Earticle

본 연구는 중년 여성의 갱년기 불편감과 그 극복 경험을 심층적으로 탐색하고, 그 의미를 현상학적 관점에서 분석 하고자 수행되었다. 연구 참여자는 폐경을 경험한 45세에서 60세 사이의 여성 13명이었으며, 반구조화된 면담을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 Colaizzi의 현상학적 분석 절차에 따라 분석되었으며, 총 254개의 의미진술에서 35개 의 구성진술, 14개의 주제, 5개의 주제모음이 도출되었다. 도출된 주제모음은 ‘신체·심리 변화의 인식과 수용’, ‘가족 관계 에서의 정서적 긴장과 갈등’, ‘사회적 지지를 통한 정서적 안정’, ‘자기 돌봄을 통한 삶의 재구성’, ‘의학적 중재를 통한 증상 완화와 안정’으로 나타났다. 이는 갱년기 경험이 단순한 생리적 변화가 아닌, 정체성 재정립과 삶의 방향성 재조정의 복합 적 과정임을 보여준다. 본 연구는 갱년기 여성의 삶을 이해하고, 맞춤형 간호중재 및 지지체계 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

This study aimed to explore in depth the discomforts experienced by middle-aged women during menopause and to analyze the meaning of their coping experiences from a phenomenological perspective. Thirteen women aged 45 to 60 who had undergone menopause participated, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The transcripts were analyzed following Colaizzi’s phenomenological method, yielding 254 significant statements, 35 formulated meanings, 14 themes, and 5 theme clusters. The five clusters were: recognition and acceptance of physical and psychological changes; emotional tension and conflict in family relationships; emotional stability through social support; life restructuring through self-care; and symptom relief and stabilization through medical intervention. These findings demonstrate that the menopausal experience is not merely a physiological transition but a complex process of identity redefinition and life realignment. The insights gained provide foundational data for understanding menopausal women’s lived experiences and for developing tailored nursing interventions and support systems.

This study sought to analyze the effects of an ingrown toenail correction program on walking, discomfort, and stress. The research method involved acrylic toenail correction conducted four times at three-week intervals on 28 men and women in their 60s and 70s with ingrown toenail problems. Quantitative and non-quantitative analyzes were conducted to confirm the differences before and after acrylic toenail correction. The quantitative analysis evaluated the differences in electromyography and foot pressure, and the non-quantitative analysis evaluated the differences in discomfort and stress caused by ingrown toenails. Differences before and after implementation were verified with paired sample t-tests. As a result of quantitative analysis, cosmetic ingrown toenail management significantly lowered the activity of the rectus femoris muscle during walking, significantly increased the muscle activity of the rectus femoris muscle during squats, and significantly reduced foot pressure. The non-quantitative analysis found that acrylic toenail correction significantly reduced discomfort and stress caused by ingrown toenails. Therefore, this study means that acrylic toenail correction not only helps improve the physical problems of ingrown toenails, contributing to stabilization of walking and lower extremity abilities, but also improves psychological problems such as discomfort and stress caused by ingrown toenails.

本研究分析了内生趾甲矫正程序对步态, 不适感和压力的影响. 研究方法是针对28名有内生趾 甲问题的60至70岁男女, 进行了为期3周一次, 共4次的丙烯酸矫正程序. 为了确认矫正程序前 后的差异, 进行了定量和非定量分析. 定量分析评估了肌电图和足压的差异, 非定量分析评估 了因内生趾甲引起的不适感和心理压力的差异. 前后差异通过配对t检验进行验证. 定量分析 结果显示, 美容性内生趾甲护理在走路时显著降低了股直肌的激活度, 在深蹲时显著增加了股 直肌的肌肉激活度, 并显著降低了足压. 非定量分析结果显示, 美容性内生趾甲护理显著降低 了因内生趾甲引起的不适感和压力. 因此, 本研究意味着丙烯酸矫正程序不仅有助于改善内生趾 甲的身体问题, 稳定步态和下肢能力, 而且改善了内生趾甲引起的不适感和压力等心理问题.

This study aims to empirically investigate effects of motion repetition and external load according to joint motion on discomfort through an experiment. Eighteen college students (female: 9; male: 9) participated in an experiment measuring perceived discomfort using the Borg CR10. Joint(wrist, elbow, shoulder and trunk) motion, its repetition and external load were adopted as independent variables. The results showed that all three independent variables were statistically significant on discomfort. Participants’ sex also significantly affected discomfort obtained in the experiment. While the interactions of joint motion and repetition, and joint motion and external load were not significant at α = 0.05, that of motion repetition and external load was significant. Based on the experimental results, four regression equations by the joints involved were presented, which could be used as a tool for evaluating postural loads by the joints. It may be postulated that based on the results of this study, scoring systems of RULA and REBA, and those of OWAS and REBA underestimates effects of motion repetition and external load, respectively. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as a basic data for developing an observational method properly reflecting the effects of motion repetition and external load.

자율주행자동차의 수용 또는 확산을 위해서는 수용요인의 선행요인을 발견하는 것도 필요하지만, 수용에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 저항에 대해 연구도 필요하다. 본 연구는 자율주행 자동차의 수용에 저항을 일 으키는 소비자의 감정적․심리적 요인으로 불편함, 불안감, 관성을 제안하고 이를 감소할 수 있는 전략적 방 안을 제안하고자 한다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 자동차에 관심이 있는 242명의 일반소비자들을 대상으로 설문을 실시하 였고 경로분석을 이용하여 분석을 하였다. 분석 결과, 불편함, 불안감, 관성은 자율주행 자동차에 대한 소비자 저항에 모두 정의 영향을 그리고 소비 자 저항은 수용의도에 부의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 소비자 저항이 수용의도에 미치는 부의 영향의 경로계수는 저항에 대한 선행요인들의 영향력보다 절대값 지수가 더 높게 나타났고 소비자 저항에 대해서는 불안감이 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 자율주행 자동차에 대한 수용을 높이기 위해 서는 소비자 저항을 감소시켜야 하고 이를 위해 무엇보다 자율주행 기술, 안전, 정보보안 등과 관련된 불안 감을 감소시키는 것이 필요함을 강조한다.

In order to accept or spread autonomous vehicles, it is necessary to discover the antecedent factors of acceptance factors, but it is also necessary to study resistance that can negatively affect acceptance. This study proposes discomfort, anxiety, and inertia as emotional and psychological factors of consumers that cause resistance to the acceptance of autonomous vehicles, and proposes strategic measures to reduce them. To achieve this research purpose, a questionnaire was conducted on 242 general consumers who were interested in automobiles and analyzed using path analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that discomfort, anxiety, and inertia all had a positive effect on consumer resistance to autonomous vehicles, and that consumer resistance had a negative effect on acceptance intention. The path coefficient of negative influence of consumer resistance on acceptance intention was higher in absolute value than the influence of antecedent factors on resistance, and it was confirmed that anxiety had the greatest effect on consumer resistance. In order to increase acceptance of autonomous vehicles, it is necessary to reduce consumer resistance and, above all, emphasize the need to reduce anxiety related to autonomous driving technology, safety and information security.

두드러진 성장을 보이는 모바일 결제서비스는 한국과 중국에서 다른 양상을 보인다. 모바일 결제서비스에 대한 최근의 연구를 바탕으로 제3자 모바일 결제서비스 기술준비도에 있어 한국과 중국 사이에 근본적 차이가 존재하는지 확인하고자 하였다. 한국과 중국의 대학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하고 기술준비도를 나타내는 각 요인에 대하여 t검정을 실시하였다. 연구결과 기술준비도의 모든 요인에서 한국과 중국 사이에 차이가 있음이 확인되 었다. 중국 사용자의 경우 긍정적 요인인 낙관성, 혁신성과 함께 부정적 요인인 불편감 역시 더 높았다. 반면 불안감은 한국 사용자에게서 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해 사용자에 대한 이해를 높이고 제3자 모바일 결제서비스 활성화를 위한 전략적 접근방향을 제시한다. 또한 기술준비도에 대한 통찰력을 높여 관련 연구의 학문적 기초자료가 될 것으로 기대한다.

The mobile payment service, which shows remarkable growth, appears to have different situations between Korea and China. Based on the recent research, we tried to confirm that there is a difference in the technology readiness index of third-party mobile payment service between Korea and China. The data were collected from a survey of Korean and Chinese university students. As a method of analysis, t-test was conducted for each factor. The results show that there is a difference between China and Korea in all factors of technology readiness. In particular, Chinese users' optimism, innovation and discomfort were higher and insecurity was higher in Korean users. These results are expected to provide a strategic approach to expand the use of third-party mobile payment services.

Purpose: This study investigated the impact of physical discomfort and anxiety on the spiritual well-being and quality of life of families with terminally ill patients with cancer, focusing on meaning in life as a mediating factor. Methods: Out of the 230 questionnaires distributed, 186 were selected for analysis. Data collection included physical discomfort, anxiety, meaning in life, spiritual well-being, and quality of life. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling with SPSS/WIN 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. Results: Out of the total 186 participants, 73.1% were female, and the average age was 54.25±12.63 years. Physical discomfort and anxiety were found to significantly influence participants’ meaning in life, with a total explanatory power of 28%. In addition, anxiety and meaning in life significantly affected spiritual well-being, explaining 67% of the variance. Meaning in life influenced quality of life with a 66% explanatory power and mediated the relationship between anxiety and spiritual well-being among family caregivers of terminal cancer patients, enhancing both spiritual well-being and quality of life. Conclusion: The findings suggest that meaning-centered interventions centered on meaning in life for family caregivers of patients with life-threatening illness are crucial.

Purpose: This study investigated the mediating effect of sleep discomfort in the relationship between tinnitus distress and depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, the Korean Screening Tool for Depressive Disorders, and the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to examine a convenience sample of 139 individuals with tinnitus who were selected from an online patient community in January 2023. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and the PROCESS macro with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS/WIN 25.0. Results: Tinnitus distress exhibited a positive correlation with depression (r=.70, p<.001) and sleep discomfort (r=.33, p<.001), and depression showed a positive correlation with sleep discomfort (r=.52, p<.001). Further, sleep discomfort had a statistically significant partial mediating effect in the relationship between tinnitus distress and depression (β=.11; 95% CI, 0.05~0.18). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that sleep discomfort plays a partial mediatory role in the relationship between tinnitus distress and depression. Intervention programs for improving sleep discomfort among individuals with tinnitus are recommended to reduce depression in this population. In addition, screenings for sleep discomfort and depression should be routinely carried out as part of the treatment strategy for individuals with tinnitus.

Purpose: Body exposure and physical touch are common components of healthcare procedures. Although they can be essential for ensuring proper care, these practices often evoke negative emotionssuch as shame, embarrassment, and humiliation among patients. These experiences can further lead topsychological harm, including trauma, preventing patients from seeking follow-up care. Given thatthese negative encounters vary by the sociocultural and clinical contexts, this study explored patients’experiences of such “sexual discomfort” in the South Korean healthcare setting. Methods: Eighteen participants who reported experiencing sexual discomfort during healthcare encounterswere enrolled. In-depth interviews were conducted with each participant. All the interviewswere audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed using van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenologicalapproach. Results: Five themes emerged, reflecting the universal themes of human existentials suggested by vanManen: suffering from nakedness and modesty violations (vulnerable bodies); navigating uncertaintyand trauma (confusing times); being powerless and subordinate (power imbalance); challenging theaddressing of my discomfort (isolating spaces); and ensuring control, boundaries, and respect (preservingmyself). Hermeneutic phenomenological writing on patients’ experiences of sexual discomfortwas provided based on these five themes to comprehensively reinterpret the phenomena. Conclusion: The healthcare setting in South Korea, which prioritizes efficiency, often leads to unnecessarysexual shame and discomfort for patients. This can be exacerbated by the perceived power inequalitieswithin the provider?patient relationship, intensifying feelings of vulnerability. Nurses’essential roles in mitigating these negative encounters are frequently overlooked under the guise ofmaintaining efficiency. The findings of this study offer several implications, emphasizing the need forchanges to provider education to enhance patient-centered care.

Purpose: This study employed Q-methodology to explore frames of reference of nursing home practitioners in managing discomfort of residents with dementia. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with eight nursing home practitioners, all of whom had experience caring for residents with dementia. Additionally, a literature review on discomfort, its assessment, and interventions was conducted. Thirty-four practitioners as a P-sample, including nurses, care workers, social workers, and physical therapists, classified 34 Q-samples through Q-sorting. Data analysis was performed using the PQ-method 2.35 program. Results were interpreted based on factor arrays, post-interview data, and distribution of the P-sample. Results: Four Q-factors were identified as practitioners’ frames of references for discomfort management of nursing home residents: exploring possible management based on a synthesis of related clues, an individual assessment-based approach using possible assumptions, linking subtle changes to management direction based on a trusting relationship, and configuration-centered management direction using objective data. Conclusion: Utilizing nursing home practitioners’ frames of reference for managing demented residents’ discomfort can be used for developing strategies that can be used in practitioners’ education and promoting practice that can reduce discomfort of nursing home residents.

Purpose A safe and effective hemostatic care is necessary after bone marrow examination to minimize bleeding, pain, and discomfort. However, a standardized hemostatic care protocol following bone marrow examination has not been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in bleeding, hematoma, pain, and discomfort by the hemostatic method used following bone marrow examination. Methods This study was carried out with a pre-test/post-test nonequivalent control group design. Sixty-four patients undergoing bone marrow examination at the hemato-oncology ward in a tertiary hospital in South Korea were assigned to an intervention (n = 30) and comparison group (n = 34). The intervention group was treated using a compression dressing alone, while the comparison group received a compression dressing followed by sandbag compression. Both groups received two hours of bedrest. Bleeding, hematoma, pain, and discomfort were measured at one and two hours after the biopsy. Results No significant differences in the occurrence of bleeding between the groups at one and two hours after bone marrow examination were observed, and no participant developed hematoma. The intervention group had significantly lower pain than the comparison group two hours after the bone marrow examination as well as lower discomfort one hour and two hours after the bone marrow examination (p < .05). Conclusion Applying only compression dressing after a bone marrow examination is effective in reducing pain and discomfort without measurable differences in bleeding and hematoma, suggesting that compression dressings alone could be effective in lowering pain and discomfort following bone marrow examination.

Purpose: Visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort each influence quality oflife (QoL). However, little is known regarding the impact of their coexistence on QoL. Therefore, weaimed to investigate the influence of the coexistence of visual impairment, hearing impairment, andmasticatory discomfort on QoL among middle-aged adults aged 40-64. Methods: This study involveda secondary data analysis utilizing the data from years 1 and 2 of the eighth Korea National Healthand Nutrition Examination Survey. To evaluate the influence of the coexistence of visual impairment,hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort on QoL, we conducted a complex sample hierarchicalmultiple regression analysis. Results: When visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatorydiscomfort coexisted, the QoL was significantly lower than in individuals without any of these conditions. Conclusion: The coexistence of visual impairment, hearing impairment, and masticatory discomfort was negatively correlated with QoL. Therefore, it is important to prepare for old age through appropriate health management during middle age.

Purpose: This study describes the attitudes toward Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), physical discomfort with wearing PPE, obsession with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and perceived psychosocial stress among operating room nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies factors affecting perceived psychosocial stress. Methods: This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional design to evaluate physical discomfort experienced when wearing PPE, attitudes toward PPE, and obsession with COVID-19. We collected the data between December 2020 and January 2021. The participants were 127 nurses who worked in operating rooms at three hospitals in South Korea. Perceived psychosocial stress was assessed using the Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression. Results: Having a bachelor's degree (β=.28, p=.031), attitude toward PPE (β=-.22, p=.011), experiencing shortness of breath while wearing PPE (β=.26, p=.008), and obsession with COVID-19 (β=.23, p=.006) were identified as factors affecting the psychosocial stress of nurses who wore PPE and participated in surgery. Conclusion: Nurses who had a negative attitude toward PPE, experienced shortness of breath while wearing it, and had a high level of obsession with COVID-19 had higher psychosocial stress. To reduce the psychosocial stress of nurses who wear PPE and participate in surgery, we suggest research on education that can reduce repetitive thinking about infectious diseases, such as obsession with COVID-19. Additionally, support is needed to improve positive attitudes toward PPE and alleviate physical discomfort.

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제9기 2차(KNHANES Ⅸ-2) 원시자료를 활용하여 와병 경험이 씹기 및 말하기 기 능에 미치는 영향을 규명하고, 일반적 특성에 따른 구강 건강 수준을 평가하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 자 료는 질병관리청(KCDC)에서 시행한 KNHANES Ⅸ-2로부터 수집되었으며, 총 6,929명의 응답자 중 연구 목적에 부합하 지 않는 만 20세 미만의 대상자와, 와병 관련 문항에 응답하지 않았거나 ‘모름’으로 응답한 자를 제외한 총 5,715명을 최 종 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 와병 관련 변수는 ‘와병 경험’으로 구성되었으며, 구강 불편감 관련 변 수는 ‘씹기 불편감’과 ‘말하기 불편감’으로 구성되었다. 씹기 및 말하기 항목의 응답은 역산 처리되었으며, ‘매우 불편하다’ 는 5점으로 환산하였다. 이에 따라 점수가 높을수록 구강 건강에 대한 부정적인 의미를 나타낸다. 연구 결과, 씹기 불편 감에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인은 성별, 연령, 소득 수준, 교육 수준, 와병 경험으로 나타났으며, 말하기 불편감 역시 동일 한 요인들의 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히, 말하기보다 씹기에 더 큰 불편감을 호소하는 비율이 높았으며, 와병 경험 유무가 두 변수에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 현재 구강 상태나 상실 치아 개수와 같은 추가적인 임상적 요인을 반영하지 못한 제한점이 있으나, KNHANES Ⅸ-2의 최신 원시자료(2023년)를 활용하여 와병 환 자의 구강 불편감을 탐색하였다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 가진다.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of bedridden experience on chewing and speech functions and to evaluate oral health status according to general characteristics, utilizing raw data from the 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, second year (KNHANES Ⅸ-2). The data were collected by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). Among the 6,929 total respondents, 1,063 individuals under the age of 20 and 151 participants who did not respond to, or answered “unknown” on, bedridden-related questions were excluded. As a result, a final sample of 5,715 participants was included in the analysis. Bedridden-related variables included bedridden experience while oral discomfort variables consisted of chewing discomfort and speech discomfort. The responses for the chewing and speech categories were reverse-scored, with "very uncomfortable" converted to a score of 5. Thus, higher scores indicated a more negative perception of oral health. The analysis revealed that key factors affecting chewing discomfort were sex, age, income level, educational attainment, and bedridden experience. Similarly, speech discomfort was influenced by the same set of variables. Notably, a greater proportion of respondents reported more discomfort while chewing than while speech. Bedridden experience was found to have a statistically significant impact on both types of oral discomfort. Although this study did not account for additional clinical variables such as current oral health condition or the number of missing teeth, it holds academic significance in that it utilized the most recent raw data from KNHANES Ⅸ-2 (2023) to explore the impact of bedridden experience on oral function-related discomfort in a comprehensive manner.

본 연구는 청소년의 음료 섭취와 구강 불편감의 관련성을 조사하기 위하여 중학교 1학년부터 고등학교 3학 년까지 54,653명의 온라인 설문 조사 결과를 분석한 제20차(2024년) 청소년 건강행태조사 자료를 이항 로지스 틱 회귀 분석하였다. 연구 결과 49.1%에서 구강 불편감을 느끼고 있었으며, 성별, 학교급, 경제 수준, 칫솔질 빈 도, 음주 및 흡연 경험 등의 요인이 구강 불편감에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 고카페인 음료를 주 1-4회 섭취한 경우 섭취하지 않은 경우에 비해 1.07배 구강 불편감을 느끼고 있었다. 단맛 음료는 섭취하지 않은 경 우에 비해 주 1-2회 섭취한 경우에는 1.34배, 주 5회-매일 1회 섭취하는 경우 1.83배, 매일 2회 이상 섭취하는 경우 1.83배 구강 불편감을 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 하루 동안 물의 섭취는 5컵 이상의 물을 마시는 경우에 비해 1컵 미만은 1.15배, 하루 1-2컵은 1.08배, 하루 3-4컵은 1.07배의 구강 불편감을 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 청소년의 구강 불편함을 완화하기 위해 카페인 함유 음료와 단 음료 섭취 의 소비를 줄이기 위한 영양교육 및 학교 내 식수대 관리를 통해 물 섭취량을 늘려야 한다는 것을 제안한다.

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between beverage consumption and oral discomfort in adolescents. Method: A binary logistic regression analysis was performed using data from 54,653 students, spanning from the first year of middle school to the third year of high school, based on the 20th (2024) Youth Health Behavior Survey. Results: The oral discomfort rate was 49.1% and factors such as sex, school level, economic status, frequency of teeth brushing, drinking and smoking experience were found to affect oral discomfort. When high-caffeine beverages were consumed 1-4 times a week, oral discomfort was felt 1.07 times more frequently than when not consumed. Oral discomfort due to consumption of sweetened beverages was 1.34 times more frequently when consumed 1-2 times a week, 1.83 times more frequently when consumed 5 times a week to once a day, and 1.83 times more frequently when consumed twice a day or more than once a day. When drinking less than 1 cup of water a day, oral discomfort was felt 1.15 times more frequently than when drinking 5 or more cups of water a day, 1.08 times more frequently when drinking 1-2 cups of water a day, and 1.07 times more frequently when drinking 3-4 cups of water a day, indicating that the less water one drinks, the more oral discomfort one feels. Conclusion: This study proposes that alleviating oral discomfort in adolescents may be achieved through the implementation of nutrition education aimed at reducing the intake of caffeinated and sweetened beverages, alongside increasing water consumption by improving the management of school water fountains

Cross-gender advertising is an emerging strategy in which models of one gender are used to promote products typically associated with the opposite gender. Despite its growing adoption, past research has produced mixed findings regarding its effectiveness. Drawing on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), schema incongruity theory, and cognitive dissonance theory, the present study integrates individual difference variables—specifically, Need for Cognition (NFC) and Gender-role Stereotype (GRS)—to examine the conditions under which cross-gender advertising is persuasive and to uncover its underlying mechanisms. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the moderating effects of NFC and GRS on advertising evaluations. The results indicate a significant interaction between ad type (traditional vs. cross-gender) and consumers’ NFC and GRS. Consumers with high NFC or weak GRS tend to show a more favorable attitude toward cross-gender advertisements, whereas those with low NFC prefer traditional ads. Further, bootstrapping analysis (Hayes, 2017) reveals that positive evaluations of cross-gender ads are driven by perceived novelty, while negative evaluations stem from psychological discomfort. Moreover, the findings suggest that consumer attitudes toward cross-gender advertising vary according to the ad models’ gender identity; individuals high in NFC or low in GRS are more inclined to favor cross-gender ads with a pronounced gender identity portrayal. The findings offer substantial theoretical contributions by clarifying the boundary conditions and underlying mechanisms of cross-gender advertising effectiveness. Managerially, the results provide practical guidance for designing targeted ad campaigns—suggesting that marketers can enhance advertising impact by tailoring the gender portrayal and messaging to align with consumers’ cognitive styles and gender-role expectations.

The UK’s relationship with European regionalism has always been controversial and multifaceted. Taking the UK’s relationship with the EU as well as the European human rights system of the ECHR as examples, one can argue that it is the UK’s peculiar uncodified constitution that has been a central cause for friction. The results of this friction are clear: On 23 June, 2016, a small majority of the British electorate voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. Furthermore, future domestic human rights reforms may trigger a British withdrawal from the Council of Europe. In both cases, the UK would be the first country to permanently withdraw from these postwar structures of regional cooperation. This article aims to highlight key domestic constitutional factors, which prompted a key player of European regionalism to question its own place in such a system. The British case study raises important questions especially for future architects of regional judicial cooperation, and thus may be relevant for current efforts in other regions such as Asia.

목적: 본 연구는 적절한 침상안정 시간 규명의 기초자료 마련을 위해 시행된 연구로, 혈액종양내과환자의 골수검사 후 침상안정 시간에 따른 불편감 및 출혈여부, 출혈에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사하는 연구이다. 방법: 2017년 1월부터 2017년 9월까지 S병원에서 골수검사를 시행한 131명의 환자를 대상으로 자가보고 형식을 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 23.0을 이용하였고, 서술적 통계, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, McNemar’s test 및 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 골수검사 후 침상안정 2시간 후의 불편감에 비해 4시간 후의 불편감은 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.001). 골수검사 후 침상안정 2시간 후와 4시간 후 출혈여부는 유의한 차이를 보였으나(p<.001), 모든 출혈은 경미한 출혈에 불과했고, 침상안정 2시간 후 거즈를 제거하고도 출혈이 발생하지 않은 환자가 84%로 보고되었다. 결론: 본 연구 결과, 골수검사 후 침상안정 시간을 단축시키는 것이 환자의 안위 증진에 도움이 된다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 골수검사 부위 및 환자의 상태에 따라 침상안정을 단축시킬 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate hemato-oncology patients’ discomfort and bleeding in relation to the bedrest time after bone marrow examination. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The data were collected using self- report questionnaire from total of 131 patients who underwent bone marrow examination from January 2017 to September 2017. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon Signed-rank test, McNemar's test and logistic regression. Results: The level of discomfort after 4 hours of bedrest was significantly higher when compared to 2 hours of bedrest(p<.001). The occurrence of bleeding after 2 hours of bedrest was significantly higher than 4 hours of bedrest(p<.001), however the degree of bleeding was slight. No bleeding occurred in 84% of the patients after 2 hours of bedrest. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that shortening the bed rest time after bone marrow examination was helpful in improving the patient's well-being. Bedrest time could be shortened according to the site of bone marrow examination and patient's condition.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the discomfort and factors influencing the discomfort of cancer patients with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at a tertiary university-based hospital in Seoul in 2013. Subjects were eligible if patients were diagnosed with cancer and four weeks had passed since the PICC was inserted. Anxiety was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and discomfort was assessed with 8 questions developed through qualitative interviews and a literature review. Questions were about pain, interruption of daily activity or leisure, satisfaction, usefulness and feelings towards the PICC. Results: Total 111 patients participated in the study. Over 75% of patients reported annoyance with PICC line. There was low positive correlation between discomfort due to PICC and anxiety. In anxious patients, patients discomfort was significantly higher than that of non-anxious patients. Significant factors influencing discomfort were gender, age, education level, PICC complications and anxiety. Conclusion: Patient engagement in selecting the type of catheter and individualized care considering the level of anxiety and patient demographics might help to reduce discomfort in cancer patients.

Purpose: This study was done to identify menstrual discomfort and dietary habits, and factors related to the menstrual discomforts. Method: Participants were 320 female middle school students in G city. The Menstrual Discomfort Questionaire(MDQ) and dietary habit lists were used as tools. Results: Factors related to MDQ were found to be the VAS scores (r=.361, p=.002), a mount of menstrual bleeding (r=.131, p=.019), height (r=.134, p=.016), adequacy of meal time (t=7.19, p=.008), consumption of milk & milk products (F=3.20, p=.042)and, hot, salty & irritant foods (F=8.01, p=.000), eating more than 3 kinds of side-dishes with each meal (F=8.32, p=.000), and various protein foods (F=5.15, p=.006). In stepwise regression, 4 variables (VAS scores, height, hot, salty & irritant foods, more than 3 kinds of side-dishes with each meal) explained 20.3% of the variance in the total MDQ scores. Conclusion: Reduction of hot, salty & irritant foods and having more than 3 side-dishes with each meal would be effective in menstrual discomfort management. As well, good and, balanced dietary habits should be encouraged for early adolescent girls. To keep up with the ideal dietary habits, nutritional education & counseling should be continued. In a further study, a replication study with larger samples and more specified nutritional assessment are recommended.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify associated factors of chewing discomfort among community-dwelling elderly. Methods: The study was cross-sectional design and secondary data analysis using the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among the total of 7,550 participants, data was analyzed with 1,126 adults aged 65 years and over. Chewing discomfort was assessed by the perceived chewing discomfort. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to find the associated factors of chewing discomfort. Results: Along with 61.7% of the participants reported having chewing discomfort, 85.2% reported to perceive poor oral health and 35.0% had oral pain. In multivariate logistic regression, perceived oral health (OR 3.22, 95% CI 2.24~4.63), oral pain (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.76~3.43), activity limitation (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.05~2.80), teeth requiring treatment (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.14~2.26), number of remaining teeth (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.22~2.10) and educational level (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.15~2.12) were the significant predictors of chewing discomfort. Conclusion: The prevalence in chewing discomfort was high in elderly Koreans and various factors were associated with chewing discomfort. To improve chewing ability, it is suggested that the national level of policies offer strategical oral health programs in this population.