: 평가모형은 과학 적이고 객관적인 6개의 1단계 지수와 21개의 2단계 지수로 구성되어 있으며, 대 학의 공공체육 의무과목 수강생 평가에 적용될 수 있고, 평가를 위한 과학적 참 고자료와 근거를 제공할 수 있다.

This paper combs the relevant concepts, connotations, and hierarchical relationships of the core accomplishment of physical education, and comprehensively analyzes the theoretical basis, problems, and countermeasures of the undertaking of compulsory public physical education courses to cultivate students’ core accomplishment of physical education. On this basis, the existing evaluation indexes are summarized, and the evaluation model of compulsory public physical education courses in universities based on the core accomplishment of physical education is constructed. The AHP method is used to calculate the index weight, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used for empirical research. Results: The evaluation model consists of 6 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes, which is scientific and objective, and can be applied to the evaluation of students of compulsory public physical education courses in universities, and can provide scientific reference and basis for evaluation.

文献梳理体育学科核心素养的相关概念、内涵及层次关系，逻辑分析高校公共 体育必修课承担培育学生体育学科核心素养的理论依据、问题与对策；以国内外 理论、文献为支撑，归纳已有评价指标，构建基于体育学科核心素养的高校公共 体育必修课学生评价模型；利用AHP层次分析法分析指标权重，利用模糊数学综 合评价法进行实证研究。结果：高校公共体育必修课作为培育大学生体育学科核 心素养有其应然性，所构建的评价模型由6个一级指标、21个二级指标构成是科 学、客观的，可为高校公共体育必修课学生评价指导提供科学的参照和依据。

가스하이드레이트 개발사업의 효율성과 생산성 제고를 위해서는 개발사업 및 사업을 통해 개발한 기술들의 가치 속성에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 2005년부터 본격적으로 추진된 국내 가스하이드레이트 개발사업의 추진에 따라 파생될 수 있는 가치속성을 규명하고 중요도를 Fuzzy AHP 방법을 통해 추정하였다. 연구 결과 가스하이드레이트 개발사업의 가치는 개발가치와 유발가치의 상위 2개와 각 4개의 하위속성으로 구성 할 수 있었다. 속성 간 가중치 산정결과 개발가치의 중요도는 61.8%, 유발가치의 중요도는 38.2%으로 분석되었다. 이는 가스하이드레이트를 직접 개발하지 않더라도 개발사업 수행에 따른 가치가 38.2%에 유효함을 의미한다. 본 연구는 국책 에너지 개발사업의 가치를 파악하는데 필요한 평가속성의 개발과 이를 통해 개발사업의 직·간접 유발가치를 추정하는데 있어 유의미한 방법론 및 가중치 산정결과를 도출하였다는데 의의를 갖는다. 본 연구결과는 가스하이드레이트 개발사업의 타당성을 높일 뿐만 아니라 다른 자원개발 R&D 사업의 평가에도 확대 적용할 수 있다.

Estimating the assessment factors and weights is important to improve the efficiency and productivity of Government funded program. The purpose of this study is to develop those factors to evaluate the value of gashydrate development program in Korea. We established two criteria and total eight factors to evaluate the value of the program and assessed the weight of the criteria and factors using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. From the assessment results, the following conclusion is derived which is well reflect the characteristics of gashydrate development program as a government funded energy development program. The weight of spillover value was estimated at 38.2% which means that the gashydrate R&D project will be able to have significant value if the development of gashydrate is not successful. This result enhances the justifiability of the gashydrate R&D program and can be expanded to the other energy R&D project.

In this paper, the authors propose a approach to control problem of the marine vessels which are controlled by actuators. The vessel control problem in the specified area is called a Dynamic Positioning System(DPS). The main objective of this paper is to obtain more useful control design method for DPS. In this problem, a complicate fact is control allocation which is a numerical method for distributing the control signal to the controlled system. For this, many results have been given and verified by other researchers using two individual processes. It means that the controller design and control allocation design process are carried out individually. In this paper, the authors give more sophisticated design solution on this issue. In which the controller design and control allocation problem are unified by a robust controller design problem and Fuzzy methods. The usefulness of proposed approach is verified by simulation with a supply vessel model and found works well.

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a widely used engineering tool in the fields of the design of a product or a process to improve its quality or performance by prioritizing potential failure modes in terms of three risk factors―severity, occurrence, and detection. In a classical FMEA, the risk priority number is obtained by multiplying the three values in 10 score scales which are evaluated for the three risk factors. However, the drawbacks of the classical FMEA have been mentioned by many previous researchers. As a way to overcome these difficulties, this paper suggests the ELECTRE III that is a representative technique among outranking models. Furthermore, fuzzy linguistic variables are included to deal with ambiguous and imperfect evaluation process. In addition, when the importances for the three risk factors are obtained, the entropy method is applied. The numerical example which was previously studied by Kutlu and Ekmek‡ioğlu(2012), who suggested the fuzzy TOPSIS method along with fuzzy AHP, is also adopted so as to be compared with the results of their research. Finally, after comparing the results of this study with that of Kutlu and Ekmek‡ioğlu(2012), further possible researches are mentioned.

지금까지 정보시스템 감리는 주로 감리수행자의 관점에서 이루어졌다. 그리고 감리의 주된 초점은 에러나 잘못된 기능을 찾기 위한 관리적이고 통제적인 입장에 맞춰져 있었다. 그러나 감리의 최종 목적은 보다 나은 정보 서비스를 통해 조직을 장기적으로 강하게 만들기 위한 의사결정을 내리는데 도움을 주기 위함이다. 정보시스템 감리는 감리의 이해관계에 따라 세 그룹 즉, 감리의뢰그룹, 감리그룹, 그리고 피감리그룹으로 구분할 수 있다. 그러나 현재 감리 프로세스는 감리그룹 간의 차이점을 고려하지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정보시스템 감리도 ‘서비스’라는 개념을 가지고 감리 관련자들의 관심도와 우선순위를 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정보시스템 감리를 서비스적 시각에서 재정의 하였다. 둘째, 정보시스템 감리와 관련된 주요 이해당사자들을 고려한 분석을 하였다. 셋째, 각 이해당사자별로 주요 관심 항목을 분리해 내고 당사자별로 각 항목에 대한 중요 정도를 정량화 하였다. 넷째, 퍼지이론을 이용하여 설문에 대한 모호성을 최소화 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 향후 유사 프로젝트나 감리 수행 시 참고자료로 사용될 수 있고, 무엇 보다 감리 서비스 만족도 향상을 위한 새로운 지표의 개발에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Current trend of audit is to check the physical aspects of developed information system, such as checking the budget constraints, time constraints or functional fluency etc. However, ultimate goal of information system is to help the organization to achieve the competency over their competitors. Also, there are three different interest groups in system auditing, like audit requesting group, audited group and audit group, who may have different points of interests in auditing. Current auditing process, however, ignores this point, and so does not check the differences between three groups. This study tries to develop new auditing method to cure these two problems. Contributions of this study may be summarized as follows. First, Redefine Information Systems Audit from a service point of view. Second, Divide the audit related person into three groups, and their different needs toward the information system was analyzed. Third, Analyze and compare the main interests of three groups, and weights of each groups to each indexes were calculated. Fourth, Fuzzy theory was applied to quantify the qualitative answers, which may minimize the ambiguity of questionnaire replies.

지금까지 정보시스템 감리의 주된 초점은 개발된 시스템에 포함된 에러나 기능상의 문제점을 찾기 위한 관리적이고 통제적인 입장에 맞춰져 있었다. 그러나 감리의 최종 목적은 보다 나은 정보서비스 제공을 통해 조직의 장기적 건전성 확보를 위한 의사결정을 내리는데 도움을 주기 위한 것이다. 정보시스템감리 관련 당사자는 감리의뢰그룹, 감리그룹, 피감리 그룹의 세 구릅으로 구분할 수 있고, 각 그룹은 감리에 대해 서로 다른 이해관계와 관점을 가질 수 있다. 그러나 현재 시행중인 일반적 감리행태는 이러한 각 그룹 간의 관점 차이를 인정하지 않고, 주로 관리적인 관점에서 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점 개선을 위해 각 그룹의 서로 다른 특성을 고려한 새로운 시스템 감리평가기준을 제안하였고, 그 기준에 따른 평가를 시행하였으며, 그 결과의 정당성을 과학적인 방법으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.첫째, 정보시스템 감리와 관련된 이해당사자들을 세 그룹으로 나누고, 그들 간에 서로 다른 평가 기준을 개발하였다.둘째, 정보시스템 감리를 통제적(관리적) 관점 이외에 서비스적 관점에서 재정의 하였다.셋째, 개발된 지표에 따라 다양한 기법을 이용하여 개발된 지표의 정당성 확인과 함께 각 항목에 대한 중요도(비중)를 그룹별로 계량화 하였다.넷째, 퍼지이론을 이용하여 설문에 대한 모호성을 최소화 하였다.본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 향후 유사 프로젝트나 감리 수행 시 참고자료로 사용될 수 있으며, 무엇 보다 감리 서비스의 만족도 향상을 위한 새로운 지표의 개발에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Current trend of audit is to check the physical aspects of developed information system, such as check-ing the budget constraints, time constraints or functional fluency etc. However, ultimate goal of in-formation system is to help the organization to achieve the competency over their competitors. Also, there are three different interest groups in system auditing, like audit requesting group, audited group and audit group, who may have different points of interests in auditing. Current auditing process, however, ignores this point, and so does not check the differences between three groups. This study tries to develop new auditing method to cure these two problems. Contributions of this study may be summarized as follows. First, Introduce the new indexes that can check the possibility that the information system may contrib-ute the competency of organization. Also check the feasibility of indexes through Fuzzy AHP. Second, Divide the audit related person into three groups, and their different needs toward the in-formation system was analyzed. Third, Analyze and compare the main interests of three groups, and weights of each groups to each indexes were calculated.Fourth, Fuzzy theory was applied to quantify the qualitative answers, which may minimize the ambi-guity of questionnaire replies.1

Current trend of audit is to check the physical aspects of developed information system, such as checking the budget constraints, time constraints or functional fluency etc. However, ultimate goal of information system is to help the organization to achieve the competency over their competitors. Also, there are three different interest groups in system auditing, like audit requesting group, audited group and audit group, who may have different points of interests in auditing. Current auditing process, however, ignores this point, and so does not check the differences between three groups. This study tries to develop new auditing method to cure these two problems. Contributions of this study may be summarized as follows. First, Introduce the new indexes that can check the possibility that the information system may contribute the competency of organization. Also check the feasibility of indexes through Fuzzy AHP. Second, Divide the audit related person into three groups, and their different needs toward the information system was analyzed. Third, Analyze and compare the main interests of three groups, and weights of each groups to each indexes were calculated. Fourth, Fuzzy theory was applied to quantify the qualitative answers, which may minimize the ambiguity of questionnaire replies.

We consider the Fuzzy clustering which is devised for partitioning a set of objects into a certain number of groups by assigning the membership probabilities to each object. The researches carried out in this field before show that the Fuzzy clustering concept is involved so much that for a certain set of data, the main purpose of the clustering cannot be attained as desired. Thus we Propose a new objective function, named as Fuzzy-Entroppy Function in order to satisfy the main motivation of the clustering which is classifying the data clearly. Also we suggest Mean Field Annealing Algorithm as an optimization algorithm rather than the ISODATA used traditionally in this field since the objective function is changed. We show the Mean Field Annealing Algorithm works pretty well not only for the new objective function but also for the classical Fuzzy objective function by indicating that the local minimum problem resulted from the ISODATA can be improved.

In order to respond to coastal disasters, it is necessary to prepare a system that can comprehensively judge opinions by collecting experts' opinions, and to establish optimal policy alternatives based on this. This study attempted to select detailed priorities and weights for policy establishment to establish a coastal disaster response system using a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method. In particular, this study was intended to identify the importance and priority of detailed stages of the coastal disaster response system, and to identify the importance and priority of each detailed technology for related technology development research. As a result of analyzing expert answers on the importance of detailed stages of the coastal disaster response system, it was found that the weight of prediction and preparation was higher than recovery and evaluation with a large gap. In the case of technical items for strengthening the coastal disaster response system, the importance of technology related to the forecasting stage was found to be great. appeared to be important.

There are many application areas of sensor networks, such as surveillance, hospital monitoring, and home network. These are dependent on the secure operation of networks, and will have serious outcome if the networks is injured. An adversary can inject false data into the network through the compromising node. Ye et al. proposed a statistical en-route filtering scheme (SEF) to detect such false data during forwarding process. In this scheme, it is important that the choice of the threshold value since it trades off security and overhead. This paper presents an adaptive threshold value determining method in the SEF using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic determines a security distance value by considering the situation of the network. The Sensor network is divided into several areas by the security distance value, it can each area to uses the different threshold value. The fuzzy based threshold value can reduce the energy consumption in transmitting.

최근 전기기기로 인한 화재발생이 급증함에 따라 기기에 대한 안전진단의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연 구는 지능형의 Fuzzy기술을 이용한 전기기기의 안전진단에 관한 것으로 기기의 사용전류특성, 누적사용시간, 열화특성 및 Arc특성 등의 복합적인 전기안전 요인을 검출하여 진단한다. 이들 안전요인을 실시간으로 추출하기 위하여 각종 Sensor회로, DSP(Digital Signal Processor) 신호처리회로, 무선통신회로 등으로 구성된 Board를 설계하였고, 추출된 4가지 진단정보를 이용하여, 기기의 안전정도를 퍼지수치 값으로 표시하기 위하여 각 정보마다 Gaussian function을 사용한 퍼지 알고리즘을 설계하고 DSP에 실장 하였다. 지능적인 퍼지알고리즘은 4가지의 진단정보를 입력받아 퍼지엔진으로 추론하고 해당기기의 종합적인 안전 상태를 사람의 감성에 익숙한 100단계의 아날로그 퍼지 값으로 출력한다. 본 연구에서 구현된 DSP 하드웨어와 퍼지 알고리즘을 융합한 보드의 실험을 통하여, 전기기기의 운전 중 실시간 안전 상태를 복합적으로 검출하고, 사람에게 친화적인 감성적 퍼지 값으로 진단결과를 출력하는 기능을 소형의 DSP Board에서 구현할 수 있음을 입증하였다. 향후 인공지능 전용 Micom이 출시된다면 지능을 바탕으로 보다 진보된 진단 시스템을 연구할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Recently, the necessity of safety diagnosis of electrical devices has been increasing as the fire caused by electric devices has increased rapidly. This study is concerned with the safety diagnosis of electric equipment using intelligent Fuzzy technology. It is used as a diagnostic input for the multiple electrical safety factors such as the use current, cumulative use time, deterioration and arc characteristics inherent to the equipment. In order to extract these information in real time, a device composed of various sensor circuits, DSP signal processing, and communication circuit is implemented. The fuzzy logic algorithm using the Gaussian function for each information is designed and compiled to be implemented on a small DSP board. The fuzzy logic receives the four diagnostic information, deduces it by the fuzzy engine, and outputs the overall safety status of the device as a 100-step analog fuzzy value familiar to human sensibility. By experiments of a device that combines hardware and fuzzy algorithm implemented in this study, it is verified that it can be implemented in a small DSP board with human-friendly fuzzy value, diagnosing real-time safety conditions during operation of electric equipment. In the future, we expect to be able to study more intelligent diagnostic systems based on artificial intelligent with AI dedicated Micom.

In most sensor networks, nodes can be easily compromised by adversaries due to hostile environments. Adversaries may use compromised nodes to inject false reports into the sensor networks. Such false report attacks will cause false alarms that can waste real-world response effort, and draining the finite amount of energy resource in the battery-powered network. A dynamic enroute scheme proposed by Yu and Guan can detect and drop such false reports during the forwarding phase. In this scheme, choosing a threshold value is very important, as it trades off between security power and energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a threshold determining method which uses the fuzzy rule-based system. The base station periodically determines a threshold value though the fuzzy rule-based system. The number of cluster nodes, the value of the key dissemination limit, and the remaining energy of nodes are used to determine the threshold value.

Color information recognition methods based on the RGB color model, which is designed on the basis of static fuzzy inference rules, are being widely used at present. However, these methods have certain limitations because of the nature of the model used: detachment of human vision and limited choice of environment. In this paper, we propose a method based on the HSI model and a new inference process that resembles the human vision recognition process. This method allows the user to add, delete, or update inference rules. In our method, membership intervals are designed with sine and cosine functions in the H channel and trigonometric style functions in the S and I channels. The membership degree is computed via an interval merging process. Then, inference rules are applied to the result in order to infer the color information. Experimental results show that our method is more intuitive and ecient than that based on the RGB model.

Intensity in homogeneities cause considerable difficulties in the quantitative analysis of Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. Thus intensity in homogeneities estimation is a necessary step before quantitative analysis of MR data can be undertaken. This paper proposes a new energy minimization framework for simultaneous estimation of the intensity in homogeneities and segmentation. The intensity in homogeneities is modeled as a linear combination of a set of basis functions, and parameterized by the coefficients of the basis functions. The energy function depends on the coefficients of the basis functions, the membership ratios and the centroids of the tissues in the image. Intensity in homogeneities estimation and image segmentation are simultaneously achieved by calculating the result of minimizing this energy. Furthermore, in order to improve its robustness to noise, the membership ratios are adapted by using nonlocal information. Experimental results on both real MR images and simulated MR data show that our method can obtain more accurate results when segmenting images with bias field and noise.

Based on the concept of outcome-based maintenance, the outcome-based contractor equipment support is proposed as the logistical support strategy in the military industry. The outcome-based contractor equipment support is focus on the combat efficiency rather than on the performance of the equipments. Choosing the right contractor is a very important part in the process of its implementation. In fact, the contractor selection is a multi-criteria decision-making problem, which is largely dependent on the uncertainty and ambiguity of the decision-makers. This paper presents a systematic decision-making process of the outcome-based contractor selection, which employs fuzzy AHP to determine the importance weights of each index and adopts fuzzy TOPSIS to obtain the performance ratings of the alternative contractors. Finally, the validity of this method is verified by a specific case.

So far, numerous methods have been proposed for face recognition based on single image person. In this paper, we introduce a new recognition algorithm based on feature vectors of three types of moments and fuzzy combination of them. We used an ethnic database in our experiments that are distinctly different from other famous databases such as AR and FERET. In ethnic database women have Hijab that is important feature in Muslim community such as Arabian countries. Also most of men have beard or mustache in these nations. Experimental results show that these features increase the recognition rate. Really, these characteristics eliminate the false recognition between male and female in the process. Subsets of 100 images from ethnic, AR and FERET are used in our experiments. Proposed method achieves 96% accuracy for ethnic database that is higher than two other databases.