Earticle

Porous, and low-density regenerated cellulose beads (RCBs) have emerged as advanced materials for various engineering applications ranging from chromatography to drug release. Here, 3D porous cellulose beads (CBs) were prepared from the well-dissolved cellulose–TEAOH/urea/H2O solutions via a simple dropping–acid coagulation–freeze drying process. The S-HwBKP with high DP (~1500) were rapidly dissolved at 25 ℃ in a TEAOH/urea solvent system at different molar ratios of TEAOH and urea (T/U = 1:0–1:6), and the dissolved proportion of cellulose was increased from 73.4 to 98.0 wt% with increasing T/U from 1:0 to 1:6. The obtained cellulose–TEAOH/urea solutions with increased T/U molar ratios processed the pronounced surface tension and viscosity, resulting in a bigger size/volume of RCBs via dropping–acid coagulation process. Thereafter, 3D porous RCBs aerogels exhibiting the stable core-shell structure with abundant micro-pores were successfully prepared by freeze-drying method. The slight shrinkage of the freeze-dry RCBs in size and volume was ~11% and ~ 28%, respectively, which was much lower than the oven-dry beads (~64% and ~ 95%). The freeze-dry beads was easily rewet in water and had a good swelling capacity (11.7 g/g). Additionally, its processed lower density (~0.06 g/cm3), high porosity (~91.0%), and thermal/mechanical stabilities, thereby indicating that microporous core-shell structures can be synthesized successfully, and inspiring its widespread design and fabrication on the cellulose-based materials with well-controlled structures via our strategy.

본 연구에서는 핵심자기평가가 실제로 어떤 내적구조를 가지는지를 탐색적 구조방정식 모형을 적용하여 검토하였다. 검토 방법으로서 기존의 탐색적 요인분석 방식과 확인적 요인분석 방식은 척도의 문항들이 측정하고자 한 개념 이외의 다른 개념의 지표가 되거나 다른 기존 개념을 측정하는 문항과의 상관을 검토하지 못함으로서 현실에서 나타나는 척도의 정확한 내적구조를 파악하지 못하는 한계가 있었다. 이에 대한 대안으로서 탐색적 구조방정식 모형을 적용하여 내적구조를 검토하였다. 그 결과, CSE의 선언척도에서 제시된 문항들이 경험자료에서는 다르게 행동하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 불일치가 발생하는 이유는 첫째로 핵심자기평가 척도가 두 개 또는 여러 개의 핵심 특질을 동시에 측정하는 문항 12개를 선별하여 개발됨으로써 문항들이 다른 유사 구성개념의 지표가 될 수 있는 가능성이 크고, 둘째로 핵심자기평가의 개념이 될 수 있는 여러 특질과의 관계가 충분히 검토되지 못해서 경험연구에 따라서는 다른 척도 내 문항들과의 변별이 되지 않아 발생한 문제로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 핵심자기평가 이론의 논리적 관계구조 속에서 해당 구성개념을 명확히 하고 보다 정교한 내적구조를 갖춘 척도의 개발이 요구된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the factor structure of Core Self-Evaluations(CSE) by means of exploratory structural equation modeling(ESEM) models. ESEM is a technique that has been proposed for the analysis of internal structure that overcomes some of the limitations of EFA and CFA. The results show that factor structures of CSE consist of one factor. Typically, the one- or two- factor structure is supported by previous studies. The reason for discrepancies is as follows. First, the 12 Core Self-Evaluations Scale(CSES) items have the potential to be an indicator of other similar constructs because the items cut across the four core traits such that some items may reflect a combination of two or more of the core traits. Second, the relationship between the various traits that may be the concept of CSE have not been fully investigated. Therefore, CSE construct should be clarified in the logical structure of the CSE theory and the development of the scale with the more sophisticated internal structure are required.

본 연구의 목적은 핵심감정, 작업동맹 및 치료적 관계를 하나의 상호조절적 순환구조로 통합하여 상담 변화 과정을 체계적으로 이해하고 설명하는 이론적 틀을 제안하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 내러티브 통합 문헌고찰 방법을 적용하여 핵심감정, 작업동맹 및 치료적 관계에 관한 국내외 상담 및 심리치료 연구를 체계적으로 수집·분석하고, 상담 변화의 상호조절적 순환구조를 재구성하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 핵심감정, 작업동맹 및 치료적 관계는 상담 변화를 구성하는 핵심 과정 요소로 확인되었다. 둘째, 핵심감정의 접근과 재구성은 작업동맹 및 치료적 관계와 상호조절적으로 작용하며 상담 변화를 촉진하는 핵심 기제로 통합되었다. 셋째, 세 요소의 상호작용을 바탕으로 상담자의 과정 중심 사례개념화와 반응적 조율을 위한 이론적 모형을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 상담 변화를 상호조절적 과정으로 재개념화하여 상담 변화에 대한 이론적 이해를 확장하였으며, 상담자의 과정 중심 사례개념화와 반응적 조율을 위한 임상적 기준을 제시하였다. 또한 상담자 양성, 전문가 훈련 및 수퍼비전에서 활용 가능한 기초자료를 제공하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to propose a theoretical framework that systematically explains the process of therapeutic change by integrating core emotion, the working alliance, and the therapeutic relationship into a single reciprocal regulatory cycle. To achieve this objective, a narrative integrative literature review was conducted to systematically collect and analyze domestic and international counseling and psychotherapy research on core emotion, the working alliance, and the therapeutic relationship, and to reconstruct the reciprocal regulatory cycle of therapeutic change. The findings were as follows. First, core emotion, the working alliance, and the therapeutic relationship were identified as the key process components underlying therapeutic change. Second, the access to and transformation of core emotion were integrated as a central mechanism that promotes therapeutic change through reciprocal regulatory interactions with the working alliance and the therapeutic relationship. Third, based on the interactions among these three components, a theoretical model was proposed to support counselors' process-oriented case conceptualization and responsive attunement. This study reconceptualizes therapeutic change as a reciprocal regulatory process, thereby extending the theoretical understanding of therapeutic change. Furthermore, it provides a clinical framework for counselors' process-oriented case conceptualization and responsive attunement. In addition, the study offers foundational educational resources for counselor education, professional training, and clinical supervision.

본 연구는 공공도서관 프로그램의 전문적이고 체계적인 개발 및 운영을 위해 문헌분석과 사례 현황 분석, 그리고 전문가 인터뷰를 기반으로 주제와 형식의 핵심 영역과 내용체계를 제안하였다. 문헌분석을 통해 국내외 프로그램 유형을 분석하기 위한 본 연구의 기준을 도출하였으며 한국과 미국의 프로그램의 현황 분석을 통해 주제와 형식의 핵심 영역과 내용체계(안)을 도출하였다. 또한, 핵심 영역과 내용체계(안)의 타당성을 검토하고, 프로그램 운영현황, 문제점, 개선사항에 대한 의견을 조사하기 위해 전문가 인터뷰를 수행하였다. 마지막으로 공공도서관 프로그램의 핵심 영역과 내용 체계를 최종적으로 제안하였으며 그 결과는 주제 측면에서 1. 독서교육 2. 인문교양 교육 3. 리터러시 교육 4. 문화예술 교육 5. 시민 교육의 대분류와 이에 대한 정의, 중분류, 프로그램 예시를 제시하였다. 형식 측면에서는 1. 진행 방식 2. 횟수 3. 디지털 환경 제공의 3가지 대분류를 구성하고 이에 대한 정의와 중분류를 제시하였다.

This study proposes a systematic framework for developing and implementing public library programs through literature analysis, case studies, and expert interviews. A comparative analysis of South Korean and U.S. programs identified core thematic and structural domains. Expert interviews validated the framework and assessed operational challenges. Thematic classification includes Reading, Humanities, Literacy, Arts & Culture, and Civic Education, with defined subcategories and examples. Program structure is categorized by Delivery Method, Frequency, and Digital Environment Integration. Findings contribute to the professionalization of public library programming and evidence-based planning. This study highlights the role of structured program development in improving library service effectiveness and accessibility. The proposed framework supports strategic and sustainable library programming.

In this study, quantum dots with Au/CdSe complex cores composed of Au as a metal base were synthesized, syrup was prepared, and coated on natural simulated LED unit modules, and the optical properties of traffic signs using them were investigated, and the following conclusions were obtained. The nanoparticles synthesized at 260°C and 280°C grew into irregular shapes with PL wavelengths of 624-627㎛, half-widths of 35㎛, PL-QY ratios of 55-61%, and grain diameters of 5-7㎛. The quantum dot syrup was applied to the LED unit module to produce a traffic sign composed of 4CL unit modules, and the luminance of 179 ㏅/㎡, insulation resistance of 10,000㏁, and insulation withstand of 500V were achieved, meeting the performance and specifications of the standard guidelines for luminescent traffic safety signs. The surface temperature of the unit module laminated with 4CL resin is 24~25℃, which shows a stable heat distribution, confirming that it can be applied as a sign using unit modules.

A tilted high-rise structure has eccentricity due to its tilted shape, and the deflection caused by gravity load increases the overturning moment. Therefore local damage to members and joints may occur. In this study, a 60-story straight structure and a structure with 12.7 degree-tilted mid-stories to X-axis were modeled to analyze the behavior of models. Linear static analysis was performed to investigate the story drift ratios and the member forces of column and core as the core of the tilted structure moves along the X-axis. The applied load combinations are equivalent static seismic load and gravity load. As a result of the analysis, in the tilted structure, the effect of gravity load was dominant rather than seismic load unlike the straight structure. In addition, as the core moved along the X-axis, the story drift ratio, the axial force of the column, and the area of the core under the tensile force decreased in the load combination including the gravity load. Therefore, it is judged that the core moves along the X-axis is advantageous for structure overturning. However, it is necessary that a detailed review of the stress of the column-beam joint where the load is concentrated.

[목적] 본 연구의 목적은 시니어골프 분야의 학술연구를 대상으로 빅데이터 분석을 수행하여, 주요 키워드 간의 의미 연결망과 연구 지식구조를 탐색하는 것이다. [방법] 2025년 10월 9일을 기준으로 KCI 등재 국내논문 59편과 Google Scholar 해외논문 22편을 수집하여 초록 텍스트를 전처리한 후, Python 3.12 환경에서 텍스트마이닝 기법을 적용하였 다. 분석은 빈도분석, 워드클라우드 시각화, N-gram, 에고 네트워크, Co-occurrence 네트워크 순으로 수행되었다. [결과] 분석 결과, 시니어골프 연구는 골프와 시니어를 중심으로 건강, 여가, 참여, 의도, 관계 등이 밀접하게 연결되 어 있었다. 이는 시니어골프가 신체적, 심리적, 사회적 요인을 통합적으로 다루며, 활동적 노화와 삶의 질 향상을 핵 심 주제로 발전하고 있음을 보여준다. 또한, 파크, 여성, 능력, 행동, 삶의 질 등 개인차 요인이 새롭게 부상하여 연구 의 세분화와 확장 경향이 나타났다. [결론] 도출된 핵심 키워드 네트워크는 시니어스포츠 분야의 연구 주제의 방향성 을 제시하는 참고 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 메타분석 및 융합연구의 기초자료, 군집 구조 분석을 통해 학제적 통합 연구를 촉진한다.

[Purpose] This study aims to explore the semantic network and knowledge structure of research on senior golf through big data analysis. [Method] As of October 9, 2025, 59 KCI-indexed domestic papers and 22 international papers from Google Scholar were collected and analyzed using Python-based text mining techniques, including frequency, word cloud, N-gram, ego network, and co-occurrence network analyses. [Result] The analysis showed that senior golf research centers on “golf” and “senior,” linked with “health,” “leisure,” “participation,” and “intention,” highlighting its focus on physical, psychological, and social integration. It emphasizes active ageing and quality of life, while emerging themes such as “park,” “women,” and “ability” indicate increasing topic diversification and expansion. [Conclusion] The findings of this study can serve as a reference for identifying the research directions of senior sports studies and as foundational data for meta-analyses and interdisciplinary convergence research. In addition, the identified cluster structures provide an academic basis for promoting integrative and cross-disciplinary research.

The study aimed to grasp the lateral behavior of the structure elements such as slab, exterior columns and outrigger-belt truss in core and offset outrigger-belt truss system. For this purpose, a structural design of 70 stories outrigger-belt truss building was accomplished by making the use of MIDAS-Gen. And the key variables of this analysis study were the stiffness of outrigger-belt truss system and the outrigger position in planar structure. Utilizing the results of this analysis, we analyzed the lateral behavior of structure elements in core and offset outrigger-belt truss system. This paper showed that the stiffness of outrigger-belt truss and the outrigger position in planar structure had influence on lateral behavior of structural elements in outrigger-belt truss system. Also the results of research can give help in finding out the reasonable method for structural design of outrigger-belt truss system in tall building.

건물의 횡력 저항 구조시스템에서 가장 중요한 구조요소는 코어 전단벽체이다. 코어의 크기가 적절한 경우 코어 전단벽체를 제외한 기타 횡력저항 요소의 부담이 줄어들게 되어 평면계획과 입면계획 시 제약요소가 줄어들게 된다. 그러므로 초기 구조 계획 시 코어 크기를 가정할 수 있는 미리 연구된 값이 있을 경우 실무에 적용할 수 있는 편리성이 있으며, 이에 따라 개구부 없는 코어에 대한 기존 연구에 실무 적용성을 높이기 위해 개구부를 고려한 연구를 보완할 필요성이 대두되었다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 초고층 시스템의 가장 기본적인 요소라고 할 수 있는 코어크기에 관하여 개구부가 없는 초고층 전단벽 구조의 횡변위 제어에 대한 중심코어 평가와 개구부가 있는 코어크기에 대하여 비교 분석하여 연구하였으며, 층수의 변화에 따라 구조적으로 요구되는 코어크기를 미리 예측하여 초기 계획 설계 시부터 적절한 코어계획을 수립하기 위한 자료를 제시하고자 한다.

The most important structure element in lateral resisting structure system of a building is core shear wall. When the size of core is appropriately estimated the burden of other lateral force resistance elements except for core shear wall will decrease and when making planing and elevation scheme restricting elements will decrease. Therefore, if there are ready studied values which can assume the size of core in time of early structure planning, there would be conveniences to apply them to actual affairs, and hence the necessity was raised to improved study which considers openings in order to heighten the practical affair applicability for existing studies on the core without opening. In this paper, regarding the size of core which can be called the most basic element of high-rise building system, the evaluation on center core for control of lateral drift of high-rise building shear wall structure without opening and the size of core which has opening was comparatively analyzed. This study is to suggest the material to establish appropriate core plan from the early period of plan design by predicting which structurally required the size of core depending on the change of number of stories.

In general, the shear wall with moment frame system, the shear wall with outrigger system, the tubular system, the mega column system and the cross wall system are adopted as lateral resisting system to high-rise buildings. And a common factor of these systems that resist from lateral loads is the shear wall in the core. Determining the appropriate size of the core is a key factor of designing the lateral resisting system and if the central core is relatively strong to the lateral displacement, restrictions on the grid and facade plan would decrease because requirement of other elements would be reduced. In this paper, the size of cores that a major factor of high-rise building system is analyzed. Changing the slenderness ratio from 2 to 8, structually needed size and areal ratio of the core is estimated from the basic model which has shear wall-moment frame with central core. Additionally relationships with the thickness of walls and differences due to changed rigidity of moment frame around the core are investigated in this study. Also, the difference is analyzed by comparing with the shear wall with outrigger system which is generally adopted as lateral resisting system.

IoT시스템 품질확보를 목표로 하는 QoS 관리체계에서 가장 중요한 포인트는 품질 측정체계 설계와 품질평가 제도이 다. 본 연구는 IoT시스템 구조와 기능 진단을 토대로 한 핵심품질 측정용 매트릭스 모델 연구이다. 특히 사물인터넷 (IoT) 환경의 품질측정에 대한 메트릭스를 개발함으로써 사물 인터넷(IoT) 품질 측정/분석을 위한 기초를 제공한다. IoT 시스템 품질평가용 매트릭스는 기능적 요구사항과 품질 요구사항을 하나의 통합 테이블에 기술하여 품질평가를 시행하 는 방법이다. 기능적 요구사항과 품질 요구사항을 종합하여 연관성을 평가함으로써 평가 신뢰도와 활용성을 높일 수 있 다. 제안된 방법 적용 시 IoT 품질은 신호처리, 프로세싱, 네트워킹 기능 등에서 보다 효율적인 품질확보의 토대가 되고 전체적으로 지연을 줄이면서 QoS를 향상 시킬 수 있다.

The most important point in the QoS management system to ensure the quality of the IoT system design goal is quality measurement system and the quality evaluation system. This research study is a matrix model for the IoT based on key quality measures by diagnosis system structure and function. Developing for the quality metrics measured Internet of Things environment will provide the foundation for the Internet of Things quality measurement / analysis. IoT matrix system for quality evaluation is a method to describe the functional requirements and the quality requirements in a single unified table for quality estimation performed. Comprehensive functional requirements and quality requirements by assessing the association can improve the reliability and usability evaluation. When applying the proposed method IoT quality can be improved while reducing the QoS signaling, the processing, the basis for more efficient quality assurances as a whole.

Steel Framed High-Rise Buildings using Structural Diagrid System are used in construction of skyscrapers recently, those skyscrapers are using inclined atypical appearance. Diagrid structures are one of the tube structure systems having high resistance to horizontal load and support vertical load and horizontal load efficiently. Those buildings do not need strong core inside and have a aesthetic exterior . That's the one of the reason why Structural Diagrid System is popular recently. In this study, Analysis of how Structural Diagrid System is reacted to the change of core position and various twist was conducted. The comparison analysis of the control torsion impact according to the horizontal resistance factors was conducted too. It will evaluate that each system can control displacement and torsion in how efficiency. And it will be used for profitable application in a tall-building structural plan.

Tube structures are widely used system to resist lateral load of the buildings. Especially it have been applied to highrise structures. And dual core system is the system which has separated dual cores in the plan. It applies the principle to make strong geometric moment of inertia of cores in the plan by locating each cores far away. It can make rigid plan of structure and make building behave more efficiently against lateral load. It is easy to be adapted to plan of the tube structure and an improved stiffness of the plan is looked for by combining each system. In this study, tube system and dual core system are applied together and the efficiency of lateral displacement control was evaluated. And the effect of additional structural members(outrigger, belttrusse) was compared. Also the effect of an increase in quantity of core was reviewed.

Background Being influenced by Bauhaus architecture movement in Germany, steel, concrete and glasses became the symbol of modernism in the 1950s. A large amount of building materials offered standards of quantity and quality for buildings and created so-called standard buildings. Buildings began to rely on factories rather than land conditions. Therefore, factories became machines for city transformation. In postmodernism period, these urban machines became dumped factories. Following the approach of globalization, new connotation of space was found in cities. That is blank and flexibility. Methods Treat and research separately on building and space. Summarize and generalize the type of building and construction of space. Summarize the concept of building and space. Combining with the recent years’ researches and the reflections and explorations on the development of modern building space, then summarize and put forward understanding and new design ideas of building space. Improve the quality of building space shaping. Result By means of the summary and analysis on modern building space, ensure the attribute of core structure and membrane structure, the combination of core structure and membrane structure, and the combination of material technology and information technology. Then create conditions and basis for building a flexible space and put forward a design idea of combining core structure and membrane structure. And rigid and soft design direction. Conclusion The appearance of flexible space is the production of society’s development and technology’s advance. The flexible space built by core structure and membrane structure is changeable, and its space forms are various. The flexible space can also enhance the utility of space and improve the usage rate of space.

Recently, module-integrated converter (MIC) research has shown interest in small-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation. The converter is capable of efficient power generation. In this system, the high frequency transformer should be made compact, and demonstrate high efficiency characteristics. This paper presents a core structure optimization procedure to improve the efficiency of a high frequency transformer of compact size. The converter circuit is considered in the finite element analysis (FEA) model, in order to obtain an accurate FEA result. The results are verified by the testing of prototypes.

Deep blue fluorescent host materials based on a novel spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] core structure with side aromatic wings in the 5- and 9-positions, namely, 5,9-di(naphthalen-2-yl)spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (DN-SBFF), 5,9-bis(4-t-butylphenyl)spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (BP-SBFF), and 5,9-bis(4-fluorophenyl)spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (FP-SBFF), were designed and successfully prepared using the Suzuki reaction. The physical properties of these materials and their EL characteristics as blue host materials doped with N,N,N',N'-tetraphenylspiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene]-5,9-diamine (TPA-SBFF) were investigated. The device used comprised ITO/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis[4-(phenyl-m-tolyl-amino)phenyl]-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (DNTPD)/N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPB)/(FP-SBFF):dopant x%/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum ($Alq_3$)/LiF. The device obtained using FP-SBFF doped with TPA-SBFF showed high color purity (0.13, 0.18) and an efficiency of 6.61 cd/A at 7 V.