Earticle

경복궁 석조조형물은 주로 화강암(884점, 96.7%)과 대리암(25점, 2.7%)으로 구성되었으며, 다양한 산지의 석재가 혼용되어 조성되었다. 이 석조조형물에서 나타나는 주요 손상은 균열(24%), 탈락(21%), 박리박락(36%), 입상분해(9%) 및 흑색변색(20%)으로써, 균열과 탈락은 높은 물리적 손상도에, 흑색변색은 높은 변색 손상도에 주로 기여하는 손상유형이다. 구역별로는 경회루(3등급 55%), 근정전(3등급 29%) 및 품계석(3등급 11%) 구역의 석조조형물에서 상대적으로 손상도가 높아 이들을 우선관리대상으로 설정하여 집중적으로 관리하고 정기모니터링 하는 것이 필요하다. 특히 품계석은 대리암으로 구성되어 외부환경에 노출될 시 풍화민감도가 크므로 강우와 일사를 제어할 수 있는 보호시설이 요구된다.

The stone sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace are mainly composed of granite (884 sculptures, 96.7%) and marble (25 sculptures, 2.7%) that originated in several different quarries. Main deterioration forms are crack (24%), break-out (21%), exfoliation (36%), granular disintegration (9%) and blackening (20%). Crack and break-out are dominant contributors to high physical deterioration degree, and blackening is major weathering form of intensive discoloration. The Geunjeongjeon and Pumgyeseok areas require urgent and high conservation maintenance with short-term periodic monitoring since proportions of 3-grade deterioration were calculated higher than others as 55% for Gyeonghoeru, 29% for Geunjeongjeon, 11% for Pumgyeseok area. The Pumgyeseok (officials' rank stone), especially, needs intervention for protective facility due to its material vulnerability to weathering in outdoor environment.

마애화령석지장은 해안가에 인접해 있고 해수에 의해 주기적으로 일정 부분이 침수되는 특수한 입지적 조건에 있다. 마애불을 구성하는 암석은 중립질 또는 조립질을 띠는 흑운모화강암으로 내구성이 강한 편이나, 암석 내부에 침투한 염용액과 주변 환경과의 복잡한 상호작용에 의해 구성암석의 색과 강도 및 내구성 등 물성이 변화된 상태이다. 마애불을 이루는 암석은 염(NaCl)결정화 작용에 의한 표면층 박리박락이 심각하다. 박리박락(14.6%)은 해수의 주요 경계면을 중심으로 대기에 상시 노출되는 상부에 집중되어 있다. 반면, 해수에 의해 주기적으로 침수되는 암괴 하부는 오염물이 침착되어 흑화층을 나타내며 이와 함께 갈색변색과 생물오염이 중첩된 상태이다. 표면 오염 및 변질은 흑색 변색(29.2%), 황색 변색(14.1%), 갈색 변색(4.4%), 녹색 변색(2.9%)의 순으로 높은 훼손율(50.5%)을 나타냈다. 또한 해수면을 경계로 상부가 해수에 침수되는 하부보다 초음파 속도가 낮고 편차가 커 많은 물성 변화가 있었음을 알 수 있으며, 특히 해수 침투 경계면의 표면 물성이 취약함을 확인하였다.

Magai Wareiishi Jizo (Buddhist statue carved on rock surface) is close to shoreline and a part of rock block is periodically immersed by seawater. Rock material of the Wareiishi-jizo statue is composed mainly of medium or coarse-grained biotite granite and very durable. However, physical properties of the rock have been changed according to the complex interactions of the salt solution and surrounding environment. Exfoliation of the rock surface is a serious condition by salt crystallization. Exfoliation (14.6%) is concentrated on the upper part of the rock block with mainly boundary of seawater as the center. On the other hand, lower part of the rock block show black layers by contaminants deposition. In addition, brown discoloration and biological contaminants is overlapped. Rock surface show high discoloration rate of 50.5% (black discoloration, 29.2% > yellow discoloration, 14.1% > brown discoloration, 4.4% > green discoloration, 2.9%). Upper part of the rock block had a lot of change in the physical properties than lower part that is immersed by seawater. In particular, surface properties of the rock block was very weak state at the boundary surface of seawater permeation.

이 연구에서는 태안 동문리 마애삼존불입상의 재질특성을 바탕으로 표면 손상도를 진단하고 풍화환경을 고찰하였다. 태안 동문리 마애삼존불입상은 조립질 흑운모화강암으로 석영, 알칼리장석, 사장석, 흑운모 및 백운모로 구성되어 있다. 이 삼존불은 표면요철, 박락, 적갈색, 암갈색, 암회색, 황갈색 변색이 발생하였으며 이중 표면변색이 높은 훼손율(46.6%)을 나타냈다. 또한 초음파 탐사결과, 구성암석이 전반적으로 심한 풍화단계(0.59, HW)를 나타내어 암석 재질이 약화된 상태를 나타냈다. 삼존불의 보호각은 내부 습도환경(일평균: 86.6%)을 외부에 비해 고습도 환경으로 유지시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 겨울철에는 영하권 기온분포로 동결융해에 따른 풍화작용이 발생될 가능성을 나타냈다. 이 같은 수분문제를 완화시키기 위해 최근 폐쇄형에서 개방 형태로 변화시켰으나 근본적인 수분문제는 남아있는 상태이다. 수분 문제는 북측 도로변을 따라 흐르는 지표수가 지속적으로 유입되어 발생하는 것으로 이에 대한 환경적 제어방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study focus on the surface deterioration diagnosis based on the material characteristics of Taean Dongmunri Maaesamjonbulipsang(rock-carved standing triad Buddha Statue) and the weathering environment analysis. Rock materials of the triad Buddha is coarse-grained biotite granite which is composed mainly of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite. The triad Buddha was serious surface irregularity(13.5%), exfoliation(12.3%) and discoloration(46.6%), and the physical characteristics using ultrasonic velocity appeared fourth grade (0.59, highly weathered). Korean style wooden shelter of the triad Buddha(closed type) maintained high humidity environment (daily mean; 86.6%) than exterior environment, and appeared the possibility of deterioration by freezing-thawing because the temperature showed below zero temperatures in winter. The shelter was changed from closed-type to open-type to relieve the moisture problem recently. But the moisture problem is yet to be solved because surface water flowing along northern wayside is flowed into triad Buddha. Therefore, environmental control will need to stop inflow of water into triad Buddha.

봉암사 정진대사원오탑(보물 제171호)은 고려시대의 부도탑으로 장석 반정을 갖는 우백질화강암으로 구성되어 있다. 주요 조암광물은 조립과 세립의 석영, 장석, 운모 등이며, 부재는 암편탈락, 결실, 박리 및 박락 등의 물리적 풍화가 진행되어 있다. 이 탑의 전면에 걸쳐 적외선열화상분석을 실시한 결과, 균열이 발생한 부분을 중심으로 내부 박리 및 박락도 심한 것으로 나타났다. 표면 변색 부위에 대해 P-XRF 측정 결과, 암흑색, 황갈색 및 회백색 변색이 발생된 지점을 중심으로 Fe, S, Ca, Mn의 농도가 높게 나타났다. 또한 적색 안료의 피복흔적이 있는 부분은 Fe의 함량이 신선한 부분보다 5배 높게 측정되었으며, 적철석을 원료로 하는 안료를 사용한 것으로 해석된다. 부재의 초음파속도는 1,350~1,400 m/s로 모든 방위에서 유사한 값을 나타냈으나 박리, 박락 및 균열이 발생한 부분은 1,000m/s 이하의 값을 보였다. 따라서 풍화가 심해 물성이 약해진 부위와 균열대는 강화처리 및 재접합이 필요하며, 접합 부위가 넓은 암편은 강화처리를 선행해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

The Bongamsa Jeongjindaesa Wonotap Pagoda (Treasure No. 171) constructed in the 10th century composed mainly of leucocratic granite with feldspar phenocryst. The major rock- forming minerals are quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase and some biotite. This pogoda is highly damaged physical weathering which are break-out, flakes, exfoliation and cracks. As a result of the infrared thermography on the surface of the pagoda, internal exfoliations occurred to cracks. Also, P-XRF analysis showed that Fe, S, Ca and Mn of concentration were so high in the discoloration parts. The coated part of red pigment has a high five times in Fe content than the fresh rock surface. This result suggests that material of red pigment is hematite. Ultrasonic velocity of the stone properties were from 831 to 2,457 m/s, but it measured velocity of less than 1,000m/s in part of damaged area. Therefore, we suggest for safety conservation for weathered parts of the pagoda, that is in want of rejoin and consolidation treatment about serious damage parts.

선운사 도솔암마애불(보물 제1200호)은 자연암반의 절벽에 새겨진 높이 13.0m의 거대한 마애불 좌상으로 응회암, 석영안산암질 각력응회암, 각력응회암 및 암편질 응회암 등의 화산암 복합체로 구성되어 있다. 마애불의 상부와 하부는 각각 열수변질과 세편화작용이 발생하였다. 이 마애불에 나타나는 손상유형을 크게 물리적, 화학적 및 생물학적 풍화로 구분하여 요인별 훼손상태를 정밀 진단한 결과, 물리적 풍화양상 중 박리박락과 결실이 각각 11.3%, 9.3%로 가장 높은 점유율을 보였다. 박리와 미세균열이 발생한 부분을 중심으로 적외선열화상 분석을 실시한 결과, 육안으로 확인되지 않았 던 박리가 함께 나타났다. 마애불 기반암의 화학적 풍화지수와 풍화잠재지수는 각각 55.16~64.01 및 6.14~9.92로서 상당한 풍화단계에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 표면변색은 암흑색, 적갈색 및 백색 변색이 주로 하부에서 두드러지며, 적갈색변색이 6.9%로 가장 높다. 이들의 P-XRF 측정결과, 공통적으로 Fe 농도가 높으며, 암흑색변색 부위에서는 Mn, 적갈색과 백색변색 부위에서는 S와 Ca의 함량이 높게 검출되었다. 생물학적 풍화는 황갈색 고착지의류와 흑회색 고착지의류가 각각 20.8%, 13.3%로 가장 높은 점유율을 보였다. 마애불의 종합적 훼손율을 비교하면 물리적 훼손이 21.2%, 무기오염물에 의한 변색이 10.8%, 생물학적 훼손율이 39.4%로 나타났다. 한편 마애불 표면 555지점에 대한 초음파속도 측정결과 1,067~3,215㎧(평 균 2,274㎧)의 범위로, 이를 풍화도지수로 환산하면 마애불은 중간풍화(MW)에서 완전한 풍화(HW) 단계에 속하는 것으로 나타났다.

The rock-carved Buddha statue at Dosolam (Korea Treasure No. 1200) of the Seonunsa temple in Gochang is unique style sculptured on natural rock cliff of 13.0m height. The Buddha statue is composed of volcanic complex with tuff, dacitic tuff breccia, tuff bereccia and lithic tuff. Especially, the Buddha statue is characterized by hydrothermal alteration and fragmentation on the upper and lower part. As a result of damage diagnosis, exfoliation and detachment of physical weathering are high of 11.3% and 9.3%, respectively. Infrared thermography analysis, exfoliation and micro-cracks occurred in the measuring parts that have not been confirmed by naked eyes. Chemical index of alteration and weathering potential index of host rock for the Buddha statue are 55.16 to 64.01 and 6.14 to 9.92 which are represented within highly weathering degree. In surface, dark black, reddish brown and white discoloration are observed prominently in the lower. Brown discoloration 6.9% is highest. According to the P-XRF measurements, high concentration of Fe in common, in part of dark black discoloration was Mn, white and brown discoloration in part of S and Ca content were higher. Biological weathering that yellowish brown and dark gray crustoes lichenes appeared by 20.8% and 13.3%, respectively. Therefore, comprehensive deterioration rate of Buddha statue show physical damage by 21.2%, discoloration for inorganic contaminants by 10.8% and biological damage by 39.4%. Ultrasonic velocity measurement carried out of Buddha statue on the surface by 555 points. Measured value of ultrasonic velocity was about 2,273㎧(1,067 to 3,215㎧), and weathering coefficient is 0.5(0.4 to 0.8) that progress on MW(moderately weathered) to HW(highly weathered) grade of rocks.

금산사미륵전벽화는 사찰벽화에서 나타나는 손상상태 중에서도 극히 심각한 상태에 놓여있다 . 이들 벽화에 대한 보존처리에 앞서 벽화의 구조, 특성, 손상유형 및 원인 등 거시적 관점에서 사전조사를 하고 그 결과에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 손상이 가장 심한 곳은 건물의 남측으로, 채색층과 마감층의 손상이 두드러지는 것으로 조사되었다. 채색층과 마감층 일부가 도막을 형성하며 얇은 두께로 벽체로부터 박리･박락되었으며, 상태가 심한 경우는 마감층 전체가 이탈되기도 하였다. 주요 손상원인은 건물 하중으로 인한 벽체의 균열 및 파손과 과거 보존처리에 사용된 보강재의 열화로 판단된다. 채색층 및 마감층의 손상은 환경적인 요소에서 기인하는 온습도 편차, 자외선으로 인한 물리화학적 손상과 과거 적용된 합성수지 고분자물질의 기계적 물성저하로 인한 영향 등이 상호 복합적으로 작용하여 발생한 것으로 보인다. 벽체의 균열, 박락과 과거 보강부위 이탈 등의 손상은 사찰벽화와 물성이 다른 보강재료의 사용과 유럽식 이전복원 공법의 무리한 적용에서 비롯되었다고 판단된다.

Since wall paintings in Maitreya Hall of Geumsan-sa temple had displayed a serious state of damage and deterioration, a detailed examination such as structural analysis of the wall, cause of damage, and the state of deterioration have been thoroughly conducted before the conservation treatment has commenced. The most seriously deteriorated part of the wall paintings was the south wall of the building in particular in its painted and surface layer. The painted layer had formed its own layer of thick, which has been separation from the surface layer. As such problem developed the whole surface layer has been separated from the wall. The problem has been caused by two reasons: 1. the heavy weight of the roof section and it caused cracks and damage on the wall; 2. the loss of function of consolidating material and it caused discolouring and the separation of surface layer from the wall. The cause of damage on the painted and surface layers can be assumed in two ways: 1. its surrounding environment such as the change of temperature and humidity level and ultraviolet rays ; 2. the loss of mechanical function of consolidating material, synthetic resin which had been applied in the past conservation treatment. The separation of layers from the wall and cracks was caused by the mistake in choosing an applicable consolidating material and dismantling technique which had ignored a different characteristic of the wall painting of Korean buddhist temples.

에폭시의 황변 현상은 도자기 복원재에 있어 항상 발생하는 문제로 알려져 있다. 이들의 재복원을 위해서는 반드시 이 에폭시의 제거가 선행되어야 하는 바, 본 논문에서는 이의 화학적인 제거법과 그 제거제의 특성들에 대하여 논의하고자 하였다. 이 논문에서 파손되어 에폭시로 복원된 다양한 형태의 도자기들에서 에폭시의 화학적 제거에 대하여 설명하였으며 디크로로메탄(Dichloromethane)과 Dichloromethane을 기초로 한 Dimethylformamide를 이용한 용액들이 나타내는 도자기 복원에 사용된 에폭시 제거법에 대하여 설명하였다. 이들 중, 특히 Dichloromethane + Dimethylformamide 용액을 이용할 경우, 색도의 변화, 광택도의 변화, 굽힘 강도의 변화, 무게의 변화, 표면도, 박리 시간에서 매우 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 이것은 Dichoromethane의 에폭시에 대한 팽윤 성질과 Dimethylformamide의 연화성 증진의 결과로 Dichloromethane은 에폭시와 도자기의 경계면을 팽윤시켜 박리시키면서, Dimethylformaide가 에폭시 자체의 경도를 낮춤으로 매우 약한 내부 결합을 가진 도자기라도 안정한 박리가 가능한 결과로 보인다. 또 이 용액의 직접적인 적용을 위하여 국내 대학 박물관 소장 청화백자모란문 양념단지의 재복원시의 에폭시 제거제로 이용하였으며, 매우 안정된 박리 현상을 발견할 수 있어 추후, 이를 이용하여 재 복원될 도자기 유물에 실적용할 경우, 완벽하고 안전하게 에폭시를 제거함으로 재복원될 에폭시 접착제의 제거에 충분히 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The yellowing is always occurred phenomena in epoxy restoration material of antic-ceramics. For re-restoration of remains with epoxy restoration material, the epoxy elimination step is the first one in all course of restoration. In this paper, the chemically elimination treatments methods of epoxy in various antic-ceramics were discussed. We fabricated the epoxy elimination material for antic-ceramics restoration which were made up Dichloromethane and Dichlormethane based Dimethylformamide solution. Dichloromethane and Dichloromethane + Dimethylformamide mixture were applied to epoxy in various antic-ceramic sample. Particularly, Dichloromethane + Dimethylformamide solution had the best result in variation of color change, gloss, vending strength, weight, exfoliation time test after deposition in this solution. Dichloromrthane had the volume increase characteristics for epoxy material and Dimethylformamide had the mollification ones. So, Dichloromathane increased exfoliation in approximal surface of the epoxy material and antic ceramic, and Dimethylformamide decreased the surface hardness of epoxy. In this result, epoxy material even inside of ceramic that have very weak inside bonding is adaptable and stable eliminated. And in order to show the perfect elimination of this material, we successfully dissolve the epoxy restoration material in one antic pottery that is in one university museum’s possession using this mixture. So, there is guarantee in the eternity and stabilization of restoration for antic-ceramics.

논산 개태사지석불입상(보물 제219호)은 담회색을 띠고 부분적으로 장석 반정을 함유하고 있는 중립 내지 조립질 의 화강섬록암으로 구성되어 있다. 구성암석의 전암대자율은 평균 12.06(×10-3 SI unit)으로 개태사지 배후의 천호산 (0.19×10-3 SI unit) 노두와는 많은 차이를 보이고 있어 석재의 외부 유입 가능성이 제기된다. 이 석불입상은 우협시불의 박리(35.2%), 본존불의 시멘트 보수물질(21.1%) 및 먼지(25.0%)가 주요한 손상현상으로 밝혀졌다. 초음파 속도는 본존 불 2850.2m/s, 좌협시불 2648.4m/s, 우협시불 2644.5m/s로 측정되었다. 이를 통해 산정한 일축압축강도는 우협시불이, 부위별로는 대좌에서 상대적으로 낮은 강도를 나타내어 손상도 평가 결과와 일치하였다. 석불입상이 봉안된 보호각 내부 의 연평균 기온은 13.7℃, 상대습도는 79.0%로, 계절에 따른 보호각 내부의 환경 변화는 근본적으로 외부의 변화를 따르 나 미기후 변동이 심하지 않아 비교적 안정된 실내 환경이 유지되고 있다. 석불입상의 대좌 표면에서는 봄과 여름철에 결로가 발생하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 겨울철에는 동결파괴가 우려된다. 이는 훼손도 평가와 초음파 탐사 결과에서 나타난 대좌의 풍화 및 강도 저하의 근본적인 요인일 가능성이 매우 크다 . 따라서 봄과 여름철에 집중 강우 시 실내의 제습과 한겨울에 기온 강하를 저감시킬 수 있는 조치가 필요하다.

The Gaetaesajiseokbulibsang (Treasure No. 219) consists of light gray and coarse to medium-grained granodiorite with feldspar phenocrysts in part. Magnetic susceptibility of the rock material was measured as 12.06(×10-3 SI unit), being different from the granite(0.19×10-3 SI unit) in the Mt. Cheonho. This indicates the raw material has been supplied from the outside. As a result of deterioration assessment, exfoliation of the Right Buddha, cement and dust of the Main Buddha were estimated as 35.2%, 21.1% and 25.0%. The ultrasonic velocity was measured as 2850.2m/s(Main Buddha), 2648.4m/s(Left Buddha) and 2644.5m/s(Right Buddha). The compressive strength calculated from the velocity showed low in the Right Buddha among three and the all pedestal parts which corresponds to the result of deterioration assessment. The indoor mean temperature and relative humidity of the shelter were 13.7℃ and 79.0%. It is evaluated that the indoor microclimate was stable and the shelter functioned to reduce climatic fluctuation of the outdoor. However, water condensation was occurred on the surface of the pedestal part during spring and summer, and freezing in winter season might also be done. These factors were probable to be a main cause of the surface exfoliation of the Triad Buddha Statues. Therefore, dehumidification and heating system in the shelter should be applied to prevent further deterioration.

석조문화재에서 나타나는 박리현상의 발생메커니즘과 염수용액에 의한 화학적 풍화와 관련된 그 원인을연구하였다. 박리편에 대하여 화학적, 광물학적, 물리적 분석을 수행하여 함유하고 있는 대표적인 염이 석고임을 밝혔다. 염의 작용을 이해하기 위하여 석고와 더불어 용해도가 상이한 황산나트륨을 공극율이 다른 응회암과 화강암에 처리하였다. Na2SO4 처리와 인공풍화를 거친 암석시료들의 모세관물흡수율은 약간 증가하였는데 이는 이 염에 의해 암석의 표면가까이에만 변화가 있었음을 의미한다. Na 2SO4는 암석의 표면공극내에서 결정화가 일어나 수화압과 결정압을 발생하여 얇은 박리를 형성하는 것으로 보인다. CaSO 42H 2적되므로 집적되는 양이 Na 2SO4 보다 더 많고, 표면에 집적되는 양보다 내부에 집적되는 양이 많아 물흡수량이 증가하는 결과를 보이는 것이며, 이러한 성질로 인하여 암석에 두꺼운 박리가 야기될 것으로 판단된다. 암석종에 따른 변화에서는 응회암의 경우, 큰 공극율과 높은 모세관물흡수율로 인하여 암석 내부의 깊이까지 들어가서 염이 집적하게로 보인다. 이에 비해 공극율과 모세관물흡수율이 낮은 화강암에서는 표면부위에서 집중적으로 염의 집적이 일어나서얇은 박리가 발생하는 것으로 판단된다.

The mechanism of stone exfoliation and its cause in relation to chemical weathering by soluble salt werestudied. Chemical, mineralogical and physical analysis was performed in exfoliation samples from stone monuments.The representative salt is gypsum in the exfoliation samples. In order to understand the salt reaction, stonesolubility. The capillary water uptakes are slight increased in impregnated with Na2SO4 and weathering simulation oftwo rock types. It means that the rock is deteriorated in the near of the surface by Na2SO4. CaSO42H2O bring out thethicker exfoliation than Na2SO4 because it is penetrated into the deeper zone and amount of accumulated salt is more30cycle of weathering simulation, but there are not significant symptoms of exfoliation in the granite by same condi-tion. This result was caused by the different capillary water uptakes and porosity of the rocks. In the tuff, salt solu-tions are penetrated into the inner part due to its high capillary water uptakes and porosity but the granite, which haslow value relatively, can be formed thinner exfoliation.

조선조 태조 7년(1398년)에 창건된 후 수 차례의 중수와 보수가 이루어진 숭례문은 현재에 이르러 극심한 환경의 변화에 의해 구성 암석이 매우 심하게 풍화되었을 뿐 아니라 암석 표면에 박리, 박락 및 균열 등이 발달되어 구조적 안정성에 대한 문제가 야기되어진 것으로 생각된다. 숭례문을 이루는 암석은 대부분이 화강암류이며 대체로 심하게 풍화되어 검게 변색되어 있을 뿐만 아니라 양파껍질 구조, 표면박리, 박락, 균열 및 가장자리 박락 등 여러 훼손 현상이 발달되어 있다 육안관찰에 의해 조사되어진 이러한 훼손양상들의 특징을 바탕으로 하여 성인적으로 구분하면 심한 풍화에 의해 나타나게된 표면박리와 박락, 양파껍질 구조, 그리고 편중된 하중에 의한 것, 충격에 의한 것, 그리고 원인을 알 수 없는 것 등으로 분류할 수 있다. 따라서 앞으로의 보존대책 수립을 위해서는 이러한 훼손양상들에 대하여 정량적인 방법에 의해 규명되어진 원인과 이를 바탕으로 구조적 안정성을 정밀 진단한 결과를 기초로 해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

After the construction (1398 year at first, secondarily reconstructed at 1448 year), the Soongryemoon (South Gate) had been preserved to late 19c without large damages. The present shape of the gate have been kept after the repairments of two times (1953, 1963). However, the rocks constituting the walls of the gate have been strongly weathered, exfoliated and cracked due to severe changes in the environment as traffic increase, air pollution and the subway which may seem also to cause the structural unstability. The rocks composed of the walls of the gate are almost of granites. On the rocks such deteriorations as onion structure, surface exfoliation, cracks, and edge breakout are developed. These deteriorations may be caused genetically by strong weathering, differential load due to possibly structural unstability, impact and unknown reasons. For the establishment of conservation plan, the factors of these deterioration phenomena and structural unstability must be quantitatively analyzed and diagnosed in detail.

This study shows a finding on the effects of using proteases extracted from Pyrus on skin and on exfoliating the outermost layer of the skin composed of keratin. Skin diagnosis including safety tests were performed in order to evaluate the applicability of the natural substance, pyrus protease. The results of the skin test(patch test, allergy test) on twenty randomly selected people in their 20's through 50's showed outstanding outcome in sensitivity and reactivity tests which supports the safety of this natural cosmetic substance. All the subjects in clinical trials who were asked to apply pyrus protease and observe any changes on their skin using COSCAM CCL-215x40 had less amount of dead skin and had an enhanced skin condition. Moreover, a survey of satisfaction on the clinical trial participants verified that the women acknowledged the effects of pyrus protease such as reduced amount of dead skin and overall skin improvement.

In the modern society, nail art reflects customers’ change of mood and their acts and preferences in addition to nail aesthetics. Dead skin cells on feet are caused by diverse bacteria and fungi such as dermatophytes. They spread various inflammatory diseases and bad smell. This study attempted to investigate how to handle such dead skin effectively for clean and healthy feet. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against a total of 50 adult women in their 20-50s in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do to examine how they deal with dead skin cells on their feet. To figure out an efficient away of handling such dead skin, pedi file and nail drill were used. Then, their satisfaction was comparatively analyzed. They said that they tend to get a pedicure to keep their feet and toenails clean and healthy, especially in summer. When asked what is important in selecting a salon, an employee’s skill and kindness were most responded. When asked how much they know about the pedicure, ‘toenail shaping’ and ‘toenail cutting’ were most responded. In terms of the treatment length and method, they said that a pedicure with nail drill is more effective than a pedicure with pedi files. It is anticipated that the above results would be useful for the growth and development of related industries.

现代的美甲不仅反映了人们对美的追求，还提供了一定的情绪价值、反映了问题改善等行为与消费者偏好。脚部角质由各种细菌及脚气菌等引起，可引发多种炎症性疾病及恶臭。为了解维持清洁健康的脚部角质有效管理方法，本文以釜山、庆南地区的50名20-50多岁的女性为研究对象，以问卷的形式调查了人们对脚部角质管理的认识及实态，并使用美甲锉和磨甲器进行了比较实验，分析了其满意程度。据调查，脚部护理的目的源于，在脚部裸露较多的夏季，人们想要维持脚部的健康和清洁，人们在选择美甲店时主要考虑的因素是职员的专业性和亲切度，足部管理方面，主要进行脚指甲形状与长度的调节。针对脚部管理时间和管理方法而言，磨甲器比美甲锉更加有效。本研究成果将为美甲产业的发展提供基础资料，为其应用型研究提供支持。

A layered perovskite of Dion-Jacobson phase, $RbLaTa_2O_7$, was successfully exfoliated into colloidal suspension via successive ion-exchange and intercalation reaction. The pristine perovskite $RbLaTa_2O_7$ was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction, and then, it was ion-exchanged with hydrochloric acid to obtain a protonic form of perovskite. The resulting proton-exchanged perovskite was reacted with ethylamine to increase interlayer spaces for further intercalation reaction. Finally, the ethylamine-intercalated form was exfoliated into nanosheets via an intercalation of bulky organic cations (tetrabutylammonium). According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the TBA-intercalated form showed remarkably increased interlayer spacing (${\Delta}d$ = 1.67 nm) in comparison with that of the pristine material. Transmission electron microscopic image of exfoliated perovskite clearly revealed that the present exfoliated perovskite were composed of very thin layers. This exfoliated perovskite nanosheets could be applicable as building blocks for fabricating functional nanocomposites.

For the past 50 years, graphite has been widely used as a moderator, reflector and fuel matrix in different kinds of gas-cooled reactors. Resulting in approximately 250,000 metric tons of irradiated graphite waste. One of the most significant long-lived radioisotope from graphite reactors is carbon-14 ($^{14}C$) with a half-life of 5730 years, this makes it a huge concern for deep geologic disposal of nuclear graphite (NG). Considering the lifecycle of NG a number of waste management options have been developed, mainly focused on the achievement the radiological requirements for disposal. The existing approaches for recycling depend on the cost to be economically viable. In this new study, an affordable process to remove $^{14}C$ has been proposed using samples taken from the Nuclear Power Plant in Latina (Italy) which have been used to investigate the capability of organic and inorganic solvents in removing $^{14}C$ from exfoliated nuclear graphite, with the aim to design a practicable approach to obtain graphite for recycling or/and safety disposed as L& LLW.

Large-size graphene samples are successfully prepared by combining ultrosonic assisted liquid phase exfoliation process with oxidation-deoxidation method. Different from previous works, we used an ultrasound-treated expanded graphite as the raw material and prepared the graphene via a facile oxidation-reduction reaction. Results of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm the crystal structure of the as-prepared graphene. Scanning electron microscopy images show that this kind of graphene has a large size (with a diameter over $100{\mu}m$), larger than the graphene from graphite powder and flake graphite prepared through single oxidation-deoxidation method. Transmission electron microscopy results also reveal the thin layers of the prepared graphene (number of layers ${\leq}3$). Furthermore, the importance of preprocessing the raw materials is also proven. Therefore, this method is an attractive way for preparing graphene with large size.

Herpes zoster is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, an infection most commonly affecting the thoracolumbar trunk. Herpes Zoster Infection (HZI) may affect the cranial nerves, most frequently the trigeminal. HZI of the trigeminal nerve distribution network manifests as multiple, painful vesicular eruptions of the skin and mucosa which are innervated by the infected nerves. Oral vesicles usually appear after the skin manifestations. The vesicles rupture and coalesce, leaving mucosal erosions without subsequent scarring in most cases. The worst complication of HZI is post-herpetic neuralgia; other complications include facial scarring, motor nerve palsy and optic neuropathy. Osteonecrosis with spontaneous exfoliation of the teeth is an uncommon complication associated with HZI of the trigeminal nerve. We report several cases of osteomyelitis appearing on the mandible, caused by HZI, and triggering osteonecrosis or spontaneous tooth exfoliation.

Herpes zoster is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, an infection most commonly affecting the thoracolumbar trunk. Herpes Zoster Infection (HZI) may affect the cranial nerves, most frequently the trigeminal. HZI of the trigeminal nerve distribution network manifests as multiple, painful vesicular eruptions of the skin and mucosa which are innervated by the infected nerves. Oral vesicles usually appear after the skin manifestations. The vesicles rupture and coalesce, leaving mucosal erosions without subsequent scarring in most cases. The worst complication of HZI is post-herpetic neuralgia; other complications include facial scarring, motor nerve palsy and optic neuropathy. Osteonecrosis with spontaneous exfoliation of the teeth is an uncommon complication associated with HZI of the trigeminal nerve. We report several cases of osteomyelitis appearing on the mandible, caused by HZI, and triggering osteonecrosis or spontaneous tooth exfoliation.

Bio-based PETG (bio-based glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate, Ecozen T95) / clay (organo-modified montmorillonite, OMMT, C10A) nanocomposites were prepared by co-rotating twin screw extruder attached with supercritical carbon dioxide ($scCO_2$) injection system. The effects of nano-clay and $scCO_2$ on the properties of PETG/clay nanocomposites were investigated by measuring thermal, rheological, tensile, impact, and barrier properties. The thermal and mechanical properties decreased with increasing nano-clay content, but they recovered or even exceeded the properties of neat PETG as $scCO_2$ was added. It was verified due to a good dispersion of the nano-clay in PETG matrix for PETG/clay nanocomposites by XRD, SEM, and TEM. It was thought that $scCO_2$ could be an effective exfoliation agent for many nanocomposites systems as well as for bio-based PET/clay nanocomposites.

The approach studied in the present work produced an exfoliated state of clay layers via confinement of the charged nano-sized polystyrene (PS) beads within the gallery of swollen pristine clay. It was demonstrated that adsorption of the polymer nanobeads dramatically promotes expansion of the clay gallery. A comparative study of incorporation was conducted by employing organo-modified clay along with two different colloid polymer systems: electrostatically stabilized PS nanobeads and cationic monomer-grafted PS nanobeads. The mechanism of adsorption of the monomer-grafted polymer beads onto clay via cationic exchange between the alkyl ammonium group of the polymer nanobeads and the interlayer sodium cation of the layered silicate was verified by using several techniques. As distinct from the polymer nanobeads formed using conventional miniemulsion polymerization method, competitive adsorption of stabilizing surfactant molecules was be prevented by grafting the surface functional groups into the polymer chain, thereby supporting the observed effective adsorption of the polymer beads. The presence of surface functional groups that support the establishment of strong polymer-clay interactions was suggested to improve the compatibility of the clay with the polymer matrix and eventually play a crucial role in the performance of the final nanocomposites.

An attempt has been made to understand the influence of retrogression and re-aging (RRA) on the exfoliation corrosion behaviour of AA 7085 alloy in comparison with the peak aged condition (PA). Immersion tests using ASTM G34 and studies involving electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the RRA treated alloy provided higher resistance to exfoliation corrosion than the PA treated alloy. The improved resistance was attributed to the enhanced Cu content and the discontinuous nature of the grain boundary precipitate, which was revealed through transmission electron microscopy.