Earticle

The report of an investigation into the performance of mortar specimens made with recycled fine aggregate (RA) exposed to sodium sulfate solution for 360 days is presented in this paper. Mechanical properties of mortar specimens such as visual examination, compressive strength, expansion and mass loss were periodically monitored. From the test results, it was found that mortar specimens with higher replacement levels of RA exhibited poor performance in sodium sulfate solution. However, compared to mortar specimens without RA, those with lower replacement levels of RA (up to 50% by mass) was more resistant to sulfate attack. Through the x-ray diffraction analysis, it was confirmed that the main products causing sulfate deterioration in RA mortar specimens were the formation of gypsum and thaumasite.

Purpose: This study was done to develop an instrument to measure the work environment in nursing homes and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: Instrument development was conducted in three phases: development of the initial questionnaire, content validity and pilot-testing, and construct validity and reliability testing. Participants were 184 nurses from 62 nursing homes in South Korea. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and examination of internal consistency were used to verify the psychometric properties of the instrument. Results: The final model derived from the factor analysis yielded 27 items across five domains: nurses’ participation in nursing home affairs; well-defined scope of practice; nurse managers’ ability, leadership, and support of nurses; staff and resource adequacy; and communication and coordination. The fit indices in the confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable. Total Cronbach’s ? was .93 (sub-domains ranged .77~.88). Conclusion: The results indicate that the selected items are suitable for measuring the work environment of nursing homes in South Korea. This instrument may be useful in nursing home-related research and may be used to improve the health outcomes of older adults in nursing homes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an increase in psychological distress, burnout, and workloads among public school teachers. This study aimed to explore the teachers' experiences regarding the impact of the pandemic on their mental health and burnout. Nine teachers who were currently working in public schools in Seoul, South korea were invited to participate in focus group interviews (FGI). Data from FGIs were combined and analyzed thematically. The open codes were grouped and categorized by identifying and classifying the overlapping concepts into focused codes, which were then conceptualized into sub-themes and final themes. The analysis revealed three main themes of the COVID-19 pandemic-related challenges across public schools in Seoul. 1) Schools have no vitality; 2) Online classes are energy-consuming; and 3) Teachers are vulnerable middlemen. The results of this study offer insight into teachers' perceptions of the unique position in which they are in to support students and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Limitations of the study and implications for future research were also discussed.

Purpose: This study was conducted to provide fundamental data for improving the quality of care by investigating the relationships of critical reflection competency, nursing practice environment, job crafting, and person-centered care among tertiary hospital nurses. Additionally, the study sought to identify the factors influencing person-centered care. Methods: Data were collected from 132 tertiary hospital nurses with at least 1 year of work experience via an online survey conducted in January 2023. Results: Person-centered care varied significantly according to age, clinical experience, and department. Significant correlations of person-centered care with critical reflection competency (r=.77, p<.001), nursing practice environment (r=.46, p<.001), and job crafting (r=.71, p<.001) were observed. Factors contributing to person-centered care among tertiary hospital nurses included critical reflection competency (β=.46, p<.001) and job crafting (β=.40, p<.001), with an explanatory power of 70.2%. Conclusion: To provide ethically enhanced person-centered care in tertiary hospitals, various training programs must be developed to strengthen nurses' critical reflection competency and job crafting skills.

Purpose: This study examined factors influencing geriatric nursing stress among general hospital nurses, with a focus on the nursing practice environment, slow nursing, and living a calling. Methods: This descriptive correlational study surveyed 176 nurses with recent experience in geriatric nursing using an online questionnaire administered in September 2025. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 25.0. Results: Geriatric nursing stress was negatively correlated with living a calling (r = ?.19, p = .013) and the nursing practice environment (r = ?.29, p < .001), but positively correlated with slow nursing (r = .29, p < .001). Among the subdomains, staffing and resource adequacy within the nursing practice environment (r = ?.37, p < .001) and comfort provision within slow nursing (r = .32, p < .001) showed the strongest associations with geriatric nursing stress. In multiple regression analysis, staffing and resource adequacy (β = ?.24, p = .011) and comfort provision (β = .23, p = .009) were significant predictors of geriatric nursing stress, collectively explaining 27% of the variance. Conclusion: Improving staffing and resource adequacy within the nursing practice environment may help reduce geriatric nursing stress. Because comfort provision was identified as a positive predictor of stress, organizational strategies are needed to support nurses in delivering comfort-focused care without increasing stress. Reducing geriatric nursing stress is critical for promoting nurse well-being and ensuring organizational sustainability.

Purpose: According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the turnover rate of nurses working at regional trauma centers is 27.6%, which is almost double the turnover rate of 13.8% of all nurses in 2018. The turnover of nurses lowers the morale of the remaining nurses and increases their workload, negatively affecting hospital operation. This study aimed to investigate the mediation effect of grit on the relationship between the working environment and intention to stay at work among regional trauma center nurses, to reduce the turnover rate and improve their intention to stay at work. Methods: The participants were 185 nurses with more than six months of clinical experience working at 16 regional trauma centers in South Korea. The data were collected using structured questionnaires from July 1, 2022 to July 31, 2022, and analysis was conducted using SPSS/WIN 25.0 programs. Results: The intention to stay at work among regional trauma center nurses was different depending on age (F=6.32, p=.002), marital status (F=-3.66, p<.001), education level (F=5.29, p=.006), and total clinical experience (F=4.22, p=.007). Grit was found to have a complete mediating effect on the relationship between work environment and intention to stay at work (Z=4.49, p<.001). Conclusion: To lower the turnover rate of trauma nurses and increase their intention to stay at work, it is necessary to subdivide the intervention program for various ages and clinical career, and to develop a mediation program that can improve nurses' grit by improving the working environment.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the attitudes of acute care nurses towards dementia, their critical reflection competency, and the level of nursing work environment and to identify the factors relating to person-centered nursing. Methods: The study was conducted for 149 nurses with at least 1 year of experience working in acute care hospitals and providing nursing care to hospitalized elderly patients. The measurements used were the Dementia Attitude Scale Korean version, the Critical Reflection Competency Scale, the Nursing Work Environment Scale, and the Person-Centered Nursing Assessment Tool. The collected data were analyzed with frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression using IBM SPSS 29.0 software. Results: The factors influencing person-centered nursing performance were critical reflection competency (β=.49, p<.001), attitudes towards dementia (β=.29, p<.001), and clinical career (β=-.26, p=.024), having the explanation power of 59.6%. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that critical reflection competency, attitudes towards dementia, and clinical career have an impact on person-centered nursing performance. Specifically, higher levels of critical reflection competency and positive attitudes towards dementia were predictors with higher levels of person-centered nursing performance. Therefore, to enhance person-centered nursing performance among acute care nurses, it is important to prioritize critical reflection training programs for experienced nurses to enhance their critical reflection competency.

The characteristics of 124 Phytolacca americana present areas and 88 surrounding absent areas over the country were investigated and compared from July 2016 to Sept 2017. The Phytolacca americana was confirmed as having been nationally distributed and is usually found in roadsides at an altitude of 380 m (26%), forest edges (24%), forests (19%), sunny spots (60%), dry soils (53%), sandy loams (31%) and sand＋gravel soils (22%). 321 taxons consisting of 79 families, 209 genera, 289 species, 2 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 cultivars and 286 taxons consisting of 76 families, 195 genera, 256 species, 2 subspecies, 24 varieties and 4 cultivars were found in the Phytolacca americana present areas and the absent areas, respectively. The relative net contribution degree was found highest in the Phytolacca americana (100) followed by Robinia pseudoacacia (29.4), Humulus japonicus (8.8) and Artemisia princeps (6.0) in the present areas, while it was found highest in Robinia pseudoacacia (100) followed by Humulus japonicus (44.4), Artemisia princeps (35.9), Pueraria lobata (18.6) and Setaria viridis (12.3) in the absent areas. The Raunkier’s life form in the present/absent areas was found highest in the therophytes (34%/34%), followed by hemicryptophytes (17%/18%), megaphanerophytes and mesophanerophytes (18%/17%), nanophanerophytes (11%/11%) and geophytes (9%/11%). There was no significant difference in the species diversity between the present (2.141) and the absent (2.124) areas. However, the allelopathic agent and light blocked-out by the Phytolacca americana could possibly inhibit germination and the development of other species; especially, where a difference in species diversity was found high in forests, compared to other habitats (p=0.0605). Accordingly, it is suggested to review possible disturbances of native species habitats in shady spots including forest gaps, although the effect of Phytolacca americana on the ecological system in the suburban open and disturbed areas is not large.

Today, technologies and automation have been accelerated up in the industrial workplace. Nevertheless, many systems still require humans to handle materials manually. The Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of modern human being's most common and complex ailments. Many risk factors with the onset of LBP have been identified, however, lifting out of Manual Material Handling(MMH) was the most important factor to the LBP. The Virtual Reality(VR) is used in a variety of ways and often in a confusion and misleading manner. In order to solve the prevention of the LBP, a lifting box was translated in the Virtual Environment(VE). As simulating under the VE, optimal lifting works could be constructed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the chronical low back pain for the manual material handlers.

This paper firstly defines language learning strategies and briefly reviews the literature on the relationship between strategies and success in language learning. It then describes a study involving two language learners studying at the same language school in Auckland, New Zealand and living in the same homestay, an accommodation arrangement involving placing international students with local families. The two students in this study were both females from East Asia who had come to New Zealand to study in an English-speaking environment. Meg, who was 26 years old, wanted to learn English to prepare herself for her new job, and Kay, who was 19, wanted to learn English to go on to university. They arrived in New Zealand to start their courses at the same time, and were initially placed at the same level (Elementary). It soon became clear, however, that Meg was making much faster progress with her language learning than Kay. This paper looks at a range of variables which might have affected the progress of these two students. A number of strategies are identified which Meg was observed to use frequently and effectively, and suggestions are made regarding the implications of these findings for successful language teaching and learning.

본 연구는 친환경적 도시대기환경을 위한 도시계획 제안연구로서 유사한 지형을 띄고, 지리적으로 도 인접하지만 대기환경은 차이가 있는 대전시와 청주시의 지형요인, 도시특성요인, 대기요인을 토 대로 비교분석해 보았다. 2016년 기준 미세먼지농도 상위 10일간 공기의 흐름을 비교분석한 결과 청주시는 대전시보다 미세먼지농도 상위 10일간 대기의 흐름이 정체되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 분지형 도시중심에 공업단지가 위치해있어, 외부의 미세먼지와 도심의 미세먼지가 지형적 영향으로 대기가 순환하지 못하고 정체되어, 대기의 오염도가 더 높게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 친환경적 도시대기환경 개발을 위한 공기 흐름 유도에 대한 대안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 찬 공기 생성 지역으로서 도시외곽의 자연지역, 도시 내의 대규모 녹지대 그리고 충분한 면적을 가진 수공간 지역 을 조성하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째 찬 공기를 축적할 수 있는 지역이 필요하다. 셋째, 공기의 흐름이 가능한 통로지역이 필요하다.

This research conducted a comparative analysis of Daejeon and Cheongju City which are geographically adjacent and have similar topography but different air environment in order to suggest an urban planning framework for environmentally-friendly urban air environment. It is found that the Cheongju City has a higher level of air pollution than Daejeon since the industrial complex is located in the downtown basin and thus high fine dust concentration is not circulated well. The suggested alternatives for inducing air flow for environmentally- friendly urban air environment are as follows. First, it is necessary to construct natural areas in urban outskirts, large green zones inside the city, and sufficient pond area as they are creating cold air. Second, there is a need of areas to accumulate cold air. Third, it would need a passage area allowing air flow.

가상현실이란 디지털로 표현된 가상 환경을 뜻하며 인터넷 쇼핑, 아바타 등 기본적으로 디지털 환경을 일컫는 단어이며, 최근에는 머리에 장착하는 디스플레이(HMD : Head Mounted Display)의 등장으로 사용자가 현실과 유 사한 환경을 직접 경험하는 체험형 콘텐츠로서 의미를 확장했다. 현재 가상현실은 게임을 비롯한 힐링 콘텐츠, 관광, 군사 시뮬레이션 다양한 분야에서 주목받고 있으며 HMD의 보급 또한 활발하다. 사용자가 가상현실 콘텐 츠를 체험하기 위해서는 몇 가지 제약이 발생하는데, 사용자의 시야가 차단되 현실공간감각이 상실된다. 따라서 기존에 사용되었던 입력장치인 키보드, 마우스 등의 사용에 어려움이 있으며 HMD를 개발하는 개발사들은 위의 문제를 해결하고자 가상현실 체험에 특화된 핸드트래킹 디바이스를 제공한다. 하지만 이 또한 상호작용, 이동, 제스처가 손에 집중되어있어 가상환경에 익숙하지 않은 이용자의 사용자 편의가 낮다. 본 논문은 이러한 이동의 문제를 아두이노를 통해 제작한 발 트레킹 디바이스로 이동을 분리시켜 해결하고자 하였다. IMU의 각속도계와 가속도계를 이용해 다리의 궤적을 측정하려 하였고, 이때 발생한 오차는 상보필터를 통해 해결하였다. 또한 기 본적으로 발생하는 센싱-통신-연산 과정에서의 노이즈는 두가지 이동평균기법과 생략평균값을 이용해 안정화 시 켰다. 사용자는 해당 장비와 Oculus Rift를 착용하고 Unity3d환경으로 구축된 실험환경에서 임무 수행 속도, 이 동방향 오차율등을 측정해 기존 HMD컨트롤러와 본 논문에서 제시하는 컨트롤러를 비교 검증했다. 실험 결과 임무 수행 속도와 이동 오차율 모두에서 본 논문에서 제시하는 장치가 우수한 데이터를 제공하였다. 본 실험 결 과를 토대로 이동조작 분리가 높은 접근성을 제공한다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 논문은 HMD 이동 컨트롤러를 포 함한 이후 개발되는 다양한 사용자 제스처 인식 컨트롤러에도 적용 가능할것으로 보인다.

In order for a user to experience virtual reality contents, there are some restrictions, and the user's view is blocked and the sense of reality is lost. Therefore, it is difficult to use keyboard, mouse, etc. which are used in the past. Developers who develop HMD provide a hand tracking device specialized in virtual reality experience to solve the above problem. However, this also has a low concentration of interactivity, movement, and gestures in the hands, which makes the user unfamiliar with the virtual environment less user friendly. In this paper, we tried to resolve the problem of movement by separating the movement from a foot trekking device made by Arduino. The trajectories of the legs were measured using the IMU's accelerometer and gyro, In this case, the error was solved through the Complementary filter. Noise in the basically generated (sensing, communication, and computation) is stabilized by using moving average techniques and omission average. The user measured the speed of mission performance and the error rate of movement in the experimental environment constructed with Unity3d environment by wearing the equipment and Oculus Rift. We compared the existing HMD controller with the controller presented in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed system provides excellent data for both mission speed and error rate. Based on the results of this experiment, it is confirmed that separation of mobile operation provides high accessibility. This paper will be applicable to various user gesture recognition controllers developed later including mobile controllers.

최근, 다양한 국가에서 기업가정신의 발전에 관심을 가지고 있으며, 특히 여성을 대상으로 기업가정 신을 적극적으로 장려하고 있다. 왜냐하면 여성 기업가정신의 성공적인 발전은 경제 성장과 사회 발전 을 촉진하고, 일자리를 창출하고, 고용 압력을 완화시킬 수 있다. 더불어 경제 환경을 개선할 수 있고, 여성의 사회적, 가족적 지위 그리고 양성평등을 촉진할 수 있다. 중국 뿐 만 아니라 여성 사업가들은 학 술 연구의 초점이 되고 있으며, 여성 기업가에 대한 연구는 남녀 간 성별 비교나 남성 중심의 환경에서 만 국한되지 않고. 다양한 연구들이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 창업환경, 기업가적 학습이 여성기업가의 창업성과에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 실 천적 제언과 정책적 제언하는데 있다. 다음의 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 문헌연구와 설문 조사를 진 행하였다. 첫째, 여성기업가의 현황과 문제점을 조사하여 여성기업가의 정확한 자료와 실태를 보여주고 자 한다. 둘째, 본 연구는 창업과정이론을 바탕으로 창업환경과 창업성과를 토대로 여성창업과 관련된 이슈를 탐색하고, 여성기업가 정신에서 창업환경이 창업기업의 발전에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 분석하 고자 한다. 셋째, 여성기업가 정신 이론, 젠더 이론, 기업가적 학습 이론을 토대하여 SPSS26.0 및 AMOS27.0을 이용하여 창업 환경, 기업가 학습 및 창업 성과 간의 관계를 규명하고자 한다. 본 연구는 중국 여성기업가 565명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 여성기업가의 창업환경, 기업가 적 학습, 창업성과와 관련한 자료를 수집하여 연구모형을 검증하였다. 연구결과. 여성기업가의 창업환 경, 기업가적 학습은 창업성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 여성기업가의 기업가 적 학습은 창업환경이 창업성과에 미치는 영향에서 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 결과 를 토대로 중국 여성기업가의 창업성과를 향상하기 위한 실천적, 정책적 제언을 제시하였다.

Nowadays, most countries attach great importance to the development of entrepreneurship and encourage women to choose the path of entrepreneurship because the successful development of entrepreneurial activities can not only promote economic growth, promote social progress, create jobs, and relieve employment pressure, but also help to improve the social and family status of women and promote gender equality. Female entrepreneurs are becoming the focus of scholarly research. Research on female entrepreneurs is being conducted directly and separately, rather than being limited to a comparison of gender differences between men and women or in a male-dominated environment. The research purpose is to achieve the following objectives through data research on entrepreneurial women and questionnaire analysis. First, to investigate the current situation and problems of female entrepreneurs, to show the accurate data and actual status of female entrepreneurs. Second, based on the entrepreneurial process theory, this study explores the issues related to female entrepreneurs, combining entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial performance, and analyzes how the entrepreneurial environment affects the development of entrepreneurial enterprises in female entrepreneurship.Third, this study analyzes the process of female entrepreneurship by combining entrepreneurship theory, gender theory, and entrepreneurial learning theory and explores the relationship between entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial learning, and entrepreneurial performance by using SPSS26.0 and AMOS27.0. This study used literature research, questionnaire research, and other research methods to conduct questionnaire research on 565 female entrepreneurs, collected data related to their entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial learning, and entrepreneurial performance, and constructed a model of the female entrepreneurial process. The study also explores the factors and mechanisms that influence female entrepreneurial performance. Research results show that entrepreneurial environment has a significant positive impact on both entrepreneurial performance and entrepreneurial learning of female entrepreneurs, and entrepreneurial learning plays a significant mediating role between entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial performance.

본 연구에서는 소방안전관리자와 소방공무원을 대상으로 소방업무 수행과 관련한 제도 및 운영상의문제점과 실태 등에 관한 인식조사를 실시하여 분석결과를 바탕으로 소방안전관리의 제도적 환경개선을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 소방안전관리 업무를 전담할 수 있도록 제도적 개선을 통해국가기술자격자 등을 소방안전관리자로 선임하여 대상물의 안전관리를 강화해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 소방대상물의 소방안전관리 체계 구축을 위해 소방안전관리자에 대한 실질적이고 체계적인 교육프로그램을 개발⋅운영해야 한다. 셋째, 안전관리자가 상주하여 소방안전관리 업무에만 전담토록 상주근무체제를 강화해야 한다. 넷째, 전문성과 현장 경험을 확보할 수 있는 프로그램 개발⋅운영이필요하다. 다섯째, 소방안전관리제도 개선을 위해서는 규제적인 법 규정이 아닌 자율적인 관리를위한 인센티브가 요구되며, 지켜지지 않는 소방대상물에 대해서는 적극적인 규제와 소방안전관리제도에 대한 인식 확산이 필요하다.

This study aims to explore the perception on the institutional and operational issues pertaining to fire-fighting performance, using the responses from fire-fighting officers and fire safety managers. The research findings suggest implications for improving institutional environments in fire safety management. First, it is necessary to have nationally qualified technicians as fire safety managers who can be exclusively responsible for tasks in fire safety management in a way to enhance safety management. Second, practical and systematic education programs need to be developed targeting fire safety managers so that the fire safety management system can be established. Third, it is necessary to have full-time fire safety managers at the sites. Fourth, programs enabling trainees to gain skills and field experiences should be developed and operated.

국제연합은 1975년에 "장애인 권리선언"을 결의하였고, 1981년을 "세계 장애인의 해"로 결정하였다. 우리나라에서도 1981년 6월 5일, 법률 제 3452호 "심신장애자 복지법"을 제정, 공포하였고 1989년 12월 30일 "장애인 복지법"으로 개정하였다. 한편, 미국에서는 1990년 7월 26일 George Bush 전 대통령이 "The American with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA)"에 서명하였다. 이 법은 인종, 성별, 출신지, 그리고 종교에 관계없이 장애자에게도 같은 시민 권리 보호를 제공한다는 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 장애인을 위해 설계된 건물이나 시설물들이 그렇게 많지 않다는데 그 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 신체 장애인에게 “동등한 생활의 질”을 제공하자는 데 있다. 그에 따른 목표로써 신체장애에 대한 구분이 이루어 졌고, 이동 수단으로서의 wheelchair에 대해 조사되었고, ADA accessibility guidelines가 분석되었다. 또한 인간공학과 감성공학으로 재활공학에 접근하였으며 가상현실이 이용되는 현 추세도 연구되었다. 결론적으로, 제시된 guidelines를 이용하여 가상현실의 세계에서 충분히 simulation을 마친 후에 장애인을 위한 좀더 과학적이고 합리적인 건물 또는 시설물 그리고 wheelchair를 제작할 수 있으면 한다.과학적이고 합리적인 건물 또는 시설물 그리고 wheelchair를 제작할 수 있으면 한다.

이 연구의 목적은 청소년의 안전한 근로환경 조성을 위한 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 첫째, 청소년 근로 현황과 근로현장에서의 안전 실태를 살펴보았다. 둘째, 청소년 근로 관계법들을 통해 근로청소년의 개념을 살펴보고, 청소년 근로 보호 및 안전에 대한 규정들이 가진 한계점을 확인하였 다. 셋째, 해외에서의 청소년 근로안전 규정 및 지침을 살펴보고 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구 결과 국내 청소년의 근로안전 향상을 위한 방안으로 첫째, 근로청소년의 기본적 근로 보장을 포함한 환경 적 측면에서의 안전권 개념 정립의 필요성과, 둘째, 연소근로자 채용 또는 작업에 사용 시 선행되어 야 할 교육 의무 조항 포함 등과 같은 청소년의 근로안전 관련 규정 마련의 필요성을 제안하였다.

The purpose of the study is to find ways to create safe working environment for young people in South Korea. We first investigated youth labor status and safety conditions in their workplace, and then examined the laws and regulations pertaining to youth work safety. Further, we reviewed the legal foundations of youth work safety in other countries to draw implications for Korea. Based on these analyses, the following practical measures were proposed to improve youth work safety in Korea. First, the concept of the safety right of young workers should be established in environmental aspects, including fundamental labor assurance. Second, work safety regulations for teenagers should be established, including mandatory training that must be preceded before hiring young workers.