Earticle

Formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates is a core process in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Importance of interaction of the length variants, Aβ42 and Aβ40 in the process and consequent cytotoxicity has been pointed out for wild-type Aβ previously. In addition to confirming the findings, the current study demonstrates that the potential interaction is also important for cytotoxicity of the Flemish and Dutch sequence variants. The interaction could strengthen or inhibit cytotoxicity of Aβ42/Aβ40 mixture, depending on interaction time of the length variants as well as the ratio and amyloidogenic property. The inhibitory effect was prominent at the early stage of aggregate formation in less amyloidogenic Flemish Aβ42/Aβ40 mixture, while strengthened cytotoxicity was exhibited at the stage in potently amyloidogenic Dutch variant and at the later stage in wild-type and the Flemish variant. The samples showing relatively robust cytotoxicity were those enriched in Aβ protofibril-like structures, implying strong correlation of the structure with cytotoxicity. The different consequence of the interaction on sequence variants is likely due to differential amyloidogenic property of each Aβ40 variant, rather than that of Aβ42, because aggregation rates and levels of Aβ40 variants are greatly variable depending on the sequence, compared to Aβ42 variants. These studies may highlight a potential role of Aβ40 in the cytotoxicity, providing a novel mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of each FAD-associated variant.

This study analyzed the cross-cultural pragmatic similarities and differences of refusal speech acts between 75 Korean and 74 Dutch speakers aged 40–50. A survey including 8 different refusal situations was designed in Korean and Dutch languages and distributed to each group respectively. The respondents were asked how they would speak in the given situations of refusal. The results revealed significant differences in the overall frequencies of direct, indirect, no refusals and adjunct expressions, with the Dutch speakers producing more in direct refusals and adjuncts, the Korean speakers producing more in indirect refusals and no refusals. While the pattern of indirect refusal strategies was more similar than different, the Korean speakers used more 'regret' strategies and the Dutch speakers used more 'acceptance as a refusal' strategies than their counterparts. This study also explored what caused the results and what the results could tell us about their cultural differences, and the contrast of individualism and collectivism was presumed to be one of the most salient cultural dimensions that could help find the answer to the questions.

본 논문은 동북아해역의 서양 외래어에 대한 연구로 일본의 나가사키를 통해 유입된네덜란드 기원의 외래어에 관하여 살펴보도록 하겠다. 주된 내용은 에도 시대 때 네덜란드어를 중심으로 일본에 유입되어 정착된 용어 중 바다관련 어휘와 현재까지 자기 영역을 견고히 지키고 있는 네덜란드어의 흔적을 더듬어 가며 살펴보고자 하였다. 일본의 서양 문화와의 접촉은 무로마치 시대 이후 외국과의 교류와 접촉을 시작하여현재까지 계속되고 있는데, 당시 많은 외래어를 손쉽게 흡수하고 수용하여 현재까지 꾸준히 사용하게 되었다. 특히 그 중에서 가라스(Glas)와 콥뿌(Kop)처럼 네덜란드어 기원의 말은 영어 기원의 그라스(Glass)와 캅뿌(Cup) 어휘와 경쟁을 하였지만 선사용(先使 用) 어휘의 장점 즉 선점 효과를 통해 그 자리를 영어에 내주지 않고 독자적으로 자신의의미 영역을 담당하게 되었다. 에도 시대에 들어온 네덜란드어는 과학, 기술, 문화 등 다양한 분야에서 빛을 발하고있지만 특히 바다 관련 용어에서도 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 예를 들어 데키(Dek), 도크(Dok), 마스토(Mast), 후라이키(Vlag), 마도로스(Matroos) 등과 같이 네덜란드어가 아직까지 그대로 남아 있는 형태도 존재하지만 해역을 중심으로 퍼져나가면서 바닷가 말형태로 방언 속에 숨겨져 존재하는 경우도 있다. 이와 같은 연구는 단편적 흐름만으로는파악할 수도, 해결할 수도 없다. 향후 동북아해역과 인문네트워크라는 큰 연구 주제 속에합리적이고 지속적인 노력으로만 해결이 가능하리라 생각된다. 다만 본 논문에서는 동북아해역의 외래문화 유입에 대하여 일부지역(일본), 일부언어(네덜란드)만을 대상으로 개략적으로 살펴보았다. 앞으로는 동북아해역을 보다 면밀하고 세분화하여 후속 연구를 진행하고자 한다.

In this paper, we will study Western languages in Northeast Asia sea region and find out about them from the Netherlands origin that came through Nagasaki, Japan. The main analysis is the word "sea related" among the terms introduced in Japan in the Edo period, centered on Netherlands. And I tried to trace the traces of the Netherlands language that remains so far. Contact with Western culture has continued since the age of Muromachi and since then, since then, foreign exchange and contact with foreign countries. Thus, many foreign words were easily absorbed and accepted at that time. Among them, Netherlands origin words, such as "Glas" and "Kop," have not been given meaning to the English language. Netherlands, which entered the Edo era, is shining in various fields such as science, technology, and culture, but it is especially evident in terms of sea. Some forms of Netherlands language still remain, for example, Dek, Dok, Mast, Vlag, and Matros. However, in some cases, it is hidden in dialect in the form of seaside words(Hama Gotoba) as it spreads out around sea areas. Such studies cannot be determined by simple analysis. we think that in the future, we will be able to understand accurately and resolve the issue through reasonable and continuous efforts amid the large research topics of Northeast Asia Sea and the humanities network. In this paper, we reviewed only some regions (Japan) and some languages (Netherlands) for the inflow of foreign cultures into Northeast Asia sea region, but we will conduct further research by making the area more detailed and detailed.

Formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates is a core process in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Importance of interaction of the length variants, Aβ42 and Aβ40 in the process and consequent cytotoxicity has been pointed out for wild-type Aβ previously. In addition to confirming the findings, the current study demonstrates that the potential interaction is also important for cytotoxicity of the Flemish and Dutch sequence variants. The interaction could strengthen or inhibit cytotoxicity of Aβ42/Aβ40 mixture, depending on interaction time of the length variants as well as the ratio and amyloidogenic property. The inhibitory effect was prominent at the early stage of aggregate formation in less amyloidogenic Flemish Aβ42/Aβ40 mixture, while strengthened cytotoxicity was exhibited at the stage in potently amyloidogenic Dutch variant and at the later stage in wild-type and the Flemish variant. The samples showing relatively robust cytotoxicity were those enriched in Aβ protofibril-like structures, implying strong correlation of the structure with cytotoxicity. The different consequence of the interaction on sequence variants is likely due to differential amyloidogenic property of each Aβ40 variant, rather than that of Aβ42, because aggregation rates and levels of Aβ40 variants are greatly variable depending on the sequence, compared to Aβ42 variants. These studies may highlight a potential role of Aβ40 in the cytotoxicity, providing a novel mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of each FAD- associated variant.

This article compares the volumes of trade in Northeast Asia, a little studied problem because of the difficulties in interpreting the Tsushima documents, but one which helps to place Northeast Asian trade within global trade. The author compares trade volumes passing between Korea and Japan in Pusan and between Japan and the Dutch in Nagasaki and concludes that prior to the 1690s, the Korea-Japan volume was greater, but after the 1690s, the Japan-Dutch volume was greater. Reasons for the change had little to do with official ceilings set by the Tokugawa shogunate, because Tsushima was able to circum-vent any restrictions and send false reports to the bakufu. The Japan-Dutch trade was tightly monitored and falsification was impossible. Rather, the rea-sons for the higher Korea-Japan trade and its subsequent drop probably lay in the devaluation of Japanese silver in the 1690s.

This paper examines the Dutch policy for architecture and spatial design within the framework of the theory of creative industries. Creative industries are a young concept that emerged in the mid 1980's as a form of commercial cultural production associated with consumerism. The definition of the cultural industry is rather ambiguous in terms of its scope and its relation to the traditional field of art and cultural heritage. The paper describes the theory of the creative industry and relates the Dutch policy for architecture and spatial design to the creative industries theory. The sector of architecture and spatial design in the Netherlands has since the early 1990's been systematically supported by a national policy. Within this period a sophisticated infrastructure of institutions and funding incentives has created a successful and active culture of architecture, spatial design, architectural curating, architecture criticism, education, talent development, and research. Critical success factors for the Dutch policy are the separation of the cultural policy for architecture and spatial design from the art and cultural heritage sector, the 'depth' of the Dutch policy extending into fields not directly related to architecture and spatial design as well as the pro active role of the public sector assigning a central role to the architect and involving him in the beginning of the process.

Background: As one of the most ethnically diverse societies, Indonesia is well known for its cultural diversity such as traditional practices and customs. Some of them are historically affected by colonization. Indonesia experienced a colonial history under the Dutch rule for a long time. It is considered as a long colonial period that has left huge influences on various aspects of Indonesian people's lives and Indonesian cuisine. One of Indonesian food that is influenced by Dutch culture is Klappertaart. Klappertaart in Indonesian literally means “kue kelapa” or coconut cake that is usually served during special events. This study aims to analyze the influence of the Dutch culture on Indonesian dish, klappertaart. Methods: The method of this research is literature study history about Indo-Dutch food culture. Results: As a result of colonization, many Dutch tribes set foot in many regions of Indonesia. At that time, the Dutch traders who came to Manado, North Celebes, introduced a recipe of a dish that has later been combined with Indonesian ingredients. Because of that, the ingredients of klappertaart is a combination of Dutch and Indonesian culture. That is what makes klappertaart associated with Manado. Conclusions: Klappertaart is one of the results of acculturation between Dutch and Indonesian culture. Colonization in Indonesia not only gave a negative impact, but also improves Indonesian food culture.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Dutch Objective Burden Inventory (DOBI) for the Turkish society. Methods: This is a descriptive, methodological study. The sample was composed of 230 heart failure patients' caregivers. Results: The DOBI was translated using translation and back-translation. The translated Turkish version was submitted to eight experts who analyzed it for its content validity. Scores from the experts were evaluated using the Kendall W analysis, and no statistically significant difference was found among the scores (Kendall W = .13, p = .338). In the confirmatory factor analysis, factor loading was found to be between 0.75 and 1.00 for all subscales. Thus, the DOBI demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (the components displayed a scores from .96 to .99), good test-retest reliability (no statistically significant differences were found, p > .050). Conclusions: The Turkish version of the DOBI scale is a valid and reliable tool for the Turkish population. It can be used in nursing practices and research.

Mongolia has plenty of natural resources and comparatively few populations of 3 million, most of them are younger. It means Mongolia has a lot of opportunities to grow its economy quickly and compete with other countries by an economic growth. But, Mongolian economy has been stagnated in last few years since reaching the peak growth at 17.5 percent in 2011. We assume that the main reason for an economic stagnation caused by the government bad decisions not basing on the scientific research. The Dutch disease theory explains the relationship between increasing and declining specific sectors, which resulting in the currency appreciation. This paper aims to determine that the reason for economic difficulties and make some suggestion to prevent the worsening situation. As of Mongolia, it has been reflected by Dutch disease very badly, so need to find the way to dive into the right paths.

As one of the centers of Javanese culture, Yogyakarta has a variety of artistic activities. Various activities have occurred for a few Centuries ago and have developed. Forms of development can be manifested in various types of art, especially in performing arts such as wayang kulit, wayang wong, classical dance, musical, literary arts, and western music orchestras. This article presents historical data on the existence of orchestral music groups in Java, especially in Yogyakarta. The purpose of this paper is to trace back the traces of the history of European musical activities that have occurred in Yogyakarta since the time of the Dutch East Indies to the Post-Independence 1950s. There are three play groups of Western music orchestras Discussed in this article related to the musical culture in Yogyakarta that existed in the past. The presence of the Western orchestra music group in Yogyakarta is one of the Successes of a process of dissemination of European music in Yogyakarta that has been going on for a long time before the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. Also, this was supported by the presence of foreign musicians who held concerts in the Indies as well as the role of private music teachers, music education institutions such as seminaries, and shops selling music instrument.

여러 사람들과 모임을 가질 때 발생한 비용을 각자 부담하는 더치페이 문화는 많은 현대인들의 일상에 자리 잡고 있다. 특히 최근 김영란 법의 시행으로 인해 더욱 활발히 더치페이가 이루어진다. 하지만 더치페이 계산을 하다보면 인당 지불할 금액이 공평하게 나누어지지 않는 불편한 경우가 생겨 누가 얼마를 더 내야할지에 대한 애매한 상황이 발생한다. 또한 현금 또는 카드 등의 결제수단이 각기 달라 한 사람이 한꺼번에 비용을 지불하는 경우, 누가 누구에게 얼마를 주어야 하는지에 대한 금전 관계를 매번 기록해놓아야 하는 불편함이 있다. 본 논문에서는 여러 사람이 함께 음식을 먹고 결제를 할 때, 손쉽게 인당 지불할 금액을 계산할 수 있도록 하여 인간관계와 더불어 경제적 민감함을 해소할 수 있는 어플리케이션을 소개한다. 본 서비스는 모바일기반으로서 어디서나 접근 가능하고 모임 형성을 통해 사용자들의 금전관계를 더욱 편리하게 기록 및 관리할 수 있게 해준다. 또한 기존 더치페이 기능을 제공하는 다른 어플리케이션의 단점을 보완하기 위한 기능인 나머지 단위와 적립금 기능을 설정하여 비용에 대한 계산을 편리하게 하는데 집중하였고, 선택이 필요한 상황에서는 게임을 통해 공평함을 유지하고자 하였다.

The Dutch treat culture, which pays for the cost of having meetings with a large number of people, is located in the daily life of many modern people. In particular, the execution of Kim Young-ran is a more active Dutch treat. However, when going dutch, there is a case where the amount of money to be paid per person is not divided equitably and there is an ambiguous situation about who should pay more. Also if one person have to pay all of the payments because of the different payment method such as a cash or card, there is inconvenience to keep a record of the financial relationship each time. In this paper, we introduce an application that allows several people to easily calculate the amount of money to pay per person when eating together or calculating something. From our service, you can easily access with web-based service, manage the user's debts more conveniently through forming the group. In addition, we focused on convenient calculation of cost by setting remaining unit and reserve function which is a function to overcome the disadvantages of existing application. Also, we maintain fairness through games in situations where the users need to make a choice.

본 연구에서는 커피전문점과 유통용 제품으로 시판되는 더치커피의 미생물 오염 실태를 조사하고, 보관온도에 따른 오염실태의 변화를 관찰하였다. 커피전문점에서 구입한 더치커피에서는 구입 당일 실험한 결과, 평균 $35.2{\pm}15.8CFU/mL$의 일반 세균수를 나타내었고, 이를 밀봉하여 실온과 냉장온도에서 5일간 보관 후 다시 실시한 실험에서는 실온에 보관 시 평균 $78.4{\pm}29.7CFU/mL$, 냉장보관 시 평균 $51.2{\pm}32.1CFU/mL$의 일반 세균수를 나타내 실온보관 시 식품위생법의 기준에 육박하는 수치를 나타내었다. 10일이 경과했을 때에는 오염의 정도가 더 크게 나타나, 실온보관 시료에서는 $98.5{\pm}58.4CFU/mL$, 냉장보관 시료에서는 $86.7{\pm}44.2CFU/mL$로 나타났다. 백화점이나 인터넷 등에서 포장판매되는 더치커피의 경우에는 초기 일반 세균수가 $39.6{\pm}20.1CFU/mL$로 커피전문점의 일반세균수와 크게 차이가 없었다. 그러나 더치시료를 5일간 보관한 후에 일반 세균수를 측정하였더니, 0일과 비교해서 별 차이를 보이지 않는 특이한 현상을 나타내었다. 이러한 현상을 냉장보관이나 실온보관한 모든 시료에서 관찰되었다. 대장균군은 커피 전문점 시료나 포장판매되는 더치커피 어떤 시료에서도 발견되지 않았다. 구입 즉시 실시한 곰팡이 실험에서 측정 대상 시료의 60% 정도에서 곰팡이가 검출되었고, 나타난 균수는 $2.6{\pm}1.7CFU/mL$였다. 이러한 곰팡이는 실온보관 시 5일 후 $2.1{\pm}1.6CFU/mL$, 10일 후 $3.0{\pm}2.4CFU/mL$로 날짜의 경과에 따라 크게 변화하지 않았으며, 냉장보관 시에도 5일 후 $3.5{\pm}2.7CFU/mL$, 10일 후에는 $3.2{\pm}2.9CFU/mL$를 나타내었다. 실온보관과 냉장보관한 더치커피의 곰팡이균수에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다($p{\geq}0.05$). 인터넷 등에서 판매하는 포장판매용 더치커피에서는 $3.5{\pm}3.4CFU/mL$의 곰팡이가 발견되었는데, 총 9개 시료 중 6개 시료나 되어 높은 검출률을 보이고 있었다. 커피전문점의 결과보다 다소 높은 군집수를 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 일반적으로 음용하는 5배수로 희석하여 실온과 냉장온도에 보관하고 5일과 10일에 다시 곰팡이 실험을 실시하였더니, 커피전문점에서 구매한 더치커피의 경우와 마찬가지로 군집의 수가 크게 늘지 않고 비슷한 수를 보이고 있음이 알 수 있었다. 보관한 온도에 의한 차이도 나타나지 않았다.

This study was carried out to investigate the microbiological contamination levels of Dutch coffee products marketed in Korea. The temperature conditions during distribution and storage were also considered in this experiment. Retailed Dutch coffee were purchased from regional cafes, that is, these were self-blended by the cafes, and the marketed products were purchased from department stores and from Internet sites. The 21 samples were blended in a coffee house and 9 were obtained from department stores or were delivered from internet sites. House blended Dutch coffee contained $35.2{\pm}15.8CFU/mL$ of general bacteria, and this increased to $78.4{\pm}29.7CFU/mL$ at room temperature or $51.2{\pm}32.1CFU/mL$ after refrigeration for 5 days. These almost reached the highest criteria level for the Korea Food Sanitation Law. After 10 days, the count increased to $98.5{\pm}58.4CFU/mL$ at room temperature and $86.7{\pm}44.2CFU/mL$ at refrigeration temperature. In the Dutch coffee for distribution, $39.6{\pm}20.1CFU/mL$ of general bacteria were detected, but these did not increase after 5 days or 10 days both for room temperature and under refrigeration. The Coliform group was not found in any kind of Dutch coffee, and Fungi was founded in 60% of the Dutch samples purchased in coffee houses, department stores, and shopping sites mall. On day 0 day, $2.6{\pm}1.7CFU/mL$ of fungi were detected in the coffee house Dutch, and it did not increase significantly during the storage period at room and in a cold temperature. $3.5{\pm}3.4CFU/mL$ of fungi were detected in the Dutch coffee for distribution, and it didn't increase during further storage under any temperature.

134 Dutch cone (mechanical cone) and 9 piezocone (electronic cone) penetration tests have been performed in the southwestern part of Korea. In general, Dutch cone results may be different from that of piezocone due to the difference in structure of the cones. 6 Dutch cone and piezocone test data which were obtained at the same point respectively, were analyzed and plotted in soil classification chart proposed by Robertson et. al.(1986, 1990). Cone factors of Dutch cone and piezocone test empirically have been determined using laboratory and field vane test results. Using this cone factors, it was shown that there was good correlation between shear strength estimated using cone resistance and that of laboratory test and field vane tests. It was found that there was a good correlation between cone resistance from Dutch cone and that from piezocone. Relationship formula was also suggested. Dutch cone test provides a useful means for stratigraphic profiling in large project and has some advantage over piezocone in particular situations, such as very soft clay ground and dredged area.

본 연구는 여대생의 섭식절제척도(RS)와 식이행동질문지(DEBQ)의 규준을 제시하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 여대생 396명을 대상으로 섭식절제척도와 식이행동질문지를 실시하였으며, 각 하위척도의 원점수를 T점수로 환산하여 제시하였다. 신경성 폭식증 환자집단(n=11)에게도 섭식절제척도와 식이행동질문지를 실시하였다. 여대생 집단을 다이어트 집단(n=168)과 비다이어트 집단(n=228)으로 구분하여 각 척도 점수를 비교하였다. 다이어트 집단과 비다이어트 집단은 섭식절제척도 전체와 식이행동질문지의 절제된 섭식척도와 정서적 섭식척도에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며 식이행동질문지의 외부적 섭식척도에서는 유의미한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 신경성 폭식증 환자집단의 척도 점수를 제시하였다. 본 연구의 제한점과 활용방안에 대하여 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean college women's norms of Restraint Scale(RS) and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire(DEBQ). The subjects were female college students(n=396). All subjects performed the RS and the DEBQ. And the T-scores of theirs were presented. The Bulimia Nervosa patient(n=11) performed the RS and the DEBQ, too. Female college students were divided into the diet group(n=168) and the nondiet group(n=228). There were significant differences between diet group and nondiet group in the RS and the DEBQ restrained eating and emotional eating scale. But, there was not significant difference between diet group and nondiet group in the DEBQ external eating scale. The RS and the DEBQ scores of the Bulimia Nervosa patient(n=11) were presented. The limitations and the application of the study were discussed.

16세기 후반 이래 러시아는 수공업 생산의 증가와 전국적인 단일 시장의 출현 등 다양한 측면에서 자 본주의적 관계가 발전하고 있었고, 이러한 발전과정에 있어서 토대적 추진력으로서 가장 중요한 동인 의 역할을 한 것이 상업자본의 형성이었다. 당시 이러한 상업자본의 형성을 주도할 상인 계층이 미숙 한 상태였던 러시아 시장에서 그러한 역할을 대신한 것은 서유럽 상인들이었다. 이른 바 ‘대항해 시대’에 보다 적극적인 상교역 활동을 확대하고 있었던 서유럽 국가들은 오랫동안 서 유럽과의 관계가 단절되어 왔던 러시아와의 상교역 교류를 모색하게 되었고, 러시아는 그들의 새로운 상교역 대상으로 부상했다. 16세기 후반 이래 러시아와의 상교역에 가장 먼저 진출한 것은 영국 상인 들이었으나, 이후 네덜란드, 함부르그, 뤼벡 등이 진출 하면서 이들 간의 경쟁 또한 치열해졌고, 17세기 들어 양적, 질적 모두에서 러시아와의 상교역을 주도한 것은 네덜란드 상인들이었다. 네덜란드 상인들 은 곧 영국 상인들을 제치고 가장 많은 상인과 교역량을 보이게 되었다. 네덜란드 상인들은 ‘혼돈의 시대’의 커다란 손실에도 불구하고 러시아에서이 상교역을 유지 확대하기 위해 정부에 탄원서를 제출하거나 황실과의 관계를 돈독히 하기 위한 노력을 각별히 기울였다. 또한 이들이 상교역 활동 영역을 넓혀가고 그 영향력이 강화되면서 러시아 상인들과의 갈등도 커져갔다. 이 러한 어려움 가운데 그들이 러시아 시장에서의 입지를 강화하려는 노력은 계속되었다. 이는 그들이 주도적으로 러시아와의 상교역 활동에 필요한 유리한 조건을 형성해 나가 서유럽 상인들 에 대한 러시아 정부 정책에 있어 우선권을 부여받았고, 러시아 상인 및 귀족들과의 신용대부거래와 다양한 품목에서의 판매독점권 장악에서도 잘 나타난다. 1640년대 이후 서유럽 상인들에 의해 불이익 을 받은 러시아 상인들의 청원에 의해 러시아 정부가 서유럽 상인들에게 부여했던 감세 등 특혜를 철 회함으로서 어려움에 직면했지만 여전히 네덜란드 상인들의 상교역 활동은 제철업 등 다양한 생산업 에 진출함으로서 다른 서유럽 제국들에 비해 17세기 중엽까지 건재하였다. 이는 러시아 시장에서의 네 덜란드 상인들의 비중이 컸음을 반증하는 것이기도 하다. 특히 서유럽 상인들 중 소수만이 부여 받았 던 상교역 ‘인가장’의 대부분을 네덜란드 상인들이 행사했음은 이를 잘 보여준다. 이와 같이 네덜란드 상인들이 러시아 시장에서 주도적 위상을 유지할 수 있었던 것은 러시아 정부의 필요성과 이해관계 판 단에 의한 것이었지만 황실과의 관계를 돈독히 하는 등 네덜란드 정부와 상인들의 지속적인 노력의 결 과였다. 당시 상교역 거래에 있어 관행 이었던 신용대부거래의 현황은 네덜란드 상인들이 러시아 시장 에 막대한 자본력을 투여하고 있었고, 러시아 시장에서의 상업자본형성에 큰 영향을 미쳤음을 보여준 다.

In the first half of the 17th century Russia began to capitalist development, including the formation of national single market. But yet Russian merchants had no sufficient capital to initiate domestic markets. Instead, Western europe merchants had contributed to form this commercial capital. Especially, The Dutch merchants had played principle role in formation of the commercial capital of the early modern Russia. After the Time of Troubles The Dutch merchants seized the initiative in the trade with Russia on behalf of the English merchants. They received grant of privilege which could trade freely in the territory of Russia and had only a handful between western merchants. And received a franchise in the various items that they had wanted to gain. At the beginning of Michael’s reign the English merchants retained their most favoured nation satus, paying no duties at all, while the Dutch paid half. Gradually, however, the English merchants’s, who traded mostly with their own goods, lost ground to the Dutch, who acted more as middleman for items both Western and Eastern, and who managed to win from the English merchant the monopoly on pitch. Western merchants managed to insinuate their way deeply into other forbidden territory, succeeding to such an extent that even an English representative, John Merrick. A series of petitions from the ‘guests’ and other Russian merchants finally led after many refusals of half-hearted responses to a complete repeal of the privileges of all foreigners in 1646, just after the death of Michael. Trade might be necessary, but it brought with it many infectious and harmful alien influences, including threats to the basis of the Muscovite state. Tsar Michael’s government policy for the Western European merchants was favorable because of its economic needs. But Russian merchant’s resistance to keep their previous commercial rights had changed such condition. The Dutch merchants manage to administrate the considerable amounts of capital through credit transactions that at that time was trading practices. These demonstrate that The Dutch merchants had contributed to the formation of Russian commercial capital.

This study investigates the effects achieved by implementing ABC- location policies over the last two decades. One of the main goals of the Dutch ABC location policy was to reduce the growth in car traffic and to promote public transport use. For some city, like the Hague proved that both the improvement of public transport supply and land use control can be effective. The assessment of the ABC policy shows that the ABC poses no significant mobility changes. Municipalities are not obliged to apply the strict ABC parking restrictions. The ABC policy changed to a more flexible location policy that besides accessibility, the economic development, environmental quality and livability were included. After assessing the ABC policy the author suggests implications for Korea. For reducing car traffic is to encourage policies that better coordination between the planning of transportation and land-use. For optimal location policy making, the coordination among various stakeholders is keenly necessary. Because the mode choice is made by trip maker, mobility management measures like LEM is needed that can effectively change the travel behavior.

네덜란드 장르화를 연구함에 있어 정확한 미술사적 정의를 시작으로 네덜란드 장르화의 특징을 구분해내는 것은 필수적인 과정 중 하나다. 국내에서 선행된 17세기 네덜란드 장르화에 대한 연구로는 17세기의네덜란드의 상업 발달과 미술 수요 계층의 상승을 네덜란드 장르화의 발달 요인과 연관한 연구 등이있다. 본 연구에서는 장르화의 미술사적 정의에 대해 당대의 서술과 후기 학자들의 장르화에 대한 정의를네덜란드 장르화의 탄생과 성행할 수 있었던 사회문화적 맥락을 통해 명확히 하고자 한다. 이를 위한예시로, 요하네스 베르메르의 장르화를 연구대상으로 선정하여, 화가가 사회문화적 환경을 지각한 과정에관해 서술하고, 그러한 배경이 회화에서 표현된 방식에 관해 연구하고자 한다. J.베르메르에 관해 국내에서 진행된 연구들은, 17세기 네덜란드의 장르화 특성에 관한 연구 또는 회화의 공간구조에 중점을 두고이루어졌다. 특히, 17세기의 네덜란드의 사회적 배경이 J.베르메르의 작가적 삶에 준 영향 또는 회화속 인물 표현에 미친 영향 등 그 인과관계에 관해 서술한 연구들 또한 부분적으로 찾아볼 수 있다. 국외 연구로는 J.베르메르의 회화적 구조에 관해 주목한 연구로, 미술사학자 하인리히 뵐플린이 언급한네덜란드 장르화의 ‘내진성’을 내포한 구조적 특징을 비롯하여 다니엘 아라스의 J.베르메르의 회화가가지는 내밀성, 메를로 퐁티의 ‘베르메르 구조’ 등 다수 학자의 해석을 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는, 이중 뵐플린이 언급한 ‘내진성’과 D. 아라스가 연구한 ‘내밀성’에 관한 서술을 토대로 장르화로서의J.베르메르 회화에 관해 서술하고, 회화의 구성요소로써 배경과 인물의 관계를 면밀하게 분석하여 회화의구조적 특징을 파악하고자 한다. 또한, 면밀히 파악된 구조적 특징들이 사회문화적 배경과 어떠한 인과관계가 있었는지 전개하여, 네덜란드 장르화 분석법에 대한 사회 맥락적 방법론의 예시를 제안하고자 한다.

In Dutch genre painting studies, one of the essential processes is distinguishing the characteristics of Dutch genre paintings, starting with an accurate art historical definition. Studies of seventeenth-century Dutch genre paintings by Korean scholars concern such issues as the relationship of the commercial development of the Netherlands in the seventeenth century and the concomitant rise in demand for art with the development of genre painting. With regard to the art historical definition of genre painting, this paper will clarify the descriptions of contemporary art historical trends and the definition of genre paintings by later scholars through the socio-cultural context of the emergence and success of genre painting in the Netherlands. For example, after selecting the genre paintings of Johannes Vermeer as a research subject, this paper will describe how Vermeer perceived the social and cultural milieu and study how such backgrounds were melded into his paintings. Studies of Vermeer published in Korea mainly focus on the characteristics of Dutch genre paintings in the seventeenth-century or on the spatial structure of his paintings, and a number of studies looked at the influence of the social background of seventeenth-century Netherlands on such things as Vermeer’s artistic life or his expression of the characters portrayed in his paintings. Studies on Vermeer published overseas are focused on his pictorial structure, on which interpretations by various scholars can be found, including art historian Heinrich Wölfflin’s observation on the structural features that imply the “profound/emphasizing depth” of Dutch genre paintings, Daniel Arasse’s discussion on Vermeer’s “intimité,” and Maurice Merleau Ponty’s analysis of the “Vermeer structure.” Of these, this paper discusses Vermeer’s paintings as genre paintings based on Wölfflin’s “profound/emphasizing depth” and Arasse’s “intimité,” and aims to understand the structure of Vermeer’s paintings by analyzing in detail the relationship between the background and characters, the two main components of his paintings. Furthermore, this paper aims to develop an example of a social contextual methodology as a method for Dutch genre painting analysis by exploring the causal relationship between Vermeer’s structural characteristics and the socio-cultural background.

This study aims to track the cultural aspects that may lead to different conversation styles between Korean and Dutch speakers. A survey, conducted through questionnaires, involved 134 speakers from each country to detect differences in the perceived importance of conversational constraints (Kim, 1994). To explore the cultural background influencing these differences, Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Theory (2010) was applied. The results reveal that Korean respondents consider both clarity and feeling of hearers more important than their Dutch counterparts. This discrepancy is explained by several cultural aspects of Korean culture, characterized by higher levels of uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and collectivism. In other words, these cultural dimensions in Korean society may contribute to the higher perceived importance of clarity and feeling of hearers. This suggests that examining speakers' multidimensional cultural background, which shapes their thought processes, will be a practical approach to understanding the question, 'Why does he/she say A instead of B?'