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본 연구는 대학생의 생활스트레스가 공격성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. 연구대상은 D시에 재학 중인 대학생 262명이었으며, 자료수집 기간은 2017년 9월 5일부터 7일까지 3일간이었다. 연구도구는 대학생활스트레 스 도구와 공격성 도구를 사용하였으며, 자료분석은 IBM SPSS 25.0 프로그램을 사용하였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 대상자의 생활스트레스는 학업관련 스트레스가 가장 높았다. 일반적 특성에 따른 공격성은 성별(t=4.43, p <.001), 전공(F=13.66, p <.001)에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 대학생의 공격성은 대인관계 문제(r=.49, p <.001), 학업 문제 (r=.34, p <.001), 경제 문제(r=.34, p <.001), 장래 문제(r=.35, p <.001), 가치관 문제(r=.31, p <.001)와 각각 양의 상관관 계가 있었다. 대학생의 공격성에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 대인관계 문제, 자연계열 전공, 학업 문제로 이들 요인은 공격성을 30% 설명하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 대학생의 생활스트레스의 정도 및 공격성에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 파악 할 수 있었으며, 이를 통하여 대학생의 공격성 관리를 위한 프로그램 구성의 방향을 제시했다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 둘 수 있다.

This study was examined the influences of life stress on the aggression of college students. For this purpose 262 college students in Daegu completed the related study. Data were collected from September 5 to September 7, 2017. Collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25.0. The major findings were as follow; 1) The life stress of the subject was the highest in study problem. 2) There were significant differences in aggression according to gender(t=4.43, p <.001) and major(F=13.66, p <.001). 3) The aggression was positively correlated with interpersonal problem(r=.49, p <.001), study problem(r=.34, p <.001), economic problem(r=.34, p <.001), future problem(r=.35, p <.001) and value problem(r=.31, p <.001). 4) The factors affecting to aggression were interpersonal problem, science and engineering, and study problem, and these factors accounted for 30% of aggression. Through this study, it was possible to grasp the degree of life stress and the influencing factors of aggression of college students. And the significance of this study is to suggest the direction of program for the management of aggression of college students.

Objectives: Income inequality in Korea has been increasing since the economic crisis in 1997 and was reported to be the highest in Asia in 2016. Based on the health inequity perspective, inequality leads to health problems among its members, and the path is usually explained by a psychosocial factor playing the mediating role. This study examined the influence of economic deprivation on problem drinking, with a specific focus on understanding the path between economic deprivation and problem drinking. Methods: The study utilized the 8th Wave of Korean Welfare Panel (2013), using a sample of 13,553 adults. Main variables included the experience of economic deprivation, perceived income inequality, depressive mood, and problem drinking. Results: Results from path analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between experiences of economic deprivation and problem drinking, and the relationship was mediated by depressive mood. Another path indicated that the economic deprivation influenced perceived income inequality, which led to increased problem drinking via higher depressive mood. The path between perceived income inequality and problem drinking was non-significant, confirming the notion that perceived inequality influences one’s health via psychosocial factors. Conclusion: The study results supported previous studies examining the effect of deprivation on one’s health. Implications of the study findings include the need to examine problem drinking from a broader perspective by understanding the influence of socioeconomic factors.

이 연구의 목적은 타국의 배타적 경제수역에서의 정보 수집 등의 군사 활동이 국제 법상 인정될 수 있는가, 연안국이 자국 배타적 경제수역에서의 타국의 훈련·연습 등을 국제법상 규제할 수 있는가 하는 문제를 다루고자 하는 것이다. 해양에 있어서의 군사 활동의 문제는 제3차 유엔해양법회의에서도 크게 검토되지 않고, 해양법에 관한 국제 연합조약(이하, 유엔 해양법 협약)의 규정도 배타적 경제수역에서의 군사활동에 대해 서는 명확하지 않기 때문에 여러 국가의 견해 등도 나뉘어져 있기 때문이다. 해양제도의 변천을 조감하면, 영해제도 확립의 계기가 연안국의 안전보장과 밀접 한 관련을 가지고 있었다고 할 수 있는 반면, 배타적 경제수역제도 확립의 계기는 해양선진국 어선의 어로로부터 자국 연안 어업자원을 보호하고자 연안국이 의도한 것으로, 안전보장과의 관련성은 인정되지 않는다. 또한 유엔 해양법 협약 중 영해에 관한 규정 중에는 연안국의 안전보장 상 이익 확보에 관한 것이 있는 반면 배타적 경제수역에 관한 규정 중에는 없다. 배타적 경제수역에서의 군사활동에 관한 규정을 명문화해야 한다. 배타적 경제수 역이 국제법상 제도를 기반으로 확립되고 있는 현 시점에서 배타적 경제수역의 효율 적인 관리는 매우 중요하다. 또한 배타적 경제수역에서 외국의 군사활동은 국가안보 와 직결되므로 이에 대한 우리의 입장 표명이 중요하다. 이는 국가안보와 합법적인 실리를 추구할 수 있도록 해야 하며, 해양법에 대한 해석선언, 배타적 경제수역법에 군사 활동 내용 추가 등 규정 명문화가 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to deal with the question of whether military activities such as information collection in other countries' exclusive economic zones can be recognized under international law, and whether coastal countries can regulate the training and practice of other countries in their exclusive economic zones under international law. This is because the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea does not consider military activities in the United Nations Treaty on the Law of the Sea, and because the provisions of the United Nations Treaty on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the United Nations Treaty on the Law of the Sea) are not clear about military activities in exclusive economic zones, opinions of various countries are also divided. In view of the changes in the maritime system, it can be said that the trigger for the establishment of the territorial system was closely related to the security guarantee of coastal countries, while the opportunity for the establishment of an exclusive economic zone system was intended by coastal countries to protect their coastal fishing resources from fishing boats in advanced countries, and its relationship with security guarantees is not recognized. Some of the regulations on territorial waters in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are about securing security benefits for coastal countries, while none are about exclusive economic zones. Regulations on military activities in exclusive economic zones should be stipulated. Efficient management of exclusive economic zones is crucial at the present time when exclusive economic zones are established based on the system under international law. It is also important to express our position on foreign military activities in exclusive economic zones because they are directly related to national security. This should enable the pursuit of national security and legal practical benefits, and it is necessary to stipulate regulations such as declaration of interpretation of maritime law and additional military activities to the Exclusive Economic Zone Act.

Optimum active and reactive power dispatch is an inherent part of power system generation planning and it is the need of an hour for the electrical utilities and power engineers to dig this area in short and long term planning scenarios. Load demand requirements subjected to economic feasible solutions matching voltage profile, power demand, minimization of losses, voltage stability and improve the capacity of the system is the need of the hour. Optimization techniques based on evolutionary computing, artificial intelligence, search method finds their applications in the area of economic load dispatch planning to reach global optimal solution for this multi-decision, multi-objective combinatorial problem subjected to different constraints. In this paper, ant bee colony based algorithm has been proposed to solve economic dispatch problem. Unlike other heuristic algorithms, ABC utilizes search space as multi-step decision process. It possesses a flexible and well-balanced operator to enhance and adapt the global and fine tune local search to follow the minimum cost path in the search boundary. The suggested technique is tested on IEEE 25 bus system. Test results are compared with other techniques presented in literature.

A profit-maximizing economic lot scheduling problem with shelf life items was researched. This paper studies the profit-maximizing economic lot-sizing problem (PELSP), in which the price of the product is a function of demand rate, hence the demand rate for a variable rather than constant, in this paper we use the basic period approach to maximize the profit. A mathematical model was given, and also a numerical illustration and sensitive analysis of the main variables.

This paper presents a Bat Algorithm (BA) for solving economic emission dispatch (EELD) problem with quadratic fuel function. The BA is a new meta-heuristic algorithm which is a powerful optimal solution search algorithm owing easily selected control parameters and high successful rate as well as high ability for dealing with complex constraints. In addition to minimizing electricity generation fuel cost, emission released into the air from thermal plants is also another main objective needs to be minimized. In order to test the performance of the proposed BA one system with two load cases is employed. The obtained result by the BA compared to that from other methods has revealed that the proposed BA is a very promising meta-heuristic algorithm for solving economic emission load dispatch problem.

This paper proposes an Adaptive Cuckoo Search Algorithm (ACSA) for solving economic emission dispatch (EELD) problem with quadratic fuel function. The ACSA is developed by performing two adaptive updated step size parameters on conventional CSA in aim to enhance the convergence speed and quality solution of the conventional CSA. In addition to minimizing electricity generation fuel cost, emission released into the air from thermal plants is also another main objective needs to be minimized. In order to test the performance of the proposed ACSA two systems including a three unit system with one load case and a six unit system with three load cases are employed. The obtained result by the ACSA compared to that from other methods has revealed that the proposed ACSA is a very promising meata-heuristic algorithm for solving economic emission load dispatch problem.

Efficient and optimal planning of economic electrical power dispatch problem is an integral part of economic electrical energy generation planning and it is the need of time for the electrical engineers to browse this area in multi-scale planning scenarios. Intelligent and Optimization techniques based on evolutionary computing, metaheuristic,biological base,nature inspired, search method establish their applications in the area of electrical economic power dispatch planning(EEPDP) to reach global optimal solution for this multi scale, multi-decision, multi-objective combinatorial problem subjected to different constraints. In this paper, water cycle algorithm (WCA) has been proposed to solve electrical economic power dispatch problem for three and six unit system.This is based on how the streams and rivers flow downhill towards the sea and recycle in nature The suggested technique is tested on small scale system of three and six unit system of EEPDP considering various equality and inequality constraints . Test results are compared with other techniques grey wolf optimization(GWO),cuckoo search(CS),artificial bee colony(ABC),firefly algorithm(FA),particle swarm optimization(PSO),shuffled frog leap (SFL) ,bacteria foraging algorithm(BFO),harmony search(HS) applied in literature.Convergence of solution with iteration is presented for both cases.Simulation results proved that the WCA technique is better as compared to other nature inspired,heuristic,metaheuristic techniques to find global minima and maintain the solution quality in terms of low fuel cost.

This research presents novel Particle swarm optimization inspired by gravitational based search method to solve active power dispatch problem in electrical power system planning. The proposed PSO utilizes the operator of social thinking coupled with search capacity of gravity inspired algorithm to formulate and develop technique for active power dispatch problem to satisfy power demand requirements. Optimal scheduling of generators and system constraints to match load demand and losses is successfully done with proposed method. Total operating cost is minimized satisfying various bounds of system with proposed method. Exploration and convergence efficiency are evaluated to checklist the computational efficiency and robustness of the proposed technique. The suggested technique is tested and evaluated on different test systems comprises three, five, six test systems. Test results are compared with other techniques presented in literature .Investigations shows promising results which further benchmark the effectiveness of proposed method to solve complex optimization non linear problems.

A novel nature inspired algorithm ant lion optimizer (ALO) is recently developed which is motivated from the hunting mechanism of ant lions .Inherit steps of hunting prey such as the random walk of ants, building traps, entrapment of ants in traps, catching preys, and re-building are simulated to find the optimal solution of real life problems . Intelligent and Optimization techniques based on evolutionary computing, metaheuristic,biological base,nature inspired, search method establish their applications in the area of electrical economic power dispatch planning(EEPDP) to reach global optimal solution for this multi scale, multi-decision, multi-objective combinatorial problem subjected to different constraints.An application of ALO to solve non linear elec-tric economic power dispatch problem(EEPDP) is proposed in this paper. Efficient and optimal planning of economic electrical power dispatch problem is an integral part of economic electrical energy generation planning and it is the need of time for the electrical engineers to browse this area in multi-scale planning scenarios.. The performance of s ant lion optimizer (ALO) to solve electrical economic power dispatch problem is tested on three and six unit system.Test results are compared with other techniques grey wolf optimization(GWO),cuckoo search(CS),artificial bee colony(ABC),firefly algorithm(FA),particle swarm optimization(PSO),shuffled frog leap (SFL) ,bacteria foraging algorithm(BFO),harmony search(HS) applied in literature. Simulation results proved that the ALO technique is better as compared to other nature inspired,heuristic,metaheuristic techniques to find global minima and maintain the solution quality in terms of low fuel cost.

본 논문은 경제급전 최적화 문제에 개별 발전회사별로 독립적으로 경제급전을 수행하는 방법에 비해 중앙에서 통합하여 경제급전 최적화를 수행하는 경우가 보다 경제적임을 보였다. 이 경우에 적용된 알고리즘으로 밸브지점으로 발전량을 조절하는 균형방법을 수행한 후 발전량을 감소시킬 때의 비용 감소분과 증가시킬 때의 비용 증가분 차이로 발전량을 상호 교환하는 방법으로 최적화를 수행하였다. 10대, 13대과 40대-발전기를 독립적으로 운영하는 경우와 통합된 63대-발전기를 경제급전하는 경우를 비교한 결과 통합운영 방법이 독립적 경제급전에 비해 발전비용을 획기적으로 감소시켜 경제적인 이익을 극대화 시킬 수 있음을 보였다.

This paper demonstrates that centralized economic load dispatch optimization is much more economical than independent optimization carried out by individual power generating companies. The algorithm applied here optimizes by balancing the generation power at the valve-point, then readjusting generation power by comparing incremental operating cost incurred by marginal increase in the generation power and decremental operating cost likewise incurred by marginal decrease in the generation power. Upon comparing 3 individual optimization cases of 10, 13, and 40 generators respectively with centralized optimization of 63 generators, centralized operation for economic load dispatch optimization has proven to maximize economic benefits by markedly reducing operation costs of individual optimization.

본 논문은 경제급전 최적화 문제에 균형-교환 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 모든 발전기를 가능한 한 밸브지점으로 운영한다고 가정한다. 초기치로 최대 발전량 로 설정하고, 각 발전기의 밸브지점 까지 발전량을 감소시켰을 때의 평균 발전단가 가 최대가 되는 발전기 의 발전량을 밸브지점 발전단가 로 감소시켰으며, 이면 의 발전기 발전량을 로 감소시켜 의 균형을 맞추었다. 다음으로, 의 범위에 대해 ”-10“ 간격으로 감소시키는 성인걸음법으로, 범위에 대해서는 ”-1“의 아기걸음법으로, 에 대한 이면 , 로 발전량을 교환하는 방법으로 최적화를 수행하였다. 다음으로 에 대해 미세한 교환을 수행하였다. 동적 경제급전 문제의 시험사례에 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘 최적화 발전비용을 크게 감소시켜 경제적인 이익을 극대화 시켰다.

This paper proposes a balance-swap method for the dynamic economic load dispatch problem. Based on the premise that all generators shall be operated at valve-points, the proposed algorithm initially sets the maximum generation power at . As for generator with , which is the maximum operating cost produced when the generation power of each generator is reduced to the valve-point , the algorithm reduces ’s generation power down to , the valve-point operating cost. When , it reduces the generation power of a generator with of to so as to restore the equilibrium . The algorithm subsequently optimizes by employing an adult-step method in which power in the range of is reduced by 10; a baby step method in which power in the range of is reduced by 1; and a swap method for of , in which power is swapped to , . It finally executes minute swap process for . When applied to various experimental cases of the dynamic economic load dispatch problems, the proposed algorithm has proved to maximize economic benefits by significantly reducing the optimal operating cost of the extant Heuristic algorithm.

본 논문은 운전금지영역을 가진 이차 볼록 발전비용 함수를 적용하는 경제급전의 최적화 문제에 대한 결정론적 최적화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 운전금지구역을 가진 발전기는 운전금지구역을 벗어나도록 분할하고, 초기치 P _{i} larrow P _{i} ^{max}에 대해 발전단가가 큰 순서대로 발전량을 감소시키고, {} _{max} LEFT { F(P _{i} )-F(P _{i} - beta ) RIGHT } > _{min} LEFT { F(P _{j} + beta ) RIGHT LEFT. -F(P _{j} ) RIGHT } ,`i != j,`beta =1.0,`0.1,`0.01,`0.001에 대해 P _{i} larrow `P _{i} - beta ,`P _{j} ` larrow P _{j} + beta 의 교환 최적화 과정을 수행하였다. 제안된 방법을 15-발전기의 3가지 사례에 적용한 결과 간단하면서도 항상 동일한 결과로 휴리스틱 알고리즘들에 비해 최적의 결과를 나타내었다.

This paper proposes a deterministic optimization algorithm to solve economic load dispatch problem with quadratic convex fuel cost function. The proposed algorithm primarily partitions a generator with prohibited zones into multiple generators so as to place them afield the prohibited zone. It then sets initial values to P _{i} larrow P _{i} ^{max} and reduces power generation costs of those incurring the maximum unit power cost. It finally employs a swap optimization process of P _{i} larrow `P _{i} - beta ,`P _{j} ` larrow P _{j} + beta where {} _{max} LEFT { F(P _{i} )-F(P _{i} - beta ) RIGHT } > _{min} LEFT { F(P _{j} + beta ) RIGHT .LEFT. -F(P _{j} ) RIGHT } ,`i != j,`beta =1.0,`0.1,`0.01,`0.001 . When applied to 3 different 15-generator cases, the proposed algorithm has consistently yielded optimized results compared to those of heuristic algorithms.

본 논문은 복잡한 비평활 발전비용함수를 가진 경제급전의 최적화 문제를 풀기 위해 단순히 선형 근사함수를 이용하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 비평활 발전비용 함수를 선형으로 근사시키고, 요구량이 현재의 발전 량을 초과하는 경우 발전단가가 비싼 발전기의 가동을 중지시키고, 발전단가가 보다 큰 발전기의 발전량을 감소시켜 요구량과 발전량의 균형을 맞추는 개념을 도입하였다. 경제급전 문제의 시험사례로 빈번히 활용되고 있는 데이터에 대 해 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘의 최적화 해를 획기적으로 감소시킬 수 있었으며, 현재 실무적으로 적용되고 있는 2차 평활함수 근사법과 유사한 결과를 얻었다.

This paper proposes a simple linear function approximation method to solve an economic load dispatch problem with complex non-smooth generating cost function. This algorithm approximates a non-smooth power cost function to a linear approximate function and subsequently shuts down a generator with the highest operating cost and reduces the power of generator with more generating cost in order to balance the generating power and demands. When applied to the most prevalent benchmark economic load dispatch cases, the proposed algorithm is found to dramatically reduce the power cost than does heuristic algorithm. Moreover, it has successfully obtained results similar to those obtained through a quadratic approximate function method.

경제급전 최적화 문제를 해결하는 결정론적인 알고리즘에 존재하지 않아 지금까지는 비결정론적인 휴리스틱 알고리즘들이 제안되고 있다. 본 논문은 균형과 교환 방법을 도입하여 경제급전의 최적화 문제를 풀 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 초기치에 대해 성인걸음수와 아기걸음 수별로 발전량을 감소시켜 SIGMA P _{i} =P _{d}로 균형을 맞추고, 이 때 최소 발전비용을 가진 방법을 선택한다. 다음으로 선택된 방법에 대해 성인걸음-아기걸음 교환과 거인걸음 교환 방법으로 최적화한 값을 구하여 최소값 방법을 선택한다. 마지막으로 선택된 방법에 대해 P _{i} ± beta ,`( beta =0.1,`0.01,`0.001.`0.0001)의 교환을 수행하였다. 경제급전 문제의 시험사례로 빈번히 활용되고 있는 3개 데이터에 대해 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 2개 데이터에서는 성능을 향상시켰으며, 1개 데이터는 기존의 최적해와 동일한 결과를 얻었다. 제안된 알고리즘은 항상 동일한 결과를 얻을 수 있고, 모든 데이터에 적합하므로 경제급전 최적화 알고리즘으로 실제 적용이 가능하다.

In the absence of a deterministic algorithm for economic load dispatch optimization problem (ELDOP), existing algorithms proposed as solutions are inevitably non-deterministic heuristic algorithms. This paper, therefore, proposes a balance-and-swap algorithm to solve an ELDOP. Firstly, it balances the initial value to SIGMA P _{i} =P _{d} by subsequently reducing power generation for each adult-step and baby-step and selects the minimum cost-generating method. Subsequently, it selects afresh the minimum cost-generating method after an optimization of the previously selected value with adult-step baby-step swap and giant-step swap methods. Finally, we perform the P _{i} ± beta ,`( beta =0.1,`0.01,`0.001.`0.0001) swap. When applied to the 3 most prevalently used economic load dispatch problem data, the proposed algorithm has obtained improved results for two and a result identical to the existing one for the rest. This algorithm thus could be applied to ELDOP for it has proven to consistently yield identical results and to be applicable to all types of data.

본 논문은 이차 발전비용 함수를 적용하는 경제급전의 최적화 문제에 대한 균형-교환 최적화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 초기치 , 에 대해 일 때까지 , 인 발전기 의 출력량을 로 균형과정을 수행하고, 교환과정은 에 대해 로 수행하였다. 제안된 방법을 15, 20과 38-발전기 사례에 적용한 결과 간단하면서도 항상 동일한 결과로 가장 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 또한, 73-발전기를 통합하여 경제급전을 수행한 결과 독립적으로 운영하는 경우에 비해 발전비용을 현저히 절약할 수 있음을 보였다.

In this paper, I devise a balance-swap optimization (BSO) algorithm to solve economic load dispatch with a quadratic fuel cost function. This algorithm firstly sets initial values to , and subsequently entails two major processes: a balance process whereby a generator’s power of , is balanced by until ; and a swap process whereby is set at . When applied to 15, 20, and 38-generators benchmark data, this simple algorithm has proven to consistently yield the best possible results. Moreover, this algorithm has dramatically reduced the costs for a centralized operation of 73-generators – a sum of the three benchmark cases – which could otherwise have been impossible for independent operations.

비 볼록 발전비용함수에 대한 최적화 문제는 다항시간으로 해를 구하는 알고리즘이 알려져 있지 않아 전기 분야에서는 부득이 2차 함수만을 사용하고 있다. 본 논문은 비 볼록 발전비용함수의 경제급전 최적화 문제에 대한 밸브지점 최적화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 초기 치로 최대 발전량 Pi ←Pi max로 설정하고, 평균 발전단가가 max Ci 인 발전기 i의 발전량을 밸브지점 Pik로 감소시키는 방법을 적용하였다. 제안된 알고리즘을 13과 40-발전기 데이터에 적용한 결과 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘보다 좋은 성능을 보였다. 따라서 비 볼록 발전비용함수의 경제급전 문제 최적 해는 각 발전기의 밸브지점 발전량으로 수렴함을 보였다.

There is no polynomial-time algorithm that can be obtain the optimal solution for economic load dispatch problem with non-convex fuel cost functions. Therefore, electrical field uses quadratic fuel cost function unavoidably. This paper proposes a valve-point optimization (VPO) algorithm for economic load dispatch problem with non-convex fuel cost functions. This algorithm sets the initial values to maximum powers Pi ←Pi max for each generator. It then reduces the generation power of generator with an average power cost of max Ci to a valve point power Pik. The proposed algorithm has been found to perform better than the extant heuristic methods when applied to 13 and 40-generator benchmark data. This paper consequently proves that the optimal solution to economic load dispatch problem with non-convex fuel cost functions converges to the valve-point power of each generator.

이 글은 경제학의 관점에서 기존의 공간문제를 새롭게 조명한 신경제지리학의 논리구조와 그 특성에 대한 비판적 이해를 추구한다. 이를 위해 경제학 내에서 공간문제의 의미를 되짚어보고, 이것이 어떻게 신경제지리학에서 논의되었는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 이러한 작업은 기존 경제지리학과 경제학이라는 두 분과학문 간의 이해를 증진하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 다른 한편으로 이는 시장구조의 차이에 따른 외부효과의 기원과 본질에 대해 공간문제와 결부해 새로운 성찰의 기회를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper seeks a critical understanding of the causal paths and characteristics of New Economic Geography’s modeling in which the spatial problem has been interpreted in a new and innovative way within economics. To this end, some dis-cussions about the spatial problem are reviewed over time within both economics and New Economic Geography. This work may contribute to enhancing an under-standing of differences between orthodox New Economic Geography and heterodox New Economic Geography. On the other hand, it could give new room for reflecting on the origin and nature of external effects derived from the different types of market structure with regard to the spatial problem.

교양교육으로서의 경제교육은 단순한 이론교육에 머무르지 않고, 개인들 의 경제적 의사결정능력을 배양하여 실제 문제상황에서 학습내용이 작동 하여야 하는 실천적 교육의 특성을 갖는다. 개인들이 경제생활에서 만나 는 여러 가지 경제적 의사결정상황에서, 보다 효과적이고 적절하게 문제 상황을 해결할 수 있는 능력, 의사결정을 할 수 있는 능력을 기르기 위하여 는, 현재와 같은 개념이해와 이론습득을 주목적으로 하는 교수방법과 수 업방식으로는 경제교육의 소기의 목표를 달성할 수 없게 된다. 본 연구는 효과적인 교양 경제교육방법으로 경제교육의 목적과 특성을 체계적으로 분석한 후, 이에 기초하여‘ 문제해결기반학습(Problem-Based learning)’ 교수-학습모형을 경제교육에 도입할 것을 제시한다. 문제해결 기반학습을 통한 경제교육의 특징분석과 함께 실제의 교수-학습설계를 위 한 각 단계별 탐색과 함께, 중요 경제교육 주제인‘ 경제행위의 기본원리’, ‘화폐와 국민경제 이해’,‘ 수요 및 공급과 시장가격 결정원리’의 세가지 교육주제에 대하여 문제기반학습 교수-학습모형에 입각한 경제교육 교수 설계안 및 수업모형안을 체계적으로 제시하였다.

Following the global financial crisis of 2008, a significant focus on economic and financial literacy education has emerged from countries around the globe. The economic crisis has highlighted how essential it is that individuals and families have the information, education, and tools that they need to make good economic decisions in an increasingly complex national and global economic system. The purpose of this paper is to examine one innovation in teaching economic and financial literacy, the instructional effect of Problem-Based learning on economic and financial literacy education, and teaching strategies focusing on instructional model using Problem-Based learning theory. Problem-Based Learning is a learning approach where real life like problems are used in order to provide opportunities to learners so as to reach the objectives which was covered in educational programmes and to use critical thinking and problem solving skills effectively. It is very important to consider how schools can best provide an education that leads to good economic and financial literacy learning outcomes. The topic of economic and financial literacy raises the issue of the potential role that might be played by education, quality information, and incentives in improving decisions. A long history of research exists about the most effective ways of learning and teaching traditional school subjects like mathematics and history, but less is known about effective pedagogy in economic and financial literacy education. The ability to apply the newly acquired knowledge is often not as easy as it sounds and/ or not possible for some individuals. It can be argued that with a less than ideal education, information sets, and incentives, individuals cannot make the best decisions. This study is suggestive that Problem-Based learning is effective to improving learning outcomes and the attitude toward economic and financial literacy education by reinforcing practicality in real-life economic decision making and self-motivated learning. Problem-Based learning helps students develop critical thinking to solve problems, and this study has found positive effects of Problem-Based learning on long-term retention that were believed to be caused by student-cantered educational process, aiming to the development of key-skills, necessarily involves a proactive approach that facilitates students' involvement in research, analysis of problematic situations or solving real problems. The findings present us with the fact that Problem-Based learning has significant influence on student achievements at knowledge level, comprehension level.