Earticle

과학교육의 패러다임이 과학지식의 전달에서 ‘대중화’로 바뀌어 가면서 과학교육에서 시각적 도구를 활용한 커뮤니케이션 방식이 점차 중요해 졌다. 본 연구에서는 과학 커뮤니케이션의 시각적 도구로 “파타포(Pataphor)”에 대 해 고찰하고, 그 역할과 유형을 제안하였다. 문학에서 ‘가상과 현실의 중첩’ 이미지로 사용 되었던 ‘파타포’의 개념을 콘텐츠 디자인 관점으로 고찰함으로써, 파타포를 과학적 상상력을 토대로 현실과 형이상학적 유사성을 도출하거나 만들어 가상과 현실을 중첩시켜 표현하는 시각적 방법이라고 정의하였다. 또한 시각매체로서의 파타포의 역할을 도 출하고, 파타포의 유형을 “현실 복제적 파타포”, “현실 반영적 파타포”, “현실 변형적 파타포”, “인공 현실적 파타포” 로 제안하였다. 본 연구를 통해 콘텐츠 제작 매체와 학습자의 콘텐츠 인지과정에 따른 파타포의 활용에 대한 구체적 인 연구에 대한 필요성을 발견하고, 향후 이에 따른 파타포 활용 방법에 대해 연구를 진행하고자 한다.

As the paradigm of science education has been changing from offering scientific knowledge to ‘Public Understanding’, ways of communication through visual tools in science education has become increasingly important. In this study, I considered ‘Pataphor’ as a visual tool for scientific communication, and suggested its functions and forms. By studying the notion of pataphor, which was used an overlapped image of virtual reality and reality in literature, in the perspective of contents design, I defined ‘Pataphor’ as a visual way of deducing or making the metaphysical similarity with the reality based on scientific imagination. Also, I deduced the functions of pataphor as a visual mediacy and suggested its types as “Pataphor of duplicated reality”, “Pataphor of reflected reality”, “Pataphor of metamorphosed reality”, and “Pataphor of artificial reality”. Through this study, it was found to be necessary to study in detail the ways to use pataphor depending on contents producing media’s and learners’ awareness process of contents so there will be a follow-up study on the ways to use pataphor.

게임 그래픽은 플레이어들에게 몰입감을 제공하여 능동적인 참여를 이끌어낸다. 본 논문은 신화를 모티브로 하는 게임의 서사와 세계관을 재현하고 있는 게임 스킬 비주얼 이펙트의 상징적 디자인을 위한 신화적 의미 분석을 목적으로 하고 있다. 연구방법은 비주얼 이펙트 이미지를 보편적인 원형의 재현인 형태의 상징과 게임 내의 서사를 표 현하는 색채의 상징으로 분류하고 롤랑 바르트의 의미작용모델을 적용하여 분석했다. 본 연구를 통해, 게임의 서사를 상징하는 함축적 의미와 보편적으로 공감할 수 있는 신화적 의미로서 비주얼 이펙트의 의미를 분석할 수 있었다. 신화 가 반영된 게임의 서사를 재현하고 있는 비주얼 이펙트의 상징적 표현은 플레이어들의 몰입과 참여를 유도할 수 있으 며, 게임 그래픽 제작에 있어 비주얼 이펙트가 게임의 신화적 세계관을 반영하는 고유한 상징성을 가질 수 있도록 디자 인 방향을 제시하고자 했다.

Game graphics provide players with a sense of immersion, leading to active participation. This paper aims to analyze the mythological meaning for symbolic design of game skill visual effects that reproduce the narrative and the worldview of games borrowing myths. The research method classified the visual effect image into a symbol of the form of a universal archetype representation and a symbol of color expressing the narrative in the game, and analyzed it by applying Roland Barthes' semiological scheme. Through this study, it was possible to analyze the meaning of visual effects as a mythical meaning that can be universally sympathized and an implicit meaning that symbolizes the narrative of the game. The symbolic expression of the visual effect, which reproduces the narrative of the game reflecting the myth, can induce players to engage and participate, and the design direction was intended to provide the visual effect to have a unique symbolism that reflects the game's mythical worldview of the game.

The Korean language that corresponds to [ba･to･tara･nara], which expresses the conditional expression of Japanese, in the form of conditional expression includes ‘-myeon, -sseumyeon, -rago hamyeon, -ndamyeon, -ramyeon, -ssdamyeon, -rago handamyeon, -keodeun, -sskodeun, -rago hageodeun, -ngeomyeon, -rago haneun geomyeon, -l keomyeon, -rago hal keomyeon, -l koyeotteoramyeon(sstteoramyeon), -ngeoramyeon, -rago haneun keoramyeon, -nga hamyeon’, while the forms of factual usage include ‘-ja, -nikka, -teoni, -ssdeoni, -taga’. Other forms found in the translation are ‘-ndago hamyeon, -ryeomyeon, -l keoramyeon, -l la chimyeon, -n pyeoni, -l tteneun, -eun/-neun, -l keoyeosseumyeon, -l paeya, -nge, -ni, -ppeun anira, -ko namyeon, -ko, -seo, -eo, -neunde, -ntyeune, -l tte, -shijageuro’. It is difficult to judge whether the use of ‘-ni, -ko namyeon, -ko, -seo, -eo, -neunde, -ntyunge, -l tte, -shijageuro’ in the Korean translation should be considered incorrect since they are not the corresponding meanings or expansion of meanings. The translations either show various forms or unexpected forms, including incorrect translations. In particular, ‘l tteneun’ for [repetitive conditions such as a habit]; ‘-ni’ for [introductory usages]; ‘-eun/-neun’,]‘-ryeomyeon’, ‘-l tteneun’, ‘-; baeya’, and ‘-lla chimyeon’ for [assumptions]; ‘-l baeya’, ‘-n pyeoni’, and ‘-n ke’ for [conditions that are opposite to facts]; ‘-ko namyeon’ and ‘-shijaguro’ for [expressions of action, work, and reaction in the subsequent phrase as a result of the prior phrase]; ‘-ko namyeon’, ‘-ko’, ‘-seo’, and ‘-eo’ for [continuous phrases]; and ‘-neunde’ and, ‘-n tyunge’ for [concurrent phrases] do not correspond to the usage of meaning in Japanese, but to the contents of phrases as liberal translation. The issue of difference in the nuance of meaning of ‘-eun/-neun’ corresponding to [wa] still remains when the Korean forms corresponding to [nara] for 7) suggestion of topic.

본 연구에서는 따돌림 가해와 피해 경험을 측정하기 위해 Shaw, Cross, Zubrick와 Waters(2013)가 개발한 따돌림 가해/피해 유형척도(The Forms of Bullying Scale)를 번안하여 타당화하였다. 중·고등학생 161명으로부터 자료를 수집하여 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 청소년의 따돌림 가해/피해 유형척도에서 피해 유형척도는 2요인(간접적 따돌림, 직접적 따돌림), 7문항으로 구성되었고, 가해 유형척도는 3요인(간접적 따돌림, 직접적 따돌림, 관계적 따돌림), 9문항으로 구성되었다. 타당도를 확인하기 위해 상관분석을 실시한 결과 따돌림 가해와 피해 경험 모두는 심리적 증상과 사회-정서적 문제(과잉행동, 정서증상, 품행문제, 또래문제)와 정적상관을 나타냈다. 따돌림 가해유형은 도덕적 이탈과는 정적상관, 친사회적 행동과는 부적상관을 보였다. 피해유형은 이 두 변인과 유의미한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 본 척도는 청소년들의 따돌림 가해와 피해경험을 신뢰롭고 타당하게 측정하였다. 이를 바탕으로 따돌림 가해와 피해의 실태를 신뢰롭게 파악하고 그에 따르는 정밀한 예방과 개입, 그리고 평가가 이루어지기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS) developed by Shaw, Cross, Zubrick & Waters (2013). FBS is a measure of bullying victimization and perpetration experience for adolescents. This study recruited a total of 161 Korean middle and high school students. Using exploratory factor analysis, it was found that 7 items of bullying victimization with 2 factors (direct and indirect bullying) and 9 items of bullying perpetration with 3 factors (direct, indirect, relational bullying). Further, associations with other variables supported construct validity of the FBS in Korean middle and high school students. Both bullying victimization and perpetration factors were associated with psychological symptoms and social outcomes such as hyperactivity, emotional issues, conduct problems, and peer relationship. Perpetration factor was negatively correlated with prosocial behavior and positively correlated with moral disengagement. However, victimization factor was not significantly correlated with these variables. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the Korean translated version of FBS may be a useful tool to assess bullying victimization and perpetration experience.

This study evaluated the effects of different forms of chromium supplements on serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups and fed AIN-76 semi-purified basal diets supplemented with 300 ppb Cr from Cr methionine (CrMet) and Cr chloride $(CrCI_3)$ or without Cr (control). By the end of the $4^{th}$ week, all rats were decapitated, blood collected, and serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations were determined. The CrMet and $CrCl_3$ supplementation did not affect weight gain and feed efficiency ratio. However, feed intake was significantly higher in CrMet groups than control (p < 0.05). CrMet-supplemented rats had markedly increased insulin levels (p < 0.05) compared with controls. Serum lipids were not significantly different between the control and the CrMet groups. $CrCl_3$ supplementation decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride, but the decreases were only significant for the control group. $CrCl_3$ supplementation was associated with significant decreases in total cholesterol compared with CrMet supplementation. These results indicate that CrMet supplementation is effective for increasing serum insulin, and $CrCl_32$ may improve lipid concentrations, because we observed decreased serum total cholesterol and an improved total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (THR).

To design and construct a museum of art involves the interest of artists, architects, curatorship, management, and local government. More than this direct relationship, museum obliges the public a mission of delivering genuine public experience through art and architecture. However, most of Modern and contemporary architecture has not delivered genuine public experience of integrated art and architecture. Conceptual message of art and perceptual architectural exhibition space has not been integrated easily. Picture frame canvas initiated this schism and institutionalized museum management hampered the creativity of artists. This schism was overcome through artists' questioning of museum culture and creative works that embrace work and its environment. In contemporary culture, installation art and media art necessitates a new museum format which needs not only exhibition, but laboratory and interface space with viewers. This paper will regroup the existing museum according to its use and strategy, and reinterpret progressive museums that fosters young artists, and more than this, will introduce successfully established museums for new forms of art, which are equipped with versatile exhibition spaces, innovative interface between works and viewers, and own laboratory that can produce works of art. These examples will envision a creative method of art and architecture production that can achieve genuine public experience.

Dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) often exhibit behaviors such as scratching and rubbing. This discomfort may cause stress in affected dogs. Thus, we investigated the association between stress levels in companion dogs with and without AD using hair cortisol concentration (HCC). In total, 202 dogs were involved in this study, including bichon frise (24 AD, 38 non-AD, 5.3 ± 1.8 kg), maltese (17 AD, 51 non-AD, 3.4 ± 0.8 kg), and poodle (14 AD, 58 non-AD, 4.4 ± 1.4 kg). Hair samples were collected by the owners once from the dog’s neck, close to the skin, using scissors from 2019 to 2023 in Korea. The HCC was determined using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit. Based on these results, the HCC in bichon frise and poodle with AD were higher (p < 0.05) than those without AD. No difference (p > 0.05) in HCC was observed in maltese with AD and without AD. Pooled data showed a higher HCC (p < 0.05) in AD dogs compared to without AD dogs. The HCC in female bichon frise and female maltese with AD were higher (p < 0.05) than those without AD. Conversely, no differences (p > 0.05) in HCC were observed between AD and non-AD in male bichon frise and male maltese dogs. Higher (p < 0.05) HCC were observed between the AD and non-AD in female and male poodles. In conclusion, the AD condition in dogs can act as a stressor and analysis of HCC can help to better monitor the chronic stress level of dogs affected by AD.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different forms of concentrate fed to Hanwoo steers onperformance, carcass characteristics, and economic performance. Forty-two Hanwoo steers (average age of 5.1 ± 0.8 mo. with body weight of 147.05 ± 10.85 kg) were randomly allotted into FC (animals fed flakes for entire experimental period)and GC (animals fed grounded concentrate during growing and fattening phases followed by flaked concentrate duringfinishing phase) groups for 758 d after reaching an age of 30.0 ± 0.82 mo. There was no difference in body weight (BW)or ADG between the treatments until fattening (15 ~ 22 mo.) phase. However, by finishing phase (23 ~ 30 mo.), the GCgroup (739.24 kg BW and 0.67 kg ADG) showed greater (P < 0.05) BW and ADG than the FC group (702.93 kg BW and0.59 kg ADG). Steers in the GC group also showed greater (P < 0.05) BW and ADG than the FC group throughout theentire experimental period (5 ~ 30 mo.). There was no significant difference in carcass weight or backfat thicknessbetween the treatments. M. Longissimus dorsi area of the GC group (91.00 cm2) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of theFC group (83.59 cm2). Marbling score and percentage of 1++ meat quality grade were 14.0 and 48.0% higher in the GCgroup compared to the FC group. There was no significant difference in physicochemical characteristics, includingmoisture and crude protein levels, between the treatments. Gross income per head excluding operating expenses was59.3% greater in the GC group (1,647,512 won) compared to the FC group (1,034,343 won).

Free and esterified forms of provitamin D in 30-day-old mele rat skin were isolated and quantitated using silicic acid column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) systems. Two forms of free provitamin D(cholesta-5, 7-dien-$3{\beta}$-ol and cholesta-5, 7, 24-trien-$3{\beta}$-ol) and at least thirteen esterified forms of provitamin D were isolated. The average total concentration of provitamin D in the whole skin was $6,056ng/cm^2$. The skin contained $846ng/cm^2$ of free provitamin D and $5,209ng/cm^2$ of esterified provitamin D. The proportion of esterified provitamin D in the skin was 86%.

Copper is an essential mineral for pigs, thus it is used as a feed additive in the forms of copper sulfate. Therefore, this study aimed at characterizing the fecal microbiota shifts in pigs as fed by different forms of copper supplementation. 40 growing pigs aged 73 ± 1 days with an average weight of 30.22 ± 1.92kg were randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group (CON) fed with basal diet, while treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 ppm/kg of copper sulfate (CuSO4), Cu-glycine complex (CuGly), Cu-amino acid complex (CuAA), and Cu-hydroxy(4methylthio)butanoate chelate complex (CuHMB) for 28 days of trial, respectively. The data presented the comparison between inorganic and organic copper supplementation through gut microbiota in growing pigs. Alpha and Beta diversity anaylsis resulted in copper supplementation did shifted gut microbioal community structure. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla at all times regardless of treatment. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and SMB53 of the CuGly and CuHMB groups were significantly higher than those of copper sulfate and basal diet groups. Overall, this study may provide the potential role of organic copper replacing inorganic copper, resulting in increased beneficial bacteria in the pig gut.

In this paper, we propose a new storage system architecture called as U-Storage (ubiquitous storage system). U-Storage allows a user to access an on-line storage with any type of information devices that are able to connect to internet. The on-line storage is virtualized to the user's information devices as a local hard disk or a memory card by our U-Storage. With devices supporting U-Storage, users can read and write their data anytime and anywhere without downloading and uploading operation.

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical characteristics, electrodiagnostic, and imaging findings of Hirayama disease (HD), late onset monomelic amyotrophy (LMA), and brachial amyotrophic diplegia (BAD). ConclusionHD and BAD can be considered as separate disease entities. However, a longer follow-up period than previously recommended is necessary to differentiate BAD from ALS. Follow-up period was too short to determine whether LMA can also be considered as a separate disease entity.

Purpose: This was a cross-sectional study designed to evaluate the subjective understanding of technical terms and contents of the informed consent forms given to patients about to undergo conscious sedative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Methods: A group of conveniently selected 180 patients, who were undergoing sedative endoscopy were recruited in the endoscopy procedure room in a tertiary hospital from June to July 2011. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire. Results: The average number of terms exposed was 8.12 out of 10 items, the average number of terms understood well by the patients was 5.53 out of 10 items, and the average number of right answers was 3.30 out of 5 items, and the percent of correct answers ranged from 26.1% to 90.0%. The exposure to terms differed by gender, education, and previous exposure to sedative endoscopy procedures. The number of “understanding of the terms well” responses differed according to age and previous exposure to sedative endoscopy procedures, and the correct answer rate was differed by education. Conclusion: The understanding of the terms and knowledge about the procedures were disappointing. Therefore, sufficient explanations should be provided to the patients. While the informed consent was taken by doctors, the level of understanding should be monitored by nurses. In particular, subjects who did not have any previous experience with endoscopy procedures showed relatively lower level of understanding. We recommend that medical terms should be replaced with more common and nontechnical words in consent forms.

A study was conducted to determine the influence of feed form and microbial enzyme supplementation on energy utilization, bone quality, and amino acid and mineral digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Ross 308, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight diets formulated from commonly used ingredients in Tanzania. A 2 (pellet or mash) × 4 (control, Axtra XB, Quantum Blue (QB) and Axtra XB + QB enzyme) factorial array in a completely randomized design having six replicates per treatment (10 birds per replicate) was used. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms in a 3-phase; starter (0?10 days), grower (11?24 days) and finisher (25?35 days). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), metabolizable energy intake, net energy of production, energy retained as protein (REp), and efficiency of metabolizable energy use for energy and protein retention were higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets. The AME and REp was higher (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. Ash content, weight, length, width and breaking strength of tibia bones were highest (p < 0.05) in birds on pelleted diets. Tibia bone traits were improved (p < 0.05) when enzymes were included, particularly in a combination of QB and Axtra XB. However, potassium, magnesium, and zinc contents were highest (p < 0.05) when QB was supplemented. Digestibility of all amino acids was higher (p < 0.05) in birds supplied with pellets and with enzyme supplementation for most amino acids, except for serine. There was a positive interaction (p < 0.05) between feed form and enzymes on lysine and phenylalanine digestibility. Digestibility of Ca, P, K, S, Zn, and Fe was higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets, while those on mashed diets had higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of Cu and B. The digestibility of P, K, and Zn was highest (p < 0.001) when QB was added, while Ca, P, S, and B digestibility was highest when a combination of Axtra XB + QB was applied. Pelleted diets with or without enzymes improved energy utilization, digestibility of amino acids, and minerals, and increased bone strength in broiler chickens.

At least nominally, capitalism embodies and sustains an Enlightenment agenda of freedom and equality1). Typically there is freedom to trade and equality under the law, meaning that most adults – rich or poor – are formally subject to the same legal rules. But with its inequalities of power and wealth, capitalism darkens this legal equivalence. As Anatole France (1894) noted ironically: ‘The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread’. But this does not mean that legal equality is unreal or unimportant. On the contrary, legal systems enshrining such equality have been beacons of prosperity. Evidence gathered by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009) shows multiple deleterious effects of inequalities of income and wealth. Using data from twenty-three developed countries and from the separate states of the United States, they observed negative correlations between inequality and physical health, mental health, education, child wellbeing, social mobility, trust and community life. They also found positive correlations between inequality and drug abuse, imprisonment, obesity, violence, and teenage pregnancies. They suggested, but did not establish in detail, that inequality creates adverse outcomes through psycho-social stresses generated through interactions in an unequal society. A massive literature . too extensive to review here . examines the relationship between inequality and economic performance (Galbraith and Berner, 2001). Some argue that inequality is a necessary foundation for capital accumulation. But Robert J. Barro (2000) found that, after introducing controls for education, fertility, and investment, there is no significant correlation between inequality and economic growth. While some inequality provides high-powered incentives for entrepreneurs and other high-flyers, an unequal society also wastes the talent of many on middle and lower incomes who have less access to high quality education, sub-cultural support, and financial backing2). The development of secure financial institutions, including credit money and the sale of debt, is an historic book-end that conveniently marks the emergence of capitalism in England around the eighteenth century. Capitalism, as its name suggests, is about capital. If we use that word in its longstanding business sense of money, or the money value of collateralizable assets invested in production (and drop the different meanings given to the word by economists and sociologists) then capital-ism points to the institutions of property and finance that make monetized investment and collateralization possible (Hodgson 2014, 2015a). In my book Conceptualizing Capitalism, I propose a definition of capitalism that includes private property, widespread markets, widespread employment contracts and developed financial institutions that involve credit money and the sale of debt. The development of financial institutions was crucial to capitalism’s birth and take-off. Note that neither markets nor private property are sufficient to define capitalism, because they have both existed for thousands of years (Hodgson 2015a). What are the mechanisms within capitalism that exacerbate inequalities of income or wealth? The following section briefly considers the Marxist approach, based on the labour theory of value. The second section considers factor asymmetries between labour power and capital assets. These may be seen as possible types of exploitation within capitalism, and pointers to possible sources of increasing inequality within the system. The third section discusses whether markets are the source of inequality under capitalism. The fourth section argues that the institutional sources of inequality under capitalism are more to do with capital (when appropriately defined) than markets. The fifth section includes some policy suggestions and concludes the essay.

The increasing body of research work in the area of language teacher beliefs shows that this research domain has been of particular interest and now well-established (Borg, 2006). One question that arises is that teachers’ beliefs in general are too broad to conceptualise and investigate. In fact, recent research work has seen the increasing popularity of studies that specifically address the question raised more than two decades ago by Pajares (1992) about the need to investigate teachers’ beliefs about specific aspects of their work, such as grammar instruction (e.g., Burgess & Etherington, 2002; Canh, 2011), communicative language teaching (e.g., Sato & Kleinsasser, 1999), and codeswitching (e.g., Barnard & McLellan, 2014). However, little research has been carried out into teachers’ beliefs regarding Taskbased Language Teaching (TBLT), and none has been done in the context of Vietnam, a context where the current curriculum and accompanying textbooks are claimed to adopt TBLT as the principal teaching method. This qualitative case study uses a number of data collection methods, including audio-recorded lesson planning sessions, classroom observation, stimulated recall, and focus groups. The findings show that there is a significant gap between teachers’ current beliefs, intention, practices and the general principles of TBLT identified in the literature. The findings have implications for pedagogy and research not only in the Vietnam, but also in relatable contexts.