Earticle

제4차 산업혁명은 현실과 가상의 융합을 통해 제품의 생산 방식은 물론이고 인간 의 생활양식까지 최적화 시킬 것으로 예상되는 바, 이는 데이터화, 정보화, 지능화, 스마트화라는 4단계를 통해 구현될 것이다. 정보통신기술의 발전을 토대로 인공지능 이나 로봇공학, 자율주행자동차, 첨단자율운항선박, (해양)드론, 사물인터넷, 3D프린 팅, 바이오 공학 등의 첨단기술이 주도할 제 4차 산업혁명은 이전의 산업혁명과는 비교할 수 없을 수준의 변화를 불러올 것으로 전망된다(윤지영 외, 2018: 1). 특히, 해양에서는 제4차 산업혁명의 큰 변화를 가져다줄 주요기술로 자율운항선박의 상용 화를 들 수 있다. 자율운항선박의 경우 주요 해사산업 관련 분야의 경제적 시장규모 가 2025년 약 1,550억 달러(한화 약 170조 원)까지 확대될 것으로 예상하며, 모든 산 업의 현 성장률을 고려했을 때 2035년에 약 8,000조 원 시장 규모가 될 것으로 본다. 이러한 산업·기술적 변화에 따라 사회·문화적 측면에서는 다양한 이해관계자들과의 사회적 합의를 기반으로 자동화 및 자율화에 따른 기술적, 형사적, 윤리적 책임과 함 께 자율운항선박 등으로 발생하는 불법행위에 대한 문제점, 제재, 안전관리 등에 대 한 충분한 논의가 선행되어야 할 것이다. 첨단 과학기술의 발전은 모든 산업분야에 무궁한 발전과 인류에 편리성을 줄 것이고 인류에 축복이지만 반대로 해양테러 등 범죄의 수단으로 이용될 경우 인류의 재앙이 될 수 있다. 자율운항선박시스템을 해킹한 새로운 유형의 사이버 해양범죄, 첨단장비를 이용한 새로운 유형의 불법행위로 인해 미래의 해사환경은 종전의 해사환경보다 첨단화, 복잡화가 될 것으로 예상하며 해양경찰이 수행하는 해양경비활동의 영역에도 큰 영향을 미칠 수 밖에 없을 것이다. 본 논문에서는 제4차 산업혁명을 견인할 주요 기술인 자율운항선박 및 해양드론 에 관한 개념, 주요기술 동향, 법적 쟁점 등에 대해 알아보았고 새로운 유형의 불법 행위는 무엇이 있을지 예측 분석하였다. 미래 해사환경에 대비한 경비수단 발전, 소 관 법령 검토, 해상검문검색 등 실무적인 실력행사 절차에 대해 개선방안을 선행연 구를 참고하여 현실적 해결방안이 무엇인지 대해 중점적으로 연구하였다.

The 4th industrial revolution is expected to optimize not only the production method of products but also the lifestyle of human beings through the convergence of reality and virtual reality, which will be realized through four stages of dataization, informationization, intelligence, and smartization. Based on the development of information and communication technology, the 4th industrial revolution, which will be led by advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, autonomous vehicles, advanced unmanned ships, (marine) drones, Internet of Things, 3D printing, and biotechnology It is expected to bring about a level of change that cannot be compared with the revolution. In particular, the commercialization of autonomous ships is a major technology that will bring about a major change in the 4th industrial revolution in the ocean. In the case of autonomous ships, the economic market size of major maritime industries and related fields is expected to expand to about $155 billion (about 170 trillion won) in 2025, and when the current growth rate of all industries is taken into account, about 8,000 in 2035 The market size is expected to reach KRW trillion. According to these industrial and technological changes, in terms of social and cultural aspects, technical, criminal, and ethical responsibilities due to automation and autonomy based on social consensus with various stakeholders, along with problems related to illegal activities caused by autonomous ships, etc.; Sufficient discussion on sanctions and safety management should be preceded. The development of advanced science and technology will give endless development in all industrial fields and convenience to mankind. As such, advanced science and technology are a blessing to mankind, but when used as a means of crimes such as maritime terrorism, it can become a disaster for mankind. The future maritime environment, such as new types of cyber maritime crimes and new types of illegal activities in the sea by hacking the system of autonomous navigation ships, is expected to become more advanced and more complex than the previous maritime environment, making it a great place for the maritime police’s maritime patrol activities. will only have an impact. In this paper, the concepts, major technology trends, and legal issues related to autonomous ships and marine drones, which are the main technologies that will lead the 4th industrial revolution, are investigated, and new types of illegal acts are predicted and analyzed. To understand the existing prior research on how to improve security measures in preparation for the future maritime environment, to review the relevant laws and regulations, and to improve the procedures for practical exercise such as maritime checkpoints and search, focus on realistic solutions did

이 연구는 연령별 복합체력 운동 참여에 따른 체력변화, 스트레스 대처방식, 신체적 자기개념에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구대상자로 청년기(19명), 중년기(14명), 노년기(16명) 대상으로 실시하였으며, 운동참여에 따 른 신체적 자기개념, 스트레스 대처방식의 측정은 설문지로 실시하여 one-way ANOVA로 분석하였으며, 신체적 자기 개념은 심층면담을 추가적으로 실시하였다. 체력의 변화는 대응표본 t-test로 분석하였다. 신체적 자기개념은 연령에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 스트레스 대처방식에서는 사회지지·추구적 대처방식이 중년 및 노년집단에 비해 청년집 단에서 긍정적으로 나타났다. 운동참여 전·후 체력의 변화에서는 근력에서 집단별 긍정적으로 변화하였으며, 유연성은 청년기와 중년기에서 유의하게 향상되었다. 평형성은 청년기와 중년기에서 긍정적으로 변화하였으나 중년기는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 노년기는 감소하였다. 장기간의 규칙적인 운동참여가 신체적 자기개념에 영향을 가하지 않는 것으로 생각되며, 스트레스 대처방식에는 연령 별 차이가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 체력의 변화에서는 향상되는 모습을 보였으나 연령 및 측정 변인에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, 특히 노년기의 경우 운동프로그램 계획 시 평형성 및 유연성의 향상을 가져올 수 있는 프로그램의 적용이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of age-specific participation in complex force exercise on physical self-concept, stress coping style and physical fitness. The subjects of this study were young people (19 people), middle-aged people (14 people), and old age (16 people). The measurement of physical self-concept and stress coping style according to exercise participation was conducted by questionnaire and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The change of physical fitness was analyzed by paired t-test. The results of the analysis showed that there was no significant difference in physical self-concept according to age, and in the stress coping method, the social support-seeking coping method was more positive in the youth group than the middle-aged and old-age group. In the change of physical fitness before and after the exercise, the positive change of each group in the chest press, and flexibility was significantly improved in adolescence and middle age. Equilibrium changed positively in adolescence and middle age, but there was no significant difference in middle age, and the old age decreased. It is thought that long-term regular exercise participation does not affect physical self-concept, and there is a difference in stress coping style by age. In the change of physical fitness, it showed improvement, but it was different according to age and measurement variables. Especially in the case of old age, it is necessary to apply the program that can improve balance and flexibility when planning the exercise program.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bridging exercise with visual feedback effects symmetric weight load and electromyographic (EMG) activity on the trunk and hip muscles between the dominant and non-dominant side. Forty-one healthy subjects volunteered for this study. Tensile force of left and right on the lower extremity and EMG activity of the erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), gluteus maximus (GM), and hamstring (H) muscles in the both side was recorded during the bridging exercise under the following 2 experimental conditions: non-visual feedback and with visual feedback. There were significantly decreased difference values of EMG activity on the ES, MF, GM and H muscles and difference tensile force value of between the both sides during bridging exercise with visual feedback than without visual feedback. And the MF/ES activity ratio was significantly increased during bridging exercise with visual feedback than without visual feedback. These findings suggest that the bridging exercise with visual feedback could be effective in facilitation of symmetric weight load and muscle activity on the trunk and hip,

목적 : 본 연구는 6주 동안 적용된 양측저작 운동이 지역사회 거주 노인의 교합력과 깨물근의 부피 미치는 효과를 조사 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 지역사회 거주 노인 29명을 모집하였다. 모든 참가자는 구강용 저작 운동 목적으로 개발된 기구를 이용하여 양측저작 운동을 수행하였다. 저작 운동은 등척성과 등장성 운동으로 구분되어 수행되었으며, 하루 약 20 분, 주 5회, 6주 동안 적용되었다. 평가는 휴대용 초음파 장비와 교합력 측정계를 이용하여 3주 간격으로 총 3회에 걸쳐 깨물근의 부피와 최대 교합력을 측정하였다. 결과 : 저작근 부피 변화를 측정한 결과, 중재 전 7.51±0.43. 3주 후 7.63±0.44, 6주 후 7.83±0.46로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(F=3.819, p<.05). 사후검증 결과, 중재 전과 6주 후 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p=.023). 최대 교합력 변화를 측정한 결과, 중재 전 265±9.22. 3주 후 268±9.57, 6주 후 271.59±10.16로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(F=3.031, p<.05). 사후검증 결과, 중재 전과 6주 후 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였 다(p=.048). 결론 : 본 연구는 6주 동안의 양측저작 운동이 노인의 깨물근 부피와 교합력 향상에 효과적임을 확인하였다. 그러므로 양측저작 운동은 구강 기능 향상을 위한 치료적 운동방법으로 적용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of bilateral chewing exercise applied for 6 weeks on occlusion force and masseter muscle thickness in the elderly living in the community. Methods : This study recruited 25 community residents. All participants performed bilateral chewing exercise using equipment developed for the purpose of oral chewing exercise. The chewing exercise was divided into isometric and isotonic type and applied for about 20 minutes a day, five times a week for six weeks. For the evaluation, the masseter muscle thickness and the maximum occlusion force were measured three times at three week intervals using a portable ultrasound instrument and an occlusion force gauge. Results : As a result of the change in masseter muscle thickness, baseline, 3 weeks later, and 6 weeks later referred to 7.51±0.43, 7.63±0.44, and 7.83±0.46, respectively (F=3.819, p<.05). The post hoc test resulted in a significance between baseline and 6 weeks later (p=0.023). Similarly, as a result of the change in occlusion force, baseline, 3 weeks later, and 6 weeks later referred to 265±9.22, 268±9.57, and 271.59±10.16, respectively (F=3.031, p<.05). The post hoc test resulted in a significance between baseline and 6 weeks later (p=0.048). Conclusion : This study confirmed that bilateral chewing exercise was effective for increasing masseter muscle thickness and occlusion force in the elderly. Therefore, bilateral chewing exercise can be applied as a therapeutic exercise method for improving oral function.

경찰의 법집행 과정에서 발생한 물리력 행사가 ‘정당한 법집행 인가 아니면, 과잉 진 압 인가’에 대한 논란이 끊이지 않고 있다. 그러한 가운데 지난해 ‘경찰의 물리력 사용 에 관한 통일된 기준과 구체적인 지침이 있어야 한다’는 문제 제기에 따라 ‘경찰청예규’ 인 ‘경찰물리력 행사의 기준과 방법에 관한 규칙’이 마련되었다. 그러나 이에 따른 경 찰관의 현장 대응을 과도한 폭력 행사로 판단한 국가인권위의 징계 권고를 두고 경찰 현장의 딜레마라는 논란이 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 논란에 대한 보다 현실적인 해결 방안을 모색하기 위하여 국 내외 관련 법규정의 검토와 현장 경찰관의 현실적 의견 수렴을 통해 현재 시행되고 있 는 법제도를 보완하는 정책적 대안과 더 나아가 현장 경찰관의 물리력 행사의 한계에 대한 현장 관점의 실효성 있는 현실적 대안을 제시하고자 한다.

There has been constant controversy over the ‘rightful law enforcement or excessive suppression’ of the police physical force exercise during the law enforcement process. Under such circumstances, the National Police Agency's ‘Rules on Standards and Methods for the Exercise of Police Physical Force’ were prepared last year following a raised issue of ‘uniform standards and specific guidelines for the use of physical force by police.’ However, there is controversy over the National Human Rights Commission's recommendation for disciplinary action, which judged the police officer's response to the incident as an excessive use of violence, as a dilemma for the police field. In order to find a more realistic solution to this controversy, this study seeks to present a policy alternative to supplementing the legal system currently in place through the review of relevant domestic and international legal regulations and collecting realistic opinions from actual field police officers, and, furthermore, effective practical alternatives to the limitations of field police officers' exercise of physical force.

본 연구는 공군 사관생도들의 체지방률 수준에 따른 신체조성과 하지 근기능의 차이를 분석하고 생도 들의 신체조성 관리와 하지 근기능 향상과 부상방지를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 사관 생도 1학년 20명을 대상으로 체지방률에 따라 집단을 설정하였으며, 부상 등의 이유로 불참한 생도 2명 을 제외한 18명을 최종 대상자로 선정하였다. 8주간의 복합운동을 실시하였으며, 사전, 사후 검사에서 신 체조성과 하지 근기능 검사를 측정하였다. 연구결과, 신체조성에서는 체중과 BMI, 체지방률에서 HB(경계 성)집단이 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 하지 근기능에서는 근력(우측신근)에서 LB(안정성)집단, 근지구력(우측 신근)에서 HB(경계성 체지방)집단에서만 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결론적으로 8주간의 복합운동은 사관생 도의 신체조성에서 긍정적인 결과가 나타났으며, 신체조성에 효과적인 운동으로 볼 수 있다. 향후 연구에 서는 피험자 확대, 운동부하 설정과 운동기간을 8주 이상으로 확대하고 다양한 운동프로그램을 적용한다 면 보다 큰 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference in body composition and lower extremity muscle function according to the body fat percentage level of air force cadets, and to provide basic data for body composition management, improvement of lower extremity muscle function, and injury prevention. Methods Groups were set according to body fat percentage for 20 first-year cadets, and 18 students were selected as final subjects, excluding 2 cadets who could not attend due to injury or other reasons. Compound exercise was performed for 8 weeks, and body composition and lower extremity muscle function tests were measured in the pre- and post-test. Results In body composition, there were significant differences in body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage in the borderline body fat (HB) group. In the lower extremity muscle function, there were significant differences only in the LB (low body fat) group in the muscular strength (right extensor) and the HB (borderline body fat) group in muscle endurance (right extensor). Conclusions The 8-week compound exercise showed positive results in the body composition of the cadets, and it can be seen as an effective exercise for the body composition. In future research, it is judged that a greater effect can be expected if the exercise load setting and exercise period are extended to more than 8 weeks and various exercise programs are applied.

[서론] 이 연구의 목적은 발레 기초동작 연습이 초등학생의 보행패턴과 지면반력의 유형에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. [방법] 초등학교 저학년의 연습집단과 비연습집단 각각 3명씩을 대상으로 16주간의 발레 프로그램을 실시하였고, 3차원 영상분석과 지면반력분석을 이용하여 각각 5회씩을 분석하여 연습 전후의 차이를 알아보았다. 보폭 및 보간, 신체중심의 위치변화, 상체각도, 충격량과 최대충격력을 분석하였고, 연습의 영향을 알아보기 위해서 PASW(Predictive analytics software) Statistics 18.0 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 평균과 표준편차를 구하였다. 분석요인의 사전, 사후의 측정시기와 그룹간의 처치를 독립변인으로 한 이원반복변량분석(two-way ANOVA with repeated measure)을 실시하였다. [결과] 첫째, 발레 기초동작 연습이 아동들의 보행에 안정성을 높이며 근력훈련이 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 발레 기초동작 연습은 무게중심의 좌․우, 상체 몸통각의 좌․우 영향을 주어 좌․우 움직임이 많은 것으로 불안정적인 보행을 하게 한다. 또한, 보간과 인체 무게중심의 좌․우, 상체 몸통각의 좌․우 간에는 상호 연관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 발레 기초동작 연습은 지면반력의 피크에 영향을 미치기 때문에 아동들의 터벅터벅 걸음을 하지 않고 안정적인 보행에 도움을 준다. [결론] 성장기 아동들의 경우 발레 기초동작 연습은 보행의 안정성을 높이고 지면반력의 피크를 조절하여 보행의 도움을 얻는다. 반면 좌․우 변화가 많아 팔(八)자 유형의 보행 패턴이 나타날 수 있다.

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of basic ballet practice on walking pattern and type of ground reaction force for elementary students. [METHOD] 16weeks ballet program was conducted with practice group and non practice group, consisting with 3 low elementary students for each group. Differences between pre and post test for step length and step width, change of body center position, upper body angle, impulse and maximum impact force were examined by using 3 dimension cinematography and ground reaction force. Mean and standard deviation were calculated and two-way ANOVA with repeated measure were conducted using PASW. [RESULT] First, basic ballet practice influenced to increase stability for children's step and muscle training showed a significant effect. Second, basic ballet practice resulted unstable step with left and right movement by influencing left and right of the center of gravity, and left and right of upper body angle from the practice. Also, there was a inter-relation among step width, left and right of the center of gravity, and left and right of upper body angle. Third, basic ballet practice helped stable step because of its effect on ground reaction force peak. [CONCLUSION] Basic ballet practice for children increased stability of step and control ground reaction force peak for step. In turn, basic ballet practice has much change of left and right which results on shakily walking and may has negative effect on step.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects. of the vertical jump and ground reaction force variables according to fatigue by submaximal treadmill exercise. [METHODS] We selected n=9 young and healthy men(mean age: 25.33±3.80 yrs, mean heights: 1.73±0.02 m, mean body weights: 69.65±6.79 kg). Fatigue was induced by a short period of strenuous exercise performed on a treadmill with using the Bruce protocol. The variables analyzed were the vertical jump height, ground reaction force(medial lateral[ML] GRF, anterior posterior[AP] GRF), peak vertical force[PVF], and dynamic postural stability index([MLSI, APSI, VSI, DPSI]) according to induced fatigue. [RESULTS] 1. Vertical jump heights was significantly lower posttest(p<.01). 2. AP GRF, PVF, and loading rate were significantly loewr posttest(p<.05). 3. Dynamic postural stability index(MLSI[left], VSI, DPSI) was significantly higher posttest(p<.05). 4. GRF variables showed similar correlation(PVF with loading rate r=.596[R2=35%], MLSI with APSI r=.816[R2=66%], VSI with DPSI r=.970[R2=94%]) according to induced fatigue(p<.05). [CONCLUSIONS] In conclusion, fatigue alters vertical jump performance and landing performance including changes in dynamic stability; and GRF magnitudes. Also future research should continue to investigate the different GRF responses that occur during landing after fatigue.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in muscle thickness and ground reaction force of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateral oblique muscles during squats at ankle angles of toe 0°, toe in 10°, and toe out 10°. Methods: In this study, 9 male and 17 female students in their 20s participated in a randomized controlled trial and were compared according to the ankle angles of toe 0°, toe in 10°, and toe out 10°. To determine the reliability and measurement of muscle thickness according to ankle angle using ultrasound equipment and muscle thickness, the participants’ ankle angles-toe 0°, toe in 10°, and toe out 10°-were measured three times at the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis oblique muscles during squats. At the same time, the maximum vertical ground reaction force was measured with a force plate. A total of three measurements were taken and averaged, and two minutes of squat movements were assessed between ankle angles to prevent target action. Results: The results of this study illustrated that the reliability of the vastus medialis oblique muscles and vastus lateralis oblique muscles in ankle angle was high. The difference in muscle thickness was significantly greater in comparing the toe out10° angle with the toe 0° angle than between toe in 10° and toe out 10° in vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis oblique (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the ankle angle of toe 0° and toe in 10° (p > 0.05). The maximum vertical ground reaction force was significantly greater at toe out 10° than at the ankle angle of toe 0° and toe out 10° and between toe in 10° and toe out 10° (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison between toe 0° and toe in 10° (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Squatting at an ankle angle of toe out 10° increases the dorsi flexion; thus, the stability of the ankle and the thickness of both oblique muscles increased to perform more effective squats. In addition, as the base of support widens, it is thought that the stability of the posture increases so that squat training can be performed safely.

With an increasing aging population and improved standards of living, more attention has been paid to health. Although walking exercise is known as an aerobic exercise, it imposes repeated and continuous impacts on the joints of the lower extremities. Therefore, when overweight gives a burden to the lower extremity or there is a joint disease, exercise limit occurs. The articular cartilage, weakened with age, also makes it difficult for the elderly to perform walking exercises. Accordingly, this study conducted a comparative analysis between regular walking using only the lower extremity and Nordic walking, which has been known as stable. For analysis, electromyography (EMG) was performed and the ground reaction force of the upper and lower extremities were measured in the same exercise. Integrated EMG (iEMG) revealed that the upper extremity muscles were more active in Nordic walking than in regular walking, where lower extremity muscles were relatively more inactive. In addition, when EMG measurements were performed at each measurement point during walking exercise, the pattern was different. Nevertheless, the result was the same as in iEMG. The load that occurs in each exercise was measured using the ground reaction force system. As a result, Nordic walking had a lower load than regular walking. Therefore, it was found that Nordic walking minimized the load on the lower extremities owing to the effect of whole-body exercise and was a safer and more efficient exercise method.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of 12 weeks resistance exercise on muscle strength, breaking force and serum ALP level in orchiectomized(OCX) rats. Thirty male Sprague?Dawley rats(30 weeks) were used as subjects. The subjects were divided into three groups; control group(CG, n=10), OCX control rats group(OCXC, n=10) and OCXC rats+resistance exercise group(OCXC+RE, n=10). Progressive resistance training using a ladder and tail weights was performed for 12 weeks (3 days/week). After the experiment for 12 weeks, grip strength was significantly higher in OCXC+RE group than OCXC group(p<0.05). Femur breaking force was significantly higher in OCXC+RE group than OCXC group(p<0.05). Serum ALP level was significantly increased in OCXC+RE group compared with OCXC group(p<0.05). In conclusion, theses results suggest that regular resistance exercise training can improve muscle strength, breaking force and markers of bone formation in orchiectomized rats.

Background: Despite frequent shoulder injuries of rotator cuff muscle of golfers by the result of overuse and poor swing mechanics, there is little research on shoulder specific rehabilitation exercises for injured rotator cuff muscle and golf swing Objective: To examined the effect of rehabilitation exercise for golfers on the X factor and ground reaction force (GRF) according to phase of the golf swing. Design: Crossover study Methods: The participants were 13 amateur golfers selected for a 4 week rehabilitation exercise for golfers. A rehabilitation exercise for golfers consisting of 5 steps and 4 items (sleeper stretch, full side plank, push up to plank, high plank knee unders) were applied to all participants. A three dimensional motion analyzer and force platform (SMART-E, BTS, Italy) were used to measure the X factor (angle between shoulder and pelvis at top of back swing) and GRF according to phase of the golf swing. All dependent variables were measured before and after exercise. The collected data was analyzed using the paired t test and SPSS 21.0. Results: The GRF had a statistically significant increase in the impact phase and ratio impact/weight after rehabilitation exercise for golfers (p<.05). The X-factor, GRF in top of back swing and finish were no significant differences between before and after exercise (p>.05). Conclusions: These results suggested that rehabilitation exercise for golfers was effective for increasing GRF in the impact phase and ratio impact/weight for amateur golfer.

Background: Shoulder external rotation exercises are commonly used to improve the stabilizing ability of the infraspinatus. Although the side-lying wiper exercise (SWE) is the most effective shoulder external rotation exercise to maximize infraspinatus activity, the effect of adduction force on the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid has not been demonstrated. Objects: This study was conducted to investigate whether horizontal adduction force increases infraspinatus activity and decreases posterior deltoid activity. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy subjects (male: 21, female: 7; $age=23.5{\pm}1.8years$; $height=170.1{\pm}7.4cm$; $weight=69.4{\pm}9.6kg$) were recruited. Subjects were asked to perform the SWE under two conditions: (1) general SWE and (2) SWE with adduction force using pressure biofeedback. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid were recorded during SWE. Paired t-tests were used to compare the EMG activity of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid between the two conditions. Results: Posterior deltoid muscle activity was significantly decreased following SWE with adduction force ($7.53{\pm}4.52%$) relative to general SWE ($11.68{\pm}8.42%$) (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in the infraspinatus muscle activity between the SWE with adduction force ($28.33{\pm}12.16%$) and the general SWE ($26.54{\pm}13.69%$) (p>.05). Conclusion: Horizontal adduction force while performing SWE is effective at decreasing posterior deltoid activity.

2019년 11월 24일부터 경찰 물리력 규정인「경찰 물리력 행사의 기준과 방법에 관한 규칙」이 시행되고 있다. 경찰은 이 규칙에 의해 신고대상자 행위가 ‘순응’ 시 ‘협조적 통제’, ‘소극적 저항’ 시 ‘접촉통제’, ‘적극적 저항’ 시 ‘저위험 물리력’, ‘폭력적 공격’ 시 ‘중위험 물리력’, ‘치명적 공격’ 시 ‘고위험 물리력’을 행사하고 있다. 경찰의 물리력 사용은 신고대상자 행위가 경찰에 협조적인 ‘순응’, 움직이지 않는 ‘소극적 저항’, 경찰에 대한 밀기인 ‘적극적 저항’ 단계에서는 적극적이다. 하지만 신고대상자의 행위가 ‘폭력적ㆍ치명적 공격’ 단계에서의 ‘중위험ㆍ고위험 물리력’을 사용할 경우에는 적극적이지 못하다. 최일선의 현장경찰관들은 물리력 사용 후 겪게 될 형사적ㆍ민사적ㆍ행정적 책임, 「경찰관 직무집행법」, 「경찰 물리력 행사의 기준과 방법에 관한 규칙」의 추상적인 규정, 그리고 불충분한 경찰장비로 인하여 신고대상자의 폭력적ㆍ치명적 공격 시에 물리력 사용을 주저하고 있다. 이 연구는 문헌연구 방법을 활용하여 분석하였고 파출소에서 팀장 근무 시 동료 경찰관들의 면담자료를 보조적으로 활용하였다. 최일선의 현장경찰관들이 폭력적ㆍ치명적 공격 시에 적극적으로 물리력을 사용할 수 있는 현실적인 방안을 제시하였다. 개선방안으로 경찰 직무수행으로 인한 형의 감면 사유 확대, 「경찰관 직무집행법」및「경찰 물리력 행사의 기준과 방법에 관한 규칙」의 개정, 경찰장구인 경찰봉의 개선을 제안하였다.

Since November 24, 2019, the police force regulations, “Rules on Standards and Methods of Using Police”, have been in effect. According to this rule, police determine that the act to be reported is ‘cooperative control’ at the ‘compliance’ stage, ‘contact control’ at the ‘passive resistance’ stage, ‘low-risk physical force’ at the ‘active resistance’ stage, and ‘medium-risk physical force’ at the ‘violent attack’ stage, ‘high-risk physical force’ is being used at the ‘fatal attack’ stage. The use of physical force by front-line police officers is active when the behavior of the person being reported is in the ‘compliance’, ‘passive resistance’, and ‘active resistance’ stages. However, it is not possible to be active when using ‘medium-risk physical force’ at the violent attack stage or ‘high-risk physical force’ at the fatal attack stage. The reasons why police officers on the front lines hesitate to use physical force in the event of a violent or fatal attack by a person to be reported are the criminal, civil, and administrative responsibilities they will experience after using physical force, and the「Police Officers Execution of Duties Act」and 「Rules on Standards and Methods of Exercise of Police Force」. This study was analyzed using a literature research method, and interview data from fellow police officers while working as a team leader at the police box was used as supplementary material. We presented a realistic plan for front-line police officers to actively use physical force in the event of violent or fatal attacks. As improvement measures, it was proposed to expand the reasons for reduction of sentences due to performance of police duties, revise the「Police Officers Execution of Duties Act」and 「Rules on Standards and Methods of Exercise of Police Force」, and improve the police baton, which is a police equipment.

Physical exercise has a positive effect on increasing or maintaining BMD(bone mineral density) in postmenopausal women. This study investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on bone breaking force and serum bone metabolism markers in ovariectomized mice. OVX mice(C57BL/6, 7 weeks old)were randomly assigned to 3 groups as follows: control group(CON, n=12), OVX+control group(OVX+CON, n=12), OVX+exercise group(OVX+EXE, n=12). Exercise protocol was performed on a treadmill 4 days/week, 30 min/day, at a speed of 14-16 m/min for 16 weeks. Femur breaking force was measured at the end of experiment. ALP, OC and CTx-1 levels in serum were analyzed. Femur breaking force was significantly increased in OVX+EXE group compared with OVX+CON group(p<0.05). Serum ALP and OC levels were significantly decreased in OVX+EXE group compared with OVX+CON group(p<0.05). Serum CTx-1 level was decreased in OVX+EXE group compared with OVX+CON group, but non significant difference. In conclusion, theses results suggested that long-term chronic treadmill exercise can improve bone turnover.

본 연구는 2016년 6월부터 12월까지 만성 편마비환자에게 속도에 차이를 둔 테라테인먼트적 스쿼트운동을 제공하여 지면 반발력에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 대상자는 만성 편마비로진단받은 19명을 무작위 선정하여 빠른 스쿼트 운동 집단 10명과 느린 스쿼트 운동 집단 9명 두 집단으로 구성하였고, 주 3회, 30분씩, 8주간 시행하였다. 측정 도구로는 Force plate를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료에 대한 통계는 Wilcoxon test와 Mann-Whitney U test를 사용하였다. 연구결과 그룹내 검사는 빠른 스쿼트 운동집단의 일부영역과 느린 스쿼트 운동집단의 대부분의 영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그룹 간 검사는 일부 영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the theratainmental squat exercise on the Ground Reaction Force in the chronic hemiplegic patients. The subjects were randomly selected from 19 patients and composed of 10 persons of fast squat exercise group and 9 persons of slow squat exercise group, and performed 3 times a week for 30 minutes for 8 week. Force plate Ground Reaction Force test was used as the measurement tools. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the fast squat exercise group and the slow squat exercise group in terms of Ground Reaction Force ability and, In particular, there was a statistically significant difference in the Ground Reaction Force ability between the slow squat exercise group. The results suggested that theratainmental squat exercise training had a influence on Ground Reaction Force in the patients with chronic hemiplegia

본 연구는 공군사관학교 1학년생도 중 체지방률이 20% 경계에 있는 남자생도 9명을 대상으로 8주간의 순환운동이 신체조성과 기초체력 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써 생도들의 건강체력관리에 대한 트레이닝 프로그램을 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 순환운동 프로그램은 상체운동 5종목(크런치, 레그레이즈, 윗몸일으키기, 백 익스텐션, 팔굽혀펴기), 하체운동 3종목(스쿼트, 런지, 이동 스쿼트), 셔틀런(10m 왕복달리기)으로 구성하였으며, 1일 60분(본운동 40분, 준비/정리운동 각 10분), 주 3일 실시하였다. 상체운동과 하체운동은 1-4주차에는 70% 1-RM, 5-8주차에는 80% 1-RM으로 1일 3set, 셔틀런(10m × 2회 왕복)은 1-4주차에 왕복 3set(RPE 14-15), 5-8주차에 왕복 4set(RPE 16-17)로 구성하였다. 순환운동의 효과검증을 위해 프로그램 전, 후에 신체조성(체중, 골격근량, BMI, 체지방률)과 기초체력(근력, 근지구력, 순발력, 민첩성, 유연성, 평형성)을 측정하였으며, 자료처리는 대응표본 t-test를 이용하였다. 연구결과 8주간의 순환운동 후 신체조성에서 체중, BMI, 체지방률이 유의하게 감소하였으며, 골격근량은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 기초체력은 근력, 근지구력이 유의하게 증가되었으나, 순발력, 민첩성, 평형성은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 체지방률 20% 경계에 있는 1학년 생도들에게 실시한 8주간의 순환 운동은 신체조성에서는 골격근량을 제외한 모든 요인에서 긍정적인 변화를 나타냈고, 기초체력에서는 근력과 근지구력 항목에서 긍정적인 변화를 나타내었다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in the body composition and basic physical fitness of 8 weeks of circulatory exercise in 9 cadets who are at the 20% boundary of the body fat percentage among new cadets in the Air Force Academy, and to provide appropriate body fat percentage to cadets. Circulation exercise was conducted 60 minutes 3 times a week, and the anaerobic exercise was performed at 1RM (70% at 1-4 weeks, 80% at 5-8 weeks) using weight bearing, and the anaerobic power exercise was performed using the shuttle run RPE ( The exercise program was conducted on the 1st to 4th week of 14 ~ 15, and the 5th to 8th week of 16 ~ 17). Body composition (weight, skeletal muscle mass, BMI, body fat percentage) and basic fitness (muscular strength, muscular endurance, quickness, agility, flexibility, and equilibrium) were measured before and after the program to verify the effectiveness of circulatory exercise. As a result of study, after 8 weeks of circulatory exercise, body composition significantly decreased body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle mass was not significantly different. In addition, in basic fitness, muscle strength and endurance increased significantly, but there was no significant difference in power, agility and balance. In conclusion, the 8-week cycling exercise conducted by new Air Force cadets at the body fat percentage of 20% showed positive changes in all factors except skeletal muscle mass in body composition, and positive in muscle strength and endurance in basic fitness. It showed a change.

청원경찰의 임면주체는 청원주(請願主)로서 양자 간 근로관계의 본질은 사법상 고용계약으로서의 성질을 가진다. 또한 청원경찰이 중요시설 등에 배치되어 수행하는 직무의 공공성으로 인해 ‘공행정수행사인’의 성격도 가지고 있다. 청원경찰은「경찰관 직무집행법」준용에 따라 배치된 경비구역의 경비를목적으로 필요한 범위에서 경찰관의권한을 장소적(場所的)·목적적(目的的) 한계 내에서행사할 수 있다. 실제 청원경찰이 경비구역에서 직무를 수행하는 경우「경찰관 직무집행법」에서 정하고 있는 경찰의직무 가운데 ‘범죄의 예방과 제지’가 청원경찰의 주된 업무가 되고 있다. 최근 악성 민원인이나 집회·시위자에 의한 불법적인 무단침입·점거행위가 다수 발생하고 있어 강제퇴거 등을 위한 강제적인 물리력 행사 필요성이 요청되고 있다. 출입 비인가자의 불법적인 무단침입이나 점거 시 강제퇴거 등을 위한 청원경찰의 직무권한 행사는 비례의 원칙, 물리력 행사기준 등을 준수할 필요가 있다. 또한 상대방의 신체에 대한 직접강제(권력적 사실행위)는 강제집행 수단 중에서 인권을 가장 크게 제약하는 것으로 절차법적·실체법적 요건을 반드시 준수할 필요가 있다.

The principal agent of appointment and dismissal of registered security guards is the applicant for such registered security guards, and the essence of the labor relationship between both parties has the nature of the employment contract under the law. And, due to the public concern of the duties performed by the registered security guards after being placed to major facilities, etc., they have the nature of private persons performing public administration. Registered security guards may exercise the authority of police officers within the limit of place and purpose within the scope necessary for the purpose of guarding the security area to which they are placed pursuant to the mutatis mutandis application of the Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers. In the event that any registered security guard actually performs his/her duties at the security area, prevention and suppression of crimes among the duties of police officers as provided in the Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers are becoming the main duties of registered security guards. As a large number of acts of unlawful trespassing and occupation by malicious civil petitioners or ralliers and demonstrators are occurring recently, the need of exercise of compulsory physical force for compulsory eviction, etc. is being requested. Exercise of the authority of duties by registered security guards for compulsory eviction at the time of unlawful trespassing or occupation by any persons not authorized for access must comply with proportionality and the criteria for exercising physical force, etc. In addition, as direct coercion to the body of the counterpart (powerful real act) most badly restrains human rights among the means of compulsory execution, it must comply with the requirements of the procedural law and substantive law.