Earticle

한국과 중국은 지리적으로 매우 가깝게 위치하고 있으며, 중국은 세계의 공장 역할을 하며 폭발적인 교역의 증대 가 있었다. 근래에 한국은 기업들이 저조한 실적으로 실업률의 증가와 대학졸업생의 취업률이 매우 낮은 상황에서 돌파구가 창업을 독려하며 국가에서 많은 지원을 하고 있는 가운데 창업기업은 국내 뿐 만아니라 해외에도 눈을 돌리는데 매우 어려움이 있어 중소벤처기업부, 한국창업보육협회, 대학창업보육센터 등 기관에서 공동으로 해외창업 경진대회를 통해 기업경영에 도움을 주고자 한다. 창업보육센터는 지원 운영 사업가운데 보육업체 중 국제간의 투자자로부터 자본투자를 받거나 국외에 진출하고자 하는 기업, 수출‧입을 통한 거래를 하고자 하는 기업 등 국제거래를 통해 기업의 발전을 도모하는데 역할을 해야 한다. 본 연구는 중국산동성 위해시에서 한중창업경진대회에 관계자로 참여하면서 한국과 중국의 정치, 경제, 기업 등 문화적 배경이 달라 시행착오를 겪은 바 있다. 따라서 창업보육센터는 보육업체가 해외에 수출, 현지 국에 창업, 투자 를 받는 등 국제간의 창업경진대회를 성공적으로 성과달성을 위한 방안에 대하여 연구하고자 한다.

Korea and China are located very close to each other, and China, withholding its role as the world's factory, has faced an explosive increase in its trade. On the other hand, Korean companies have been showing poor performance while the Korean economy is going through increase in unemployment rate, especially of university graduates. For these reasons, Korean government has been providing supports to encourage startup businesses. Nevertheless, start-up businesses are having difficulties operating not only within the country, but also abroad, and therefore, the organizations such as the Small and Medium Business Administration, the Korea Entrepreneurship and New Business Incubation centers Association, and the University New Business Incubation Center are making efforts to support corporate management through joint overseas startup competition. New Business Incubation centers should play a role in promoting the development of companies through international transactions, such as business owners who receive capital investment from international investors, those who want to enter overseas, and those who want to trade through export and import. This study has undergone trial and error due to different cultural backgrounds, politics, economy, and businesses of Korea and China, while participating in the Korea-China startup competition in Weihai, Shandong Province, China. Therefore, the New Business Incubation Center aims to study ways to successfully achieve international entrepreneurship competitions, such as exporting overseas, starting up in local countries, and receiving investment.

Background: To reveal the level of recognition of regional and product certifications related to agriculture, an analysis of the official minutes of assemblies and the perceptions of tourists was conducted. This is one of the first attempts to combine analysis of residents and tourists at the product level (Geographical Indications, trademarks) and landscape level (registration under Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO] or United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]-related certification systems). Methods: The research sites were Itoigawa and Sado, two municipalities in Niigata prefecture. The former is certified as a Global Geopark, and the latter as a National Geopark and Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS). The text-mining approach was conducted to analyze the official minutes of the municipal assemblies, and the questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the recognition of tourists on the certifications. Results: The results of the analysis of assemblies and tourists provide issues and possibilities of the certification systems. Tourists' recognition of the GIAHS and its weighting in the assemblies are relatively low. Residents and tourists have different expectations for regional certification. Residents expect education, while tourists expect tourism. Conclusion: It is necessary to evaluate the GIAHS's contribution to tourism and industry when municipalities and international organizations manage the GIAHS sites. Considering the gaps between residents and tourists and taking measures to resolve them can contribute to managing certificated areas by collaboration of stakeholders. Regarding products aimed at branding, consumers need to be informed about the GIAHS as a regional certification in addition to product certification to share the historical and environmental characteristics of agricultural products.

As a great master of figurative language, Charles Dickens frequently used similes and metaphors in his works. Among his repertoire of rhetorical expressions, Mahlberg (2007b) identified as if constructions as high-frequency expressions in Great Expectations, using corpus software WordSmith Tools. In Great Expectations, 266 instances of as if are found. Mahlberg asserts that this frequently occurring expression serves local textual functions in the text. The three main functions identified are a) description of atmosphere, b) characterization, and c) clues to the plot. Focusing on as if constructions, this study compares Korean translations of Great Expectations (ST) by different translators. Using WordSmith's cluster analysis, this study examines how as if similes are translated in each TT and whether each translator shows his/her own distinctive pattern in their translations. And finally, if and how as if constructions' local textual functions in the ST are translated in the TTs will be discussed.

Purpose This study aims to explore the expectations and acceptability of a smart nursing home model among Chinese older adults and their family members based on a scoping review that defines the concept of smart nursing homes. Methods A qualitative case study was employed for this research. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted on WeChat. Participants were purposively sampled through snowball sampling in Hainan and Dalian, China. A total of 28 older adults aged 60?75 and six adult children were interviewed until data saturation was achieved, followed by a thematic analysis. Results The expectations of smart nursing homes include: 1) quality of care supported by governments and societies; 2) smart technology applications; 3) the presence of a skilled healthcare professional team; 4) access to and scope of basic medical services; and 5) integration of medical services. The acceptability of smart nursing homes included factors such as stakeholders’ perceived efficaciousness, usability, and collateral damages of using smart technologies, and the coping process of adoption was influenced by factors such as age, economic status, health status, education, and openness to smart technologies among older adults. Conclusions Chinese older adults and their family members have a positive perception of the smart nursing home model. The qualitative evidence regarding their expectations and acceptability of smart nursing homes contributes valuable insights for a wide range of stakeholders involved in the planning and implementation of smart nursing homes.

Purpose: This study examined the needs for asthma education programs as perceived by school-age children, parents, and teachers and investigated parents' and teachers' expectations for incorporating augmented reality (AR) in asthma education. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 339 participants: 125 school-age children, 132 parents, and 82 teachers. Data were collected from children, parents, and teachers on the need for asthma education, the requirements for asthma education, and the expectations of parents and teachers for incorporating AR in asthma education. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, and the Scheffe? test. Results: Asthmatic children and their peers, parents, and teachers all felt there was a significant need for education about asthma, with education on how to deal with an asthma attack being needed the most. The incorporation of AR programs in asthma education was viewed positively by both parents and teachers. Conclusion: An AR children's asthma education program should be developed in which children with asthma and their peers, parents, and teachers can participate together. Furthermore, it is expected that children with asthma will independently undertake more effective disease management after attending an AR asthma education program.

There are three types of student service professionals in Korea: school social workers, community education experts, and professional counselling teachers(PCTs); thus, different types of professionals could be employed, depending on the project a school runs. Although PCTs should be qualified teachers, the other two professionals do not need to have a teacher certification, and most of them are social workers. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the expectations of teachers regarding school social workers and PCTs. The data was collected from 3 May to 10 June, 2008 and 400 questionnaires were provided to teachers in 11 schools located in Jeonnam Province. Three hundred and one teachers participated in the research and their role expectations were compared. The results showed that social workers in schools were expected to focus on linking community resources and community outreach, while the PCTs were expected to counsel students and provide crisis intervention. The teachers who have worked with social workers in schools valued the roles of social workers and PCTs more highly than teachers who have never worked with social workers. Therefore, working with social workers could have an impact on improving teachers’ perceptions of social workers and PCTs. Based on these findings, the author makes several suggestions for practice in this field: first, by focusing more on linkages between schools and community resources, school social workers could develop their professional identity differentiated from that of the PCTs. Second, the educational curricula of teachers and social workers should incorporate opportunities for them to work together. This will enable them to learn each other’s roles through collaboration and understand one another’s professional values. Finally, the roles of different professionals such as school social workers and counselors should be more specifically and formally defined.

Purpose: This study investigated patients’ perceptions and expectations of their families’ participation in the informed consent process of elective surgery. Methods: This is a survey study. Anonymous questionnaires that were mailed to potential participants included a demographic data sheet and a scale, measuring patients’ perceptions of themselves and their families’ participation level in the informed consent process. A convenience sample of patients who had undergone surgery and had been discharged within 4 months from a medical center in southern Taiwan (n ¼ 1,737) were recruited. Results: One hundred and forty-five recipients replied, gaining a response rate of 10.0%, and 120 provided complete data. The mean age of the participants was 56.0 years (range 20e85, SD ¼ 14.98), and more than half were female (54.2%). Twenty-one participants (17.5%) perceived having less family participation than their own participation in the surgery informed consent process, and 40% expected more family participation in the process. The mean scores of the self-rated participation level was significantly higher than that of the families (p < .001). Patients' expectations of family participation were significantly higher than their perceptions of family participation (p < .001). Eleven patients (9.2%) reported having more family participation than they expected. Participants received the most information about the disease during the informed consent process and the least information about alternatives to surgery. Age,gender, number of previous surgeries and admissions influenced the study participants' perceived level of participation in the informed consent process. Conclusion: This preliminary study demonstrates that patients’ perceptions and expectations for family participation in the surgical informed consent process vary. Healthcare providers should be aware of patients’ expectation to appropriately invite their family into the informed consent process.

Purpose : Many developed countries have already accepted the indispensable role of clinical pharmacist (CP) in health care system. In past few years, Ministry of Health in China has also worked efficiently to regularize and implement clinical pharmacy services (CPSs). In our study, we opted to access the perception, satisfaction and expectation of patients towards the services provided by CP in hospitals in China. Method : The study was conducted in 10 general hospitals located in 8 different cities in China. Questionnaire was composed of four main parts: 1) Demographics of patients, 2) General awareness about CP, 3) Response regarding CP’s professional capabilities, 4) Satisfaction and expectations regarding different CPSs. The chi-test was performed to examine the statistical significance of association between independent variables and dependent variables. Results : Out of 350 distributed questionnaires, 289 were retrieved giving a response rate of 82%. Most of the respondents know about clinical pharmacist and 39.79% had experienced CPSs before. 75% believed that clinical pharmacist is a drug expert, whereas mostly all agreed that CP is an important member of health care team and should be encouraged to participate in patient therapy. More than 75% of respondents perceive that CP can improve quality and safety of treatment. Among those who had previously experienced CPSs, more than 75% showed satisfaction with CP providing individualized patient care, participating in ward rounds, taking medication history, providing drug information and counseling. And approximately 80% of the remaining, who never experienced, expects CP to execute these tasks except for performing physical examination. Conclusion : Most people in China understand, accept and encourage the role of CP in health care. As patients who experienced CPSs were less, it triggers the need of hiring more clinical pharmacist and allowing them to perform additional interactive roles, so that effective CPSs can be delivered to masses.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expectations of unit-level nurses from nursing assistants (NAs), frequency of individual NAs' information-sharing behaviors with nurses, and the effect of NAs’ self-perceived roles on this relationship. NAs provide patient care along with nurses, and their information-sharing behaviors with nurses may be influenced by the expectations of the nurses. Methods: Nurses and NAs from 104 integrated community care (sub- and postacute) units were included in this Japanese cross-sectional study conducted from July to September 2018. Nurses' expectations from NAs and the NAs' self-perceived roles and information-sharing frequency were measured. Multilevel mediation analysis was performed for NAs’ information-sharing behaviors, such as expressing, asking, providing linguistic responses, and providing feedback. Results: Unit-level nurses' expectations from NAs were associated with the frequency of NAs' asking and responding behaviors with nurses (p < .05), mediated by the NAs' self-perceived roles. The frequency of NAs’ expressing behaviors and feedback were also associated with their self-perceived roles (p < .001). Conclusions: High expectations of unit-level nurses from NAs led to better perception by NAs of their roles and led to better information-sharing behaviors. Educating nurses on NAs’ roles may improve information-sharing between nurses and NAs that leads to safe and appropriate care to patients.

On January 20, 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense, for the first time in 10 years, announced the National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge. The main content of this report was basically in accordance with the National Security Strategy 2017 which Trump administration had published on December 18, 2017. Within the report, it made a clear line of judgement on threats as it stated “Inter-state strategic competition, not terrorism, is now the primary concern in U.S. national security. China is a strategic competitor using predatory economics to intimidate its neighbors while militarizing features in the South China Sea (the White House, 2017; U.S. Department of Defense, 2018).” These two reports proposed by the U.S. government revealed a clear preparation in case of a collision between the U.S. and China. And they also let us know that American perceptions of China fundamentally changed. At the same time, the U.S.-China trade friction finally broke out. As we all know, that is partly because U.S. President Trump has constantly pursued to “promote free, fair and reciprocal trade (the White House, 2018a)” after taking office. However, this paper argues that more fundamental reason lies on the long history of contradiction between the two countries due to the trade imbalance. And unlike some arguments which the U.S. has raised, China believes that trade imbalance between the U.S. and China results from various and complicated causes such as gradual devaluation of U.S. dollar, huge gap in saving rates between the U.S. and China. Therefore, we suggest that the Trump administration should take domestic economic reform measures to solve the trade deficit problem in the long run and should not blame other countries including China and its own allies for its own huge trade deficit. As the U.S. exerts bigger pressure on China in various ways and the strategic competition between the U.S. and China is more severe than before in every dimension, the U.S.-China relationship is entering a new inflection point. Then how should we view the intensified trade dispute between the U.S. and China since President Trump took office? How would the future of the U.S.-China relationship unfold? To answer these questions, this paper will consider them in several ways. First, it will look into achievements of China’s economic growth over the past 40 years after China’s reform and opening up. Second, it will trace the causes of the trade conflict between the U.S. and China. Third, it will consider the need for a new U.S.-China relationship and the challenges it faces in the process. In conclusion, we strongly believe that there is still a chance that China and the U.S. will be able to manage bilateral relations well and establish a new order, if the U.S. accepts the reality that China already became the world’s second largest economy and cooperates with China under the principle of “No conflict, no confrontation and peaceful co-existence” which China has constantly proposed for many years.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of expectations plus mobilization with movement (MWM) in kinesiophobia, perceived disability and sensorimotor variables in patients with lateral epicondyl-algia. A pilot randomized controlled trial in 24 patients with lateral epi-condylalgia was conducted. Perceived pain, pain-free grip strength, pressure pain detection threshold, kinesiophobia measured with the short version of Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, perceived disability of the upper limb measured with disability of the arm, hand and shoulder questionnaire, and perceived disability specifically for the elbow joint measured with patient-rating tennis elbow evaluation, and also satis-faction were assessed. Participants were randomized to receive writ-ten instructions in order to create positive expectations regarding the technique in one group (n=12) or neutral expectations in the other one (n=12). All patients were treated for three sessions with the MWM technique. Measures were recorded before and after treatment. The effect size was calculated by Rosenthal “r” for nonparametrical tests. There were no significant statistical differences (P>0.05) between groups after receiving the treatment for none of the physical analyzed variables. The Wilcoxon test showed statistically significant changes in kinesiophobia (Z=-2.278, r=0.47, P=0.023) and perceived disability (Z= -2.934, r=0.61, P=0.003) within positive expectations group. In conclu-sion this pilot study shows that a positive expectation almost given in a sealed envelope before treatment plus MWM produced changes in ki-nesiophobia and perceived disability in the immediate term, in patients with lateral epicondylalgia.

Enterprise systems implementations have been suffering from a high failure rate despite their expected benefits. One of the commonly reported reasons for the implementation failures is the end-user’s unwillingness to use the systems. Considering that the appropriate management of expectations may play an important role in making a positive behavior toward newly implemented systems, this study examines the effect of outcome expectations on conative system use activity in the mandatory use context of information systems from the social cognitive theory and coping theory perspective. Structural equation model analysis using LISREL 8.7 provides significant support for the proposed relationships. The empirical results suggest that outcome expectations and user satisfaction have positive effects on conative system use activity conceptualized by immersion, reinvention, and learning. In addition, this research conducts an analysis on a comparative model with traditional dependent variable and compares it to the result of the proposed research model. Theoretical and practical implications of the study shed some light on how to improve system use activity in the mandatory use context of information systems.

This qualitative case study explored Korean ESL students’ expectations and experiences in an English-speaking country. The participants were two Korean students who were studying ESL in an intensive language program at a university in the United States. Through the inductive analysis of the interview data, it was revealed that the participants were unsatisfied with their experiences in the United States. The participants brought their high expectations of developing friendships with Americans and improving their spoken English skills with their American friends. However, their real experiences in the United States were totally different from what they had expected. Unlike their anticipation, the participants did not have any American friends. Instead, they tended to bond with Korean friends because of their need for social cohesion. Due to their unfulfilled expectations, both of the participants struggled. However, the ways they dealt with their social and cultural struggles were different, depending on their personalities, their degrees of motivation to study English, and the atmosphere of the groups in which they got together. Based on the findings, I provided suggestions for language institutes, teachers, and Korean ESL students to help Korean ESL students have more satisfying L2 learning experiences in an English-speaking country.

이 연구의 목적은 가상 시뮬레이션의 특수교육 활용에 영향을 미치는 현존감 요인의 경로를 분석하는데 있다. 이 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 C 지역 J 대학교와 K 대학교 예비특수교사 76명을 참여자로 선정하였다. 참가자들은 각 3시간으로 구성된 3개 강의를 통해 가상 시뮬레이션 이론 및 실습을 진행하였으며, 이후 현존감 검사와 가상 시뮬레 이션의 특수교육 활용 기대감 설문지에 응답하도록 하였다. 이 연구의 결과 가상 시뮬레이션의 특수교육 활용 기대에 영향을 미치는 현존감 요인은 다음과 같다: 첫째, 현존감 요인 중 ‘재미’와 ‘상호작용’은 긍정적 기대에, ‘몰입’은 부정적 우려에 각각 직접 효과를 나타냈다. 둘째, ‘사실성’ ‘접근성’ ‘수행’ ‘상호작용’ ‘몰입’은 ‘재미’를 매개로 긍정적 기대에 간접 효과를 나타냈다. 셋째, ‘상호작용’과 ‘사실성’은 ‘몰입’을 매개로 부정적 우려에 간접 효과를 나타냈다. 마지막으로 연구결과에 따라 논의하고 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the paths of the presence that influences the use of the virtual simulation in the special education classrooms. The participants consisted of 76 students who majored in special education in J and K universities. Participants took a three lectures of 3-h. that addressed the theory and practice of virtual technology such as virtual reality(VR) and augmented reality(AR), and then completed the questionnaires on participants’ presence level and expectation level of virtual simulation for special education. Study results were as followings: (1) Enjoyment and Communication have direct effects on positive expectation, while Immersion has a direct effect on negative concern; (2) Reality, Accessibility Performance, Communication, and Immersion have indirect effects mediated by Enjoyment on positive expectation; and (3) Communication and Reality have indirect effects mediated by Immersion on negative concern. Lastly, the implications and suggestions for future research were presented.