Earticle

사회적 가치(Social Value)는 공공부문의 정책 수립과 사업 수행의 중요기준으로 적용되고 있으며, 기업 들 역시 전통적인 사회 공헌 활동과 함께 경제적 가치에 사회적 가치를 더한 사업영역으로 새로운 성장전 략을 모색하고 있다. 사회적 가치 실현주체들이 속한 산업들 중 건설산업은 우리나라의 대표적인 기간산업 중 하나로 근대화의 기반을 구축하였고, 일자리 창출, 공공투자, 지역균형발전, 삶의 질 개선 등의 다양한 사회적 가치 활동들이 수행되고 있다. 또한 공공발주기관, 건설사들은 자신의 사업영역에서 사회적 가치 활 동에 앞장서고 있음에도, 아직 학계에서는 건설산업 분야에서의 사회적 가치에 관한 사례연구나 이론적 체 계를 정립하는 연구가 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구는 사회적 가치 관련 연구 분야에서 연구자가 특정 이론에 의존하는 한계점을 극복하고, 향후 실 증연구 수행을 위한 이론적 체계를 통합적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 개별 이론에서 제시하는 사회적 가 치 실현의 방향성과 사회적 가치 기본법(안)에서 제시하는 사회적 가치 실현의 구성요소들을 내용분석을 통하여 도출하였으며, 이를 글로벌 스탠더드와 상세 비교하였다. 내용분석의 결과들을 정제하기 위해 해외 건설산업의 선진사례를 대상으로 다중사례 연구를 수행하였으며, 패턴매칭 기법(Pattern-matching Logic)을 활용하여 이론적인 패턴과 사례연구를 통해 관찰된 패턴들을 매칭 분석하였다. 분석결과, 사회적 가치 기본법(안)에서 제시하는 인권보호를 비롯한 13개의 구성요소는 윤리적, 안전‧환 경적, 경제적, 사회적 측면으로 분류할 수 있고, 환경보전, 지역경제 공헌, 일자리 창출, 사회적 책임 등이 건설산업에서 대표적인 사회적 가치 실현의 구성요소로 확인되었다. 특히 해외 선진사례에서는 노동권 보 호, 공동체 복원 등과 같이 건설사업과 간접적인 영역에서 다양한 사회적 가치 실현 활동이 수행되는 것으 로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 건설산업에서 사회적 가치를 실현하고자 하는 수행주체들에게 사회적 가치의 범주와 사회적 가치 실현의 필수요인들에 대한 이해를 확대시켜줄 뿐만 아니라 본 연구에서 제시하는 이론 적 접근과 연구 방법론은 비단 건설산업에 국한되지 않고, 다양한 산업에서 현실적이고 전략적인 시사점을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Social value has adopted to a principal criterion for establishing governmental policy and conducting the business of public sector. Additionally, companies have found a growth strategy in the business area, which is added a social value, with traditional social contribution. As a key industry in Korea, the construction industry has established the foundation of modernization, and various social value activities, which are job creation, public investment, regional balanced development, improvement the quality of life, and so on, are carried out in this industry. This research examines the advanced cases of foreign construction industry to propose the direction and components for realizing a social value, based on theories, laws, and institutions, and compares with global standards on social value. The results show that 13 components including protection of human rights are classified according to ethical, safe-environmental, economic, and social categories, and environmental preservation, contributions to local economy, job creation, and social responsibility are the representative components for realizing a social value in the construction industry. The results emphasize that various social value activities, such as protection the right to work and reconstruction community, are carried out in the indirect area with foreign construction business. Furthermore, this paper suggests practical implications for establishing a strategic guidance for other industries as well as the construction industry.

In this study, the design of shock tower mounting, a type of shock absorber mounting for four-wheel drive vehicles, was addressed through structural analysis. In the case of existing shock tower mounting components, cracks occurred in the shock tower frame side weld joints, so the maximum stress should be reduced to extend the life of the designed components. Based on this, various design changes were performed on the shock tower mounting components, and the maximum stress generated through structural analysis of each design change model was compared. For the structural analysis, a load of 40,000 N was applied in the axial direction of the shock absorber, and the results were relatively analyzed and compared. As a result of the analysis of the shock tower mounting components through the design change, Case 3, a model that alleviated the stress concentration applied to the body mounting, increased the strength compared to the existing model, and the stress in the shock tower frame side weld joints was reduced by 16.3%.

The automobile lies next to real properties in terms of high involvement. So, consumers go beyond the functional aspect which defines it as just a means of transport and perceive it as a product that represents their exclusive space and lifestyle. This made it crucial for businesses to conduct a survey on the consumer environment. This study has been carried out to figure out the components that influence the purchase intention of people who visit the showrooms of Hyundai Motor Company. The showrooms were classified by functional type and named standard, linked, additional, and complex. Out of the showrooms, For its research methods, the study has used survey and empirical analysis through literature review, thus conducting depth interviews and a Delphi study on the specialists. The employed statistical analysis program is SPSS 18.0. The factor analysis has identified the four factors of site access, human services, interior space, and exterior space, and checked if the factors as independent variables influenced the purchase intention which was a subordinate variable. The regression analysis showed that interior space and human services exerted statistically significant positive influence while site access and exterior space failed to influence purchase intention. These results suggest that more effort needs to be made to influence the purchase intention of the visitors to the automotive showrooms by further strengthening interior space and human services and supplementing exterior space among other components of an automotive showroom.

[목적] 액티브 시니어 세대가 인지하는 골프관광상품 구성요소의 중요도 분석을 통해 액티브 시니어 세대에 맞는 다 양한 맞춤상품들을 만들어 내는 것이 필요하다는 점을 확인하고자 한다. [방법] 결과 도출을 위해 55세 이상 골프관 광상품을 구매한 경험이 있는 자를 대상으로 설문을 진행하였다. 수집된 설문자료를 토대로 IPA분석을 실시하였다. [결과] IPA 분석을 통해 도출된 결과를 살펴보면, A항목 6개, B항목 8개, C항목 7개, D항목 4개 요인으로 분류되었다. 액티브 시니어 세대를 위한 골프관광상품 개선시 최우선 항목으로는 숙박시설, 골프장 외관, 상품출발일, 숙박시설 과 거리, 여행사직원 전문성, 가이드 서비스 항목이 해당되는 것으로 분석되었다. [결론] 기존 선행연구와 본 연구결 과를 비교했을 때 액티브 시니어 세대의 골프관광상품에 대한 다른 요구도가 존재하고 있다는 점도 확인하였다. 이 자료를 활용하여 기존 시장과는 다른 액티브시니어 세대들의 요구도에 맞는 수요자 중심의 상품개발 및 개선이 필요 하다는 근거로 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다.

[Purpose] It is intended to confirm that it is necessary to create various customized products suitable for the active senior generation by analyzing the importance of the components of golf tourism products recognized by the active senior generation. [Method] In order to derive results, a questionnaire was conducted for those who had purchased golf tourism products over the age of 55. and IPA was conducted based on the collected survey data. [Result] Looking at the results derived from the IPA, it was classified into 6 factors, 6 items in B, 8 items in C, 7 items in C, and 4 items in D. When improving golf tourism products for the active senior generation, it was analyzed that accommodations, golf course exterior, product departure date, accommodation and distance, travel agency professionalism, and guide service items were the most relevant items. [Conclusion] When comparing the results of this study with the previous studies, it was also confirmed that there were other demands for golf tourism products of the active senior generation. It is judged that this data can be used as a basis for developing and improving consumer- oriented products that meet the needs of active senior generations different from the existing market.

본 연구는 소재ㆍ부품ㆍ장비 제조업의 기술혁신성과에 대한 R&D파트너십, 지역화경제(LQ), 공급가 치사슬, 기업R&D역량 등의 영향을 실증분석하였다. 종속변수인 소재ㆍ부품ㆍ장비 제조업의 기술혁신 성과는 2018년 12월 시점을 기준으로, ‘R&D 성공건수’와 ‘그 기술혁신으로 인한 수익성 증가’로 측정 하였다. 분석대상은 중소벤처기업부 중소기업기술실태조사에 응답한 2,425개 소재ㆍ부품ㆍ장비 제조 업체이다. 이 논문이 기술혁신 선행연구모형들과 차이점은 소재ㆍ부품ㆍ장비 제조업 입지가 특정지역에 집 중되는 지역화경제(localization economies)효과를 모형에 반영했다는 것, 그리고 제품특성상 기업간 (B2B) 공급가치사슬(Supply value chain)이 기술과 생산성에서 매우 중요한 요인이라는 점을 고려하여 대기업, 중견기업 등 기업간 거래비중을 분석모형에 포함하고 있다는 것이다. 방법론적으로 선행연구들이 혁신성공건수, 특허건수, 사업화 건수 등 가산변수(count data)를 종속 변수로 하면서도 OLS 회귀분석을 할 때 발생하는 통계적 오류를 인식하고, 본 연구에서는 음이항 회 귀분석(Negative Binomial Regression)모형으로 실증분석하였다. 지역화경제(LQ)는 연구개발 성공건수와 혁신에 의한 수익성증가 모두에 긍정적인 영향이 확인되었 다. 기술혁신 파트너십은 R&D성공건수에는 중견기업과의 혁신파트너십만 통계적으로 유의한 긍정적 관계가 확인되었고, 오히려 국공립 연구기관과 협력하는 기업들은 혁신에 의한 수익성 증가에는 부 (-)의 관계가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 국공립 연구기관의 혁신기술 특성이 기초과학, 원천기술 등 과 같이 장기적 시점에서 이루어지는 투자가 많기 때문으로 추정된다. 연구개발 성공건수에는 연구 개발직 종사자규모가 큰 영향을 주는 반면, 혁신에 의한 수익성 증가의 경우 혁신형기업 여부만 영 향을 주었다. 분석결과 중 해석에 주의할 것은 공급가치사슬을 의미하는 기업간 거래변수에서 대기업, 중견기업, 중소기업, 공공기관과의 거래비중이 클수록 연구개발성과에는 부(-)의 관계라는 것이다. 반면, 혁신에 의한 수익성 증가에 대해서는 대기업, 중견기업, 중소기업, 공공기관과의 거래비중이 커질수록 혁신 성과가 더 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 기업간 거래비중이 높을수록 연구개발의 동인 은 크지 않지만, 오히려 혁신성공에 성공했을 경우에는 기업간 거래비중이 높을수록 기술혁신에 따 른 수익성의 증가도 뚜렷하다는 점을 의미할 수 있다.

This study focuses on a key industry in the government's innovative growth policy and targets the manufacturing of Materials, Components, and Equipments, which are actively supported by the government for corporate technology innovation. The types of partnerships for R&D activities, the level of localization economy, the characteristics of the companies and the portion of the trading companies were chosen as independent variables that affected the technological innovation performance of the materials, components, and equipments, manufacturing industries. The results of technological innovation in this industry, which are dependent variables, were measured by the number of successful technological innovations and increased profitability from those innovations by December 2018, the year of the survey. The sample size is 2,425 materials, components, and equipments manufacturers that responded to the Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Venture Business's survey on technology status of SMEs. This study recognized the problems of OLS regression, which is mainly used by prior studies, and analyzed it with a negative binomial regression model. Both the number of successful R&D and the increase in profitability through innovation have been confirmed as positive effects of the localized economy. Only innovation partnerships with mid-sized companies were significantly positive on R&D success, and collaboration with national and public research institutes have negative effects on profitability. These results are estimated because the technology that forms an innovative partnership with national and public research institutes is mainly invested in the long term and basic science and original technology. While the size of R&D workers greatly affected the number of successful R&D cases while innovative companies affected positively increased profitability. One of the notable analysis results is that the greater the proportion of transactions with large companies, medium-sized companies, small and medium-sized enterprises and public institutions, the more negative the relationship between R&D performance while these transactions have a positive effect on the performance of innovation. These results indicate that the higher the ratio of inter-company transactions, the less likely the driver for R&D is, but the higher the ratio of inter-company transactions when the innovation succeeds, the more the profitability of innovation increases.

In commercial game engines, a method of constructing objects by combining components is often used. Components can be assembled and used at any time as needed. In this paper, the 3D game is developed by applying the component method, which is the object creation method widely used in the commercial game engine, in the DirectX 11 environment. There are four kinds of components used in the in-house 3D game. These are four components such as transform, mesh, script, and collider. The component generation method used in this paper shows very good operation efficiency in terms of reusability. This paper also applied tangent space normal mapping to static and dynamic objects and analyzed performance at various screen resolutions. Performance analysis showed that the average rendering speed was 64.6% higher on the low resolution screen than on the high resolution screen. And the rendering speed of model G with normal mapping to all objects among the 8 simulation models is improved by 19.2% compared with model B without normal mapping. The presence or absence of normal mapping has the greatest effect on rendering speed.

본 연구는 시대에 따라 다양한 모습으로 변화되어 온 랜드마크에 주목하여 사회적·역사적 배경을 통해 랜드마크의 변화 원인을 고찰해보고, 변화된 랜드마크 건축물의 물리적 형태의 분석을 통해 랜드마크가 도시 공간에서 가지고 있는 상징적 의미와 역할을 이해하고자 하였다. 결론적인 내용을 요약해보면 다음과 같다. 중세에서부터 근대에 이르기까지 시대가 변하면서 사람들의 사고와 추구하는 가치가 바뀌어왔고 이는 도시의 형태와 그에 따른 랜드마크 건축을 통해 드러났다. 이러한 랜드마크는 당대의 시대상을 반영한 결과물로 제시되고 있으며, 각 시대마다 다른 형상으로 나타나고 그 특성도 조금씩 다른 것을 파악할 수 있다. 특히, 근대에 이르러서는 급격한 사회변화에 걸맞게 랜드마크 건축 또한 앞선 시기들과 물리적으로나 비물리적인 의미로나 많은 차이를 보이고 있다. 즉, 중세, 근세에는 수직적인 높이와 압도적 규모 같은 랜드마크의 물리적인 특성이 단순히 시각적 이미지에서만 끝나지 않고 도시민들의 가치나 일상, 공동체로서의 커뮤니티를 담아내었다. 하지만 근대에는 과거에는 무시되었던 실리적이고 대량생산을 추구하는 사회구조로 변화하면서 물리적으로 획일화된 형태로 나타났고, 오히려 이전 시대에 두드러졌던 열린 공간으로서의 다양한 기능이나 활동이 배제된 부분이 많았다. 또한 근대 물질 자본의 상징인 마천루는 기술적으로는 과거보다 진보되었으나 이러한 기술의 발전을 수직적으로 높은 이미지만으로 형상화시키며 도시 정체성을 반영해야 하는 랜드마크의 역할과 의미가 축소되고, 랜드마크가 추구하는 표상의 의미가 달라졌다고 판단된다. 이러한 의미에서 현대의 랜드마크는 단순히 형태적인 부분뿐만 아니라 도시의 역사와 도시민들의 생각, 가치를 담으며 그 안에서 사람들 간의 커뮤니티가 형성될 수 있도록 도시의 맥락이 반영되고, 또한 현대도시가 간과하고 있는 근대에서 사라진 중세･근세시대에 나타났던 일상성과 공공성 등의 비물리적 특성이 강조되어야 할 것으로 요망된다..

This research is for comprehending the symbolic meaning and the role of landmark in city space through contemplate the change cause of landmark by social and historical background of it and analyze the transformed physical form of structures. From middle ages to modern era, people’s thinking method and value has been changing. Consequentially it emerges as form of the town and landmark building. Landmark of the Middle Ages may be mentioned in the castle tower and the Cathedral, and a large-scale and high in contrast with the surrounding buildings reflected the religious values and beliefs. In addition, spacious square in front of the cathedral was created as a community everyday living space of citizens. In Early modern period, a new culture was emerged, and the spirit of the pursuit of the perfect harmony and balance was reflected in a landmark building. This appears to be as centrality of the ideal city's obelisk, and it acted as a visual focal element of the city. In addition, since the opening days of absolute monarchy, the king's authority was put forward as a huge palaces and gardens horizontally. Late modern period pursued practicality and shows the standardized urban form. Therefore landmark buildings can also see that the centrality and the contrast traits slightly weakened. Also it showed off the technology and power of the state over the skyscrapers.

Software architecture, as a blueprint for the system, should provide a robust foundation for design, implementation, and maintenance, for communication and documentation, and for reasoning about important system properties. Software architecture plays a central role during the whole software life-cycle. There are so diverse definitions of the software architecture, however, and there is no common agreement about what software architecture is. Examining 27 ‘published' definitions of software architecture, we synthesize an extensive model on the essential elements of software architecture, which consists of components, interaction among components, well-formed structure, reasons, and various perspectives. Further, we explore the possibility of unifying diverse software architecture definitions into a software architecture life-cycle model.

선사시대 이래 문명의 발달에 있어 빠질 수 없는 요소가 불이다. 인류는 다양한 용도로 불을 사용하였고, 한층 더 진화하여 신호체계로까지 이용하게 되었는데, 그것이 바로 봉수이다. 우리나라에서 불을 신호체계로 이용하기 시작한 시기는 삼국시대로 추정되지만 봉수제가 체계적으로 확립된 시기는 고려~조선시대라 할 수 있다. 봉수연구는 주로 봉수 운영체계에 대한 연구가 주를 이루었으나 최근에는 야외실물을 통한 연구도 조금씩 진행되고 있다. 봉수대는 그 내부에 다양한 시설이 구축되어 있는 복합유적이다. 이러한 복합성 때문인지 봉수대를 이해하는 수준은 아직 낮은 편이다. 봉수대의 기본 구성요소 중 성격과 기능에 따라 중심시설과 보조시설로 나누어 정리하였다. 중심시설이란 봉수대의 주기능인 신호의 전달과 후망을 위해 축조된 시설로 연조·연대(망대+연조)·망대·방화벽(방호벽)·연료창고가 있다. 보조시설이란 봉수대 운영을 위해 축조된 시설로, 주거지·물품창고·경작지·우물이 있다. 봉수대의 분류에 있어 중심시설의 배치 및 유무에 따라 분류하는 안과 봉수영역과 주거영역의 배치유형에 의해 분류하는 안이 현재 제시되어 있다. 봉수대 분류의 옳고 그름을 떠나 이런 봉수대 분류안이 시도되면서 그 동안 막연하게 인식되어 왔던 봉수대를 어느 정도 구체화하여 그 실체와 다양성을 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 봉수대의 구조에 대한 연구도 필요하겠으나, 그에 앞서 체계적인 발굴조사가 먼저 이루어져야 할 것이다. 봉수대의 조사방법은 크게 2가지 측면으로 구분하여 정리하였다. 하나는 전체 봉수대의 범위와 구성요소를 파악하는 방법이고 다른 하나는 개별유구의 조사방법이다. 봉수대의 구성요소인 중심시설과 보조시설이 인접한 경우에는 그리드식 조사로 전체현황을 파악하고 중심시설과 보조시설이 멀리 떨어져 있을 경우는 개별 그리드화로 조사한 후 지형도에 合圖하는 방법이 있다. 개별유구의 조사법에 있어서는 중심시설과 보조시설이 가지고 있는 특징을 최대한 파악하고, 조사된 잔존흔을 통해 조사방법을 검토하였다. 특히 연대 및 연조는 봉수대를 구성하는 핵심요소로 다양한 조사방법과 검증과정을 필요로 한다.

Fire is an element which has been a part of the progress of civilization since prehistoric times. Mankind has used fire for various purposes, even for a signaling system, as is demonstrated by beacon fire. It is presumed that it was in the Three Kingdoms period that fire first began to be used as a signal system. But it is considered that it was in the Goryeo and Joseon periods that a beacon system was systematically established. Studies on beacons have mainly been concentrated on their operation system. However, studies on actual beacon structures have also begun to take place. Beacon sites are complex sites which contain within them various facilities. The low level of understanding regarding beacon sites may be attributed to this complexity. The authors of the current paper therefore felt the need to analyze the basic components and structure of beacon sites, and use these results as the basis of a research methodology. The basic elements of a beacon site were classified into core facilities and auxiliary facilities according to character and function. Core facilities are those constructed for signalling transport and surveillance, and comprise the fire place, fire stand (fire place and watch tower), watch tower, protective wall and fuel bunker. Auxiliary facilities are those constructed for operating the beacon, and include houses, storehouses, fields and wells. Two ways of classifying beacon sites are presented. One method focuses on the site layout and existence or non-existence of core facilities, while the other method focuses on the layout of the beacon site and residential area. These attempts at classifying beacon sites were found to be extremely helpful in providing, to some extent, a concrete understanding of the nature and diversity of beacon sites, which until now have been vaguely understood. The structural study of beacon sites is of course necessary, but this should be preceded by a systematic investigation of the site through excavation. Methods of investigating beacon sites can be classified into two different types. One method focuses on identifying the extent and components of the site, while the other method focuses on excavating individual features. A grid type survey of the entire site can be used when the core and auxiliary facilities of the beacon site are in close proximity. However, when the two types of facilities are located far apart, grid type surveys can be applied to individual sections and the data can then be plotted onto a topographical map. When investigating individual features, the features of the core and auxiliary facilities were examined with upmost care, and the remaining features were examined in order to review the most appropriate method of excavation. It is clear that, particularly in terms of the core elements of the beacon site, such as the fire stand and fire place, various excavation methods and processes of verification are required.

Insulin-like growth factors(IGF)s-I과 -II ligands와 이들의 receptors 및 6 종류의 IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs)로 구성된 IGF system은 여러 종류의 세포의 생존, 증식 및 분화에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 리튬은 in vitro에서 여러 종류의 세포의 생존과 증식의 조절제로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 IGF-I, IGF-I receptor 및 IGF carrier로서 주로 IGFBP-3를 발현하는 rat C6 glioma cell에서 LiCl로 유도된 세포 생존 및 증식의 변화와 IGF system components의 발현간의 관계를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 10% 혈청을 함유하는 배양액에서 0, 2mM, 혹은 5mM LiCl을 첨가하여 C6 cell을 24시간 배양했을 시 세포의 생존률과 세포 수는 리튬 첨가에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 72시간 배양했을 때 C6 cell은 명백히 리튬의 첨가수준에 따라 반응하였다. 0, 2mM, 5mM LiCl 첨가수준에서 72시간 배양한 C6 cell은 각각 전형적인 세포분열, 세포분열 중지 및 세포사멸 양상을 보였다. 더욱이 사멸돼가는 세포는 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction으로 조사한 IGF-I, IGF receptor 및 IGFBP-3의 발현수준이 저하되었다. 흥미롭게도 혈청을 첨가하지 않은 배양조건 하에서 IGFBP-3에 대한 anti- sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide를 10 M 수준으로 첨가하여 IGFBP-3 mRNA의 해독을 차단하고 24시간 배양했을 때도 표적 mRNA는 물론 세포 수도 줄었다. 종합하자면, C6 cell에서 리튬의 독성 효과의 일부는 이 제제에 의한 IGF system components의 발현 억제 효과에 의해 매개될 소지가 크다. 이러한 관점에서 IGFBP-3는 적어도 이 세포의 정상적인 증식을 위해 꼭 필요한('permissive') 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

The insulin-like growth factor(IGF) system, consisting of IGFs-I and -II ligands and their receptors and six IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs), plays an important role in survival, proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Lithium is a known modulator of survival and proliferation of many cell types in vitro. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between LiCl-induced changes in cell survival and growth and the expression of the IGF system components in C6 rat glioma cell line which, besides IGF-I and its receptor, is known to express IGFBP-3 as its major IGF carrier. When C6 cells were cultured for 24h in the absence or presence of 2mM or 5mM LiCl in a 10% serum-containing medium, the viability and the number of cells were not affected by added lithium. In 72-h culture, however, C6 cells clearly exhibited a dose-dependent response to added LiCl. The cells cultured for 72h in the presence of 0, 2mM and 5mM LiCl exhibited a typical mitotic, a growth-arrested and an apoptotic appearances, respectively. Moreover, the apoptotic cells were accompanied by reduced expression of IGF-I, IGF-I receptor and IGFBP-3 as examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, blockade of IGFBP-3 mRNA translation by addition of 10 M IGFBP-3 anti-sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide in serum-free, 24-h culture resulted in a decrease in the number of cells as well as relative abundance of the target mRNA. In summary, results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of lithium in C6 cell is likely to be mediated, in part, by suppression by this agent of the expression of the IGF system components. In this regard, IGFBP-3 may play at least a 'permissive' role in normal proliferation of this cell.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to review the best nursing care components for the well-dying of people with dementia. Methods: The scoping review was conducted followed by The Joanna Briggs Institute’s scoping review guidance. The search terms were “dementia,” “well dying,” “end of life,” and “palliative care” in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of science, Google Scholar, Research Information Service System (RISS), and DBpia until April 17, 2024. Inclusion criteria were 1) written in English or Korean; 2) focused on palliative care, end-of-life care, or well-dying for people with dementia; and 3) were available in full text. Thematic analysis was performed with the selected literature. Results: Twenty-seven publications were included. The four main nursing care components and 16 sub-components of well-dying in people with dementia for healthcare providers and caregivers were identified. The four main nursing care components of well-dying in people with dementia for healthcare providers and caregivers were advance care planning, shared decision-making, providing preferred support, and utilizing advanced technology. Conclusion: The four main nursing care components can be used to serve as a basis for future work on policy making or protocol development to improve the lives of people with dementia.

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the core educational components of interprofessional education (IPE) for pediatric emergencies to establish a basis for interprofessional simulation education. Methods: Using Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method, we searched for studies in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and four South Korean databases (RISS, NDSL, DBpia, and KISS). Results: We identified 21 studies on the general characteristics of IPE in pediatric emergency situations and integrated the core components of IPE according to a PRISMA flowchart. Three core components were identified (individual ? competent professionals, team ? cooperative professions, and outcome - optimal achievement), with the subthemes of role and responsibility, clinical judgment, performance, leadership, communication, teamwork, patient safety, and quality improvement. Conclusion: We recommend that IPE pediatric emergencies should contain the three dimensions of these core components to enhance individual and team performance and to promote optimal achievement in terms of patient outcomes. IPE programs should consider these characteristics and include a valid tool for evaluating the programs' effectiveness.

Purpose: This study aimed to seek agreement on the core components of an e-learning cultural competence program for Korean public health workers (PHWs) while prioritizing educational content areas. Methods: A two-round Delphi study was performed with 16 Korean experts from five disciplines. Data were collected between August 30 and November 24, 2017. A questionnaire was developed from literature reviews and previous focus group interviews concerning PHWs. The panel members were asked to rate the importance and urgency of educational content areas and the effectiveness of teachingelearning methods and gave opinions on their appropriate frequency, duration, and target audience. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A median of 4.0 or greater or a rate of agreement of 75% or greater was considered a “consensus” for the purposes of this study. Results: All consenting participants responded to two-round surveys. Participants reached consensus on thirty-one educational content areas. Of these, the highest priorities were “necessity of cultural competence of PHWs,” “health characteristics according to race and ethnicity,” and “establishing trusting relationships with migrants.” The most effective teachingelearning method was case-based learning, with seven to eight sessions of training and duration of fewer than 30 minutes per session. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary experts proposed 12 prioritized educational content areas and effective teachingelearning methods as well as their frequency, duration, and target audiences, reflecting Koreaspecific multicultural phenomena and the nature of the work of PHWs. These findings can contribute to preparing PHWs to provide culturally competent services to migrants in their communities.

This study was carried out to establish an optimum method for identifying the volatile components of Magnolia ovobata Thunb. using the dynamic headspace (Purge ＆ Trap) and simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) method. Between the two different identification analysis, the volatile components were more easily detected in the SDE than the Purge ＆ Trap method. Among the identified volatile components, the 12 compounds were detected to have similar retention times and match quality within the 45 minutes in both identification methods. The maximum values of the major volatile components were detected differently by SDE and (Purge ＆ Trap) method such as α-pinene (3.4, 8.2%), β-pinene (3.5, 10.3%), 1-limonene (5.2, 15.4%). These results indicated that the Dynamic Headspace (Purge ＆ Trap) was much more reliable method for identifying the volatile components of Magnolia ovobata Thunb. as compared to the SDE method.

This study was carried out to compare the major volatile components in essential oil from different origin of Atractylodes spp. which is being traded as a crude herbal drug in Korean herbal markets. From the two Atractylodes of major volatile components were similarly detected such as the β-selinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, germacrene B, 2,7-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene and 9-methoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro{3,2-q}coumarin, Among the volatile components, the major components were 2,7-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene(40.98%), 9-methoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro {3,2-q} coumarin (5.74%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (1.98%) in both Atractylodes. As a results, It was found that the two Atractylodes were the same species which was being traded in the Korean herbal markets as the A. japonica. not to different species of A. japonica and A. macrocephalla, respectively.

The objectives of this study were to quantify the combination values of the principal components and factors calculated using body measurements of Hanwoo(Korean Cattle) and estimate their heritabilities. The technique of multivariate analysis was used to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of new variables and characterize cattle according to body shape. The analyses were performed using 1,979 cattle at 12 months of age and 936 cattle at 24 months of age. The data for the analyses was obtained from progeny tests performed on Korean Cattle for 6 years from 2003 to 2008. The phenotypic correlations among these traits were estimated to range from 0.32 to 0.90 at 12 months of age and from 0.21 to 0.82 at 24 months of age. The first principal components(PC1s) indicated a weighed average of overall body measurements, accounting for 99.91% of the total variation for both periods of test. The two first PCs had positive coefficients for all body measurements. The major sources of PC, such as chest girth(CG), body length(BL), rump height(RH), and wither height(WH) were similar for both test periods. The heritabilities for PC1, the first factor score(FS1), and the second factor score(FS2) were estimated by multivariate REML method. The estimated heritabilities for PC1, FS1, and FS2 were 0.33, 0.38, and 0.40, respectively, at 12 months of age and 0.26, 0.76, and 0.58 at 24 months of age. Further studies are needed to determine whether the heritabilities of FS1 and FS2 at 24 months of age were overestimated.

Volatile oil components were analysed in perilla frutescens accessions collected from different regions in South Korea and identified chemotypes based on the major volatile oil components. Major components out of 30 compounds identified were limonene, perillaldehyde, perillaketone, isoegomaketone, beta-caryophyllene, beta-farnesene, myristicin, and dillapiole. P. frutescens collections were classified into four chemotypes : PA type (57.7% limonene and 19.8% perillaldehyde), PK type(89.8% perillaketone), ST type(82.4% sesquiterpene, as 54.5% beta-caryophyllene and 7.9% beta-farnesene) and PP type (40.3% phenylpropenes as 3.6% myristicin and 26.7% dillapiole) and 7.8% sesquiterpenes. The majorities of P. frutescens collectoins in this study belong to PA type(41.9%) and PK type(38.8%).

The various plant organs of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) were investigated to identify their volatile components using Dynamic Headspace (Purge trap). They showed slight differences concerning the volatile components both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results revealed that trans-anethole (12.65%) was the major compound in the leaf. The highest compound was α-pinene (28.78%), and trans-anethole (7.90%) was highly detected in the stem. The maximum values were 5.64, 4.59, 1.58, 1.51, and 1.04% for α-pinene, γ- terpinene, β-pinene 1,8-cineol and fenchone, respectively in the flower. However, very little trans-anethole was detected (0.27%) in the flower. From these results, it was suggested that the major components were different depending on the plant organs. However it was demonstrated that the related plant organs like flower-fruit and leaf-stem contained the similar components.

This study investigated the effects of light intensity on growth performance, blood components,eye condition, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Three hundred andfifty-two 1-day-old male chicks were assigned to one of four treatments (four repetitions pertreatment, 22 birds per repetition) and reared in a floor pen for 5 weeks. From the secondweek, chicks were reared under four different levels of light intensity (5, 20, 35, and 50 lx) andthe lighting duration was maintained at 18-hours light : 6-hours dark (18L : 6D). The feed intakeand body weight were measured weekly. At 35 days of age, 12 birds per treatment wererandomly selected for blood sampling, eye measurement, and carcass analysis. There wereno significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio amongtreatments. Triglyceride levels in the serum were significantly higher in the 5 lx treatment, andcreatinine was significantly lower in the 5 lx treatment (p < 0.05). The heterophil : lymphocyteratios decreased significantly as light intensity increased (p < 0.05); however, other blood cellcompositions were not affected by light intensity. Interleukin-6 content was significantly higherin the 5 lx treatment than in other treatments (p < 0.05), but the content of tumor necrosisfactor-α was not significantly different among treatments. Serum corticosterone concentrationwas significantly higher at 5 lx than at 20, 35, and 50 lx (p < 0.05). The corneal diameterwas the highest in 5 lx treatment (p < 0.05), and tended to increase as the light intensitydecreased. Other eye parameters were not significantly different among treatments, but displayeda tendency to increase as the light intensity decreased. Carcass yield and part yieldswere not affected by light intensity. Meat quality parameters (pH, color, cooking loss, andwater-holding capacity) did not show significant difference among the treatments. The resultsindicate that a light intensity of 5 lx may increase physiological stress or have a negative effecton broiler welfare, even if the performance and carcass characteristics are not affected. Therefore, a light intensity of 20 lx or above is recommended considering both the growthperformance and welfare of broilers.

Flavor is an important sensory trait of chicken meat. The free amino acid (FAA) and nucleotide (NT) components of meat are major factors affecting meat flavor during the cooking process. As a genetic approach to improve meat flavor, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the potential candidate genes related to the FAA and NT components of chicken breast meat. Measurements of FAA and NT components were recorded at the age of 10 weeks from 764 and 767 birds, respectively, using a White leghorn and Yeonsan ogye crossbred F2 chicken population. For genotyping, we used 60K Illumina single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips. We found a total of nine significant SNPs for five FAA traits (arginine, glycine, lysine, threonine content, and the essential FAAs and one NT trait (inosine content), and six significant genomic regions were identified, including three regions shared among the essential FAAs, arginine, and inosine content traits. A list of potential candidate genes in significant genomic regions was detected, including the KCNRG, KCNIP4, HOXA3, THSD7B, and MMUT genes. The essential FAAs had significant gene regions the same as arginine. The genes related to arginine content were involved in nitric oxide metabolism, while the inosine content was possibly affected by insulin activity. Moreover, the threonine content could be related to methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The genes and SNPs identified in this study might be useful markers in chicken selection and breeding for chicken meat flavor.