Earticle

중국과 대만간 <경제협력기본협정(ECFA)>의 발효 이후 대만의 대중국 무역을 분석해 보면 협정 이전의 전망과 성과가 산업별로 상이하게 나타나는 경우가 많다. 특히 화학과 플라스틱은 대만의 대표적인 비교우위 산업으로서, ECFA 협정을 앞두고도 가장 큰 수혜산업이 될 것으로 전망되었다. 그런데 정작 ECFA 발효 이후 화학산업의 효과는 기대에 못 미치고 있다. 그러나 이를 두고 ECFA의 효과를 전체적으로 평가하기에는 이르다. ECFA 협정의 가장 중요한 내용은 <조기수확조치(Early Harvest Program)>이다. 따라서 ECFA 협정이 대만의 산업들에 미친 효과는 산업 전체를 비교하기보다는 EHP 항목들을 중심으로 비교되어야 한다. 본연구는 화학산업 관련 EHP 88개 항목의 대중국 수출의 변화를 탄력성을 이용하여 분석함으로써 ECFA 협정의 효과를 평가해 보았다. 그 결과 EHP 품목의 대중국 수출은 전체적으로 큰 폭으로 증가하였음을 확인할 수 있다. 다만 EHP 적용 품목과 비적용 품목 간에 차이가 확대되는 것은 물론, EHP 적용 품목 내에서도 고수혜품목과 저수혜품목 및 피해품목의 성과가 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. 전체적으로는 ECFA 및 EHP의 효과가 긍정적으로 평가되지만, 그로 인해 산업간, 부문간, 품목간 불균형은 오히려 확대되고 있다. 따라서 이에 대한 적극적인 대응이 필요할 것이다.

The ECFA(Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement) has been laid the Cross-Strait economic cooperation to a higher stage. Taiwanese economy looks forward to a great effect in GDP, industrial production and exports with the ECFA. However, the performance of Taiwan's export after the ECFA does not reach at the result as expected. In some industries and sectors, the growth of Taiwan's exports to China are below than the imports from China. This study is going to analysis the actual cross-strait trade after the ECFA and EHP with the elasticity of exports in Chemical and Plastic industry. Chemical is one of the most competitive industries in Taiwan. There are noticeable results in Taiwanese exports to mainland China in EHP items. This means that the effects of ECFA and EHP are relatively pessimistic. But it is very important problem that the effects between EHP items and non-EHP items, and between EHP items are significantly uneven. They demand Taiwan government's aggressive politic countermeasures.

한국환경공단에서는 2020년부터 오염배출원 중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 제조공장을 대상으로 오염 물질 최소화, 온실가스 저감, 에너지⋅자원 효율화 제고 등을 종합적으로 도모할 수 있도록 컨설팅, 설비설치⋅개선 등 전(全) 과정을 지원하는 ｢스마트 생태공장 구축사업｣을 추진하고 있다. 스마트 생태공장은 첨단기술 등을 활용하여 탄소중립 및 에너지 효율화를 도모할 수 있지만 우선 현재의 화학물질관리법 취급시설 기준을 만족하여야 한다. 화학물질관리법 역시 그 취지는 살리되, 선진 기술 등으로 화학 사고를 예방할 수 있는 설비와 시스템 등의 내용은 법 또는 기준 등에 포함되어야 한다. 또한 그러한 기술들이 안전상 문제가 없는지도 면밀하게 살펴보아야 한다. 이번 연구는 화학 산업에 있어 스마트시설, 스마트시스템 적용 가능성과 안정적 운영을 위한 개선점 도출 및 이를 통한 유해화학물질 취급시설기준(화관법)개선 검토 등 안전하고 효율적인 유해화학물질 취급시설 관리방안에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

Since 2020, the Korea Environment Corporation has been pushing for a "smart ecological factory construction project" that supports consulting, facility installation, and improvement so that manufacturing plants, which account for the largest proportion of pollutants, can comprehensively promote greenhouse gas reduction and energy and resource efficiency. Smart ecological plants can increase carbon neutrality and energy efficiency by utilizing advanced technologies, but first of all, they must meet the current standards for treatment facilities under the Chemical Substance Management Act. The Chemical Substance Management Act should also be utilized, but the contents of facilities and systems that can prevent chemical accidents with advanced technology should be included in the law or standards. It is also necessary to closely examine whether such technology is safe. The purpose of this study is to review safe and efficient management of hazardous chemical handling facilities such as enhancing the applicability of smart facilities and smart systems and deriving stable operation plans for the chemical industry.

The Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) requires high-level chemical information which could be confidential for producers, so systematic information management is necessary. The purpose of supply chain management in REACH should be efficient compliance with REACH regulation based on systematic management of information within the supply chain. Information management along the extended supply chain due to the REACH regulation, that is, the generation, transfer, and sharing of information in order to enhance risk management, is essential for efficient compliance with REACH, which requires a systematic approach with various supply chain partners. In this regard, the IT system of a company can be an efficient tool for internal REACH information management and can serve as a channel for sharing information with various partners in the supply chain.

1970년대 박정희 정부가 추진한 중화학공업화는 다음과 같은 의미가 있다. 첫째, 중화학공업은 국제시장에서 경공업 제품에 대한 중화학공업제품의 상대가격의 비교우위를 얻기 위함이었다. 둘째, 한국이 1973년 이전에 발전해 오고 있었던 중화학공업은 산업연관효과와 국산화율의 차원에서 비효율적이었다. 박정희 정부는 방위 산업과 중화학공업을 결합하여 산업연관효과와 국산화율을 높여 공업구조를 개편해 나가고자 하였다. 셋째, 박정희는 대통령 3선 문제를 해결하기 위해서 안보와 경제성장을 연결시켰다. 또한 장기적이고 가시적인 중화학공업과 같은 경제건설사업을 추진할 필요가 있었다는 점에서 정치적 목적을 가지고 있었다. 넷째, 1970년대 중화학공업과 방위산업을 연계한 중화학공업정책은 한국과 미국 사이의 이해관계 충돌, 경합, 양보, 합의의 과정이었다. 즉 중화학공업은 한국과 미국의 군사·경제적 전략 변화를 담지하고 있었으며 1970년대 양국 사이에 새롭게 형성된 질서였다.

There could be several intenions for Park Chung-hee government's Haevy chemical industry policy. First, it was being for reform of industrial structure second, Park Chung-hee intended to extend his political power through Heavy chemical industry policy. third, there was Park's grievances against America for Park's Heavy chemical industry policy, but paradoxically, Park promoted Heavy chemical industry policy because of budget deficit and balance of payment deficit, America changed their policies about underddveloped country. As revealed in the Nixon doctrine, Nixon doctrine itself was a strategy that the role or U.S taper off in Asia. that is, U.S tried to support the nation in a growth pothential dimension.

이 연구는 데이컴(DACUM) 기법을 활용하여 중등 화공 교사의 직무를 분석하는 것이다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 ‘데이컴 워크샵 계획’, ‘데이컴 위원회 구성’, ‘데이컴 워크샵’, ‘데이컴 차트 검증’의 절차에 따라 화공 교사의 직무를 분석하였다. 데이컴 직무 분석은 24명으로 구성된 데이컴 위원회를 중심으로 2015년 1월 16일에 데이컴 워크샵을 실시하고, 데이컴 워크샵을 통해 도출된 화공 교사의 데이컴 차트 초안은 전문가 집단의 타당도 검증을 받았다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 화공 교사는 중등 교원 자격을 가지고 공업계열 특성화고등학교 등에서 학생들에게 화공 관련 교과목을 가르치고, 생활지도, 직업·진로지도 등의 업무를 수행하는 자이다. 둘째, 화공 교사의 책무는 14개, 과업은 180개로 도출되었다. 아울러 각 과업에 해당하는 중요도, 난이도, 빈도의 정도를 나타내고, 입직 초기 요구 여부를 구분하였다. 책무는 전문교과교육준비, 전문교과교수활동, 학생생활지도, 취업진로지도, 교무행정업무수행, 자기계발, 화학 물질 관리, 화학 물질 물성 계측, 화학 물질 분석, 화학 시제품 제조, 화학장치 운전, 화학 공장 환경·안전 관리, 화학공장 설비 유지보수, 화학공장 공무 수행으로 나타났다. 셋째, 화공 교사의 데이컴 차트를 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the Secondary Chemical Industry (SCI) teachers’ job using the DACUM (Developing a Curriculum) technique. To accomplish the purpose of this study, a SCI teachers’ job analysis was conducted in the following steps: ‘Planning the DACUM workshop,’ ‘Constructing the DACUM committee members,’ ‘Holding the DACUM workshop,’ and ‘Verifying the DACUM Research Chart.’ The DACUM job analysis was conducted by 24 DACUM committee in the DACUM workshop in January 16, 2015; moreover, the DACUM Research chart draft of the SCI teachers was verified by the group of subject matter experts (SME). The major findings of the study were as follows. First, The definition of a chemical industry teacher is one who has a secondary school teacher certificate and teaches specialized courses related to the field of chemical industry to students in industrial high schools, and performs life guidance, vocational & career guidance and so on. Second, this study determined 14 duties and 180 tasks for fulfilling the SCI teachers’ job, the study extracted the importance, difficulty, and frequency of each task and demand for the entry-level SCI teacher. Third, this study provides the DACUM research chart based on the job analysis results of the SCI teachers.

연구목적: 중대산업사고 예방을 위해 안전 분야에서의 ESG 활용 필요성 제시하고자 했다. 연구방법: 선행 연구 검토를 통해 강력한 중대사고 예방 제도인 중대재해처벌법을 검토했다. 그리고 미국과 한국 의 중대사고 데이터 비교분석을 통해, 국내 화학산업의 주요 사고원인을 도출했다. 연구결과: 기업의 사고 예방을 목표로 하는 중대재해처벌법과 함께 ESG 경영을 통한 기업의 자발적인 안전관리를 유도 할 필요성이 있다고 판단했다. 사고 데이터 분석을 통해서는, 미국 대비 국내 사고는 그 피해 규모와 사 망자 수가 큰 것을 확인했다. 그 원인은 국내에서 인적 원인에 의한 사고가 많기 때문으로 해석했다. 결 론: 중대재해처벌법 뿐만 아니라 기업 안전 관리의 자발성을 강화하고 적극적인 안전 경영을 유도하기 위해서는 ‘ESG 안전 평가’의 비중을 확대해야 한다. 사회 간접적 제재로써의 ESG를 활용하면 안전 분 야에서 기업의 자발적이고 적극적인 안전 관리와 안전 투자 확대를 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

Purpose: We suggest the need to utilize ESG in the safety field to prevent serious industrial accidents. Method: The Serious Accident Punishment Act, a strong serious accident prevention system, was reviewed through a review of previous research. And through comparative analysis of serious accident data from the United States and Korea, the main causes of accidents in the domestic chemical industry were derived. Result: It was determined that there was a need to induce voluntary safety management by companies through ESG management along with the Serious Accident Punishment Act, which aims to prevent corporate accidents. Through statistical analysis of accident data, it was confirmed that the scale of damage and number of deaths in domestic accidents was greater than in the United States. The reason was interpreted to be that there are many accidents caused by human causes in the country. Conclusion: In order to compensate for the lack of voluntariness in corporate safety management as well as the Serious Accident Punishment Act and encourage active safety management, the proportion of ‘ESG safety evaluation’ must be expanded. By using ESG as an indirect social sanction, we can expect companies to voluntarily and actively manage safety and expand safety investments in the safety field.

본고는 코베 나가타지역의 토종산업인 케미칼슈즈 제조업의 발전과 재일코리안이 동 지역에 정착하여 산업을 짊어지게 되는 과정에 대해 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 산업연관성이 높은 고무산업의 발전과정을 고찰한 후, 고무산업의 말단 노동자로 시작하여 해방 후에 경영자가 되기도 한 재일코리안의 정착과정에 대해 논의했다. 또한, 해방 후 고무산업의 어려움을 타개하기 위한 대안으로 염화비닐에 고무를 부착시켜는 케미칼슈즈 제조업의 탄생과정에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 일본 최초의 개항지인 코베는 동남아로부터 천연고무의 창구 역할을 하게 됨에 따라 고무산업이 시작되었는데 원래 토종산업이던 성냥제조공장의 시설을 그대로 활용할 수 있었다는 장점도 가지고 있었다. 한편, 제1차세계대전 이후의 불황 상황에서 고무제조기업들은 저임금의 단순노동자로 조선인을 적극적으로 받아들이게 되었다. 열악한 근무환경으로 인해 조선인 노동자들이 노조운동에 적극적으로 관여했던 것도 특징이다. 해방 직후 코베의 고무산업은 천연고무 공급을 받기가 어려워진 일본인보다 유리한 입장에 있던 조선인들이 주도한 시기가 있었고 일본인들과 별도의 조합을 구성하기도 했다. 그러나 공급 통제가 풀리자 조선인업체들은 어려움을 겪게 되었다. 이를 타개하기 위한 대안으로 대두된 것이 염화비닐을 소재로 하는 케미칼슈즈였다. 천연고무 공급을 애당초 받지 못했던 국적과 민족의 차이를 불문한 영세업자들은 다양한 소재로 구두 생산을 시도해 왔으며, 가공하기가 용이한 염화비닐의 특징을 살려 디자인성이 뛰어난 제품을 개발해 나갔다. 이들은 민족과 국적을 막론하고 오늘날 일본케미칼슈즈공업협회의 전신인 케미칼슈즈공업회를 함께 구성하게 되었다.

This paper discusses how Zainichi Koreans started involving in so󰠏called ‘chemical shoes industry in Nagata District, Kobe. Comparing to other cities, such as Ikuno district of Osaka city or Kawasaki city of Kanagawa prefecture. Kobe has hardly become an object of research on Zainichi Koreans’ ethnicity by South Korean researchers. In order to proceed this argument, this paper argues three historical issues. First, this paper argues how and why rubber industry could launch in Nagata district, Kobe. Kobe became the gate of Southeast Asian natural rubber because its port was one of the earliest opened one in Japan. Kobe’s match industry had been its indigenous industry in Meiji era; however, rubber industry replaced its position in early twenty century. Facilities of match factory were also suitable for rubber processing. Second, after Japan’s annexation of Korean peninsula in 1910, many Koreans came to Japan for manual labor. Since rubber industry’s poor working condition as well as its expansion of business, the labor demand consistently surpassed its supply. Labor disputes frequently occurred in 1930s, and many Koreans actively participated in them. Third, after the end of the Second World War, many of Koreans started running their own rubber processing factories because Japanese owners were expelled from natural rubber supply. Since the supply of natural rubber to civil demands was severely controlled by GHQ, many Korean owners started participating in the Rubber Control Union of Kobe as well as Japanese ones. They led chemical shoes industry after 1950s when vinyl chloride was invented.

화학소재산업은 전자, 자동차, 에너지 등 다양한 산업 분야에서 활용되며 전·후방 연관 효과가 매우 큰 산업으로서, 반도체, 표시장치, 연료전지 등 첨단부품에 필수적으로 수반 되는 핵심소재 분야이다. 관련 품목은 한국 전체 수출순위 3위를 차지할 만큼 주력 수출 산업인 동시에 33%의 무역수지 흑자 비중을 기록하는 효자산업이다. 그러나, 첨단화학소 재 분야는 미국, 독일, 일본 등 선진국의 수출경쟁력이 매우 높고, 범용화학소재 분야는 중국과의 경합관계가 존재하고 있어 지속적인 대응방안 마련이 절실한 상태이다. 더욱이 한국 화학소재산업의 기술력은 선진국대비 66%, 자체조달률 57% 수수준에 불과하여 세 계 수출시장점유율도 9위에 머물러 있어 경쟁력 제고 방안 마련이 필요하다. 이에 본고는 수출시장점유율(EMS), 무역특화지수(TSI), 현시비교우위(RCA), 무역수지기여도(CTB), 수출경합도지수(ESI) 모형을 활용하여 화학소재산업의 주요국 수출경쟁력 추이 및 한·중 수출경쟁력을 비교 분석함으로써 다음과 같은 연구결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 주요국 수 출경쟁력의 경우, (EMS) 미국 > 독일 > 중국;, (TSI) 아일랜드 > 스위스 > 네덜란드;, (RCA) 아일랜드 > 스위스 > 벨기에;, (CTB) 스위스 > 아일랜드 > 벨기에 등의 순으로 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 한·중 수출경쟁력의 경우, 한국이 중국보다 경쟁력 우위를 지닌것 으로 나타났으며, 양국의 경합관계가 가장 높은 품목은 화학섬유 분야이다. 셋째, 한·중 양국의 주요 무역상대국 시장 비교의 경우, 중국은 미국, 일본, 한국, 멕시코 등 비교적 균등한 비중을 보인 반면에, 한국은 중국, 일본, 미국 등에 대한 편중도가 높은 것으로 드러났다. 연구결과를 종합해볼 때, 한국 화학소재산업의 수출경쟁력은 현재까지 중국보 다 비교우위에 있으나, 전반적인 글로벌 시장에서의 위상은 여전히 낮은 수준이다. 따라 서 한국 화학소재산업의 수출경쟁력 제고를 위해 ‘기초 의약물질 및 생물학적제제’와 같은 고위기술산업군을 중심으로 한 수출상품구조의 업그레이드 변화를 추진하는 동시 에, 시장별 특징을 고려한 수출상대국 다변화 전략과 중소기업 R&D 우회 지원방안 모색 을 통한 원천기술확보·육성 등 끊임없는 정책적 지원을 고민해야 할 것이다.

The chemical material industry has a substantial forward-backward linkage effect in various industrial areas such as electronics, automobiles, and energy. Related items are the primary export industries as they occupy 3rd place in the overall export rankings in Korea and are also highly profitable industries that record a trade surplus of 33%. However, in advanced chemical materials, the export competitiveness of developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan is very high. There is a competitive relationship with China in general-purpose chemical materials, so it is urgent to prepare a continuous countermeasure. Moreover, Korea’s technological prowess in the chemical materials industry is only 66% compared to advanced countries. Its domestic procurement rate is only 57%. Its share in the global export market remains ninth, so it is necessary to prepare measures to enhance competitiveness. Accordingly, this research calculates and compares Export Market Share(EMS), Trade Specialization Index(TSI), Revealed Comparative Advantage(RCA), Contribution to the Trade Balance(CTB), and Export Similarity Index(ESI). The results could analyze the export competitiveness of related-significant countries and compare the export competitiveness between Korea and China in the Chemical Materials industry. The results of the study are as follows: First, the export competitiveness of related-significant countries is high in the order of EMS: the US > Germany > China, TSI: Ireland > Switzerland > Netherlands, RCA: Ireland > Switzerland > Belgium, CTB: Switzerland > Ireland > Belgium. Second, comparing Korea-China export competitiveness, Korea is more competitive than China, and the item with the fiercest competition between the two countries is chemical fiber. Third, when comparing the major trading countries of Korea and China, China has a relatively equal proportion to the United States, Japan, Korea, and Mexico. Still, Korea concentrated in China, Japan, and the United States. Korea’s export competitiveness in the Chemical Material industry is superior to China, but it is intermediate among significant countries in the global market. Therefore, we must consider upgrading structural changes in export products that focus on advanced chemical material industries such as ‘basic pharmaceutical substances & biological preparations.’ In addition, policy support needs to invest R&D indirect investment in SMEs, develop source technology, and foster SME material companies.

To make wider the practical use of enzymes for chemical industry, it is important to diversify available reaction types by developing multi-component enzymatic processes, which are functional combination of enzymatic reactions and complex biological systems providing energy or reducing power for the reaction. Recombinant microorganisms expressing the genes coding the desired enzymes were constructed and their potentials were evaluated in combination with their accessory components such as cofactor generation system, energy generation system, and inhibitor decomposing system. In this talk, the examples of multi- component enzymatic systems were presented in the application of stereospecific and regiospecific alcohol synthesis together with enzyme screening in microbial novel metabolisms. (1) Dioxygenase process: We obtained novel 2-oxoglutarate-dependent amino acid dioxygenases and applied them to hydroxy amino acid production. As an 2-oxoglutarate generation system, TCA-cycle of E. coli was metabolically engineered and the modified E. coli cells were used as a host cell for dioxygenase expression. As a result, a practical process for optically pure 4- hydroxyisoleucine production was established. (2) Aldolase process: Deoxyriboaldolase (DERA) from Klebsiella pneumoniae was overexpressed in E. coli. The E. coli cells produced 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate (DR5P), a key intermediate for 2’-deoxyribonucleoside production, from acetaldehyde and fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP). Coupling with an efficient ATP-generating system for FDP production from glucose through partial reactions of alcoholic fermentation by baker’s yeast enabled direct production of DR5P from glucose and acetaldehyde. (3) Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase process: A mutant cytochrome P450 BM-3, F87V, catalyzed regioselective hydroxylation of various phenolic compounds. To enhance this activity, P450-stabilizing/activating factors were screened. Addition of superoxide dismutase to the P450 BM-3 reaction mixture greatly increased NADPH-consumption rate, slightly increased coupling efficiency, and resulted in acceleration of the reaction rate. (4) Enzyme screening in novel microbial metabolisms: Enzymes useful for multi- component enzyme systems were found through the analysis of novel microbial metabolisms of anaerobic fatty acid transformation, hydroxy amino acid metabolisms and oxidative pyrimidine metabolisms and applied for the production of useful chemicals.

본 연구는 중소기업의 정보화를 추진함에 있어, 정보화 중에서도 중단기적인 도입 성과를 낼 수 있는 생산정보관리시스템 구축을 위하여, 화학제조업 분야의 핵심 업무 프로세스에 대하여 표준화를 연구하고 그에 따른 생산정보관리시스템을 구축 적용하는데 제공하고자 한다. 화학제조업 생산정보관리시스템 표준화를 위한 개발방법론은 중소기업기술정보진흥원에서 기 연구 개발된 생산정보관리시스템 개발 방법론(PSDM)을 적용하며, 표준화 대상은 시스템 구성도, 업무절차 흐름도, Menu Structure 등과 같이 시스템구축 시 골격이 되는 핵심 업무 프로세스이다. 본 연구로 생산정보관리시스템을 구축하고자 하는 화학제조업 중소기업 및 관련 전문 IT업체들이 표준화된 핵심 업무 프로세스를 적용하여 시스템을 보다 효과적으로 구축 할 수 있으며, 시스템에 대한 구축 용이성과 신뢰성을 제공하며 아울러 핵심 업무 프로세스의 활용이 극대화되기 위해서 사후관리 교육훈련 및 유지보수 방안도 제시하고 있다. 본 연구 결과를 적용함으로써 생산 공정의 불합리한 요소제거, 생산제품 품질 향상, 생산비용절감이 가능하다.

The purpose of this study is to study the standardization of the core business process in the chemical manufacturing industry and to establish a production information management system for the purpose of establishing the production information management system that can achieve mid -To be applied. The development methodology for the standardization of the chemical manufacturing information system is applied to the production information management system development methodology (PSDM) that was developed and developed by the Agency for Technology and Information Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises. The standardization target is the system structure, It is a core business process that becomes a skeleton during construction. In this study, the chemical manufacturing SMEs and related professional IT companies who want to build the production information management system can apply the standardized core business process more effectively to build the system more effectively, and provide ease of installation and reliability to the system, In order to maximize the utilization of processes, follow-up education training and maintenance measures are suggested. Applying the results of this study, it is possible to eliminate the unreasonable elements of the production process, improve the quality of production product, and reduce production cost.

Purpose: This study was to understand foreign workers' experiences exposed hazard chemical materials in korean industry. Method: The research subjects were 92 foreign workers worked in seoul, namyangju, ansan, suwon, pocheon, incheon, jincheon, and daejeon. It was that grounded theory method as qualitative approach was applied with in-depth interview, recording and dictation, and collected data was analysed line-by-line by research teams. The analysis process of in depth interview data was three phase. Results: The first phase was that find out meaningful data and confronted data for meaningful data was 53 meaningful items. The second phase was coding process of meaningful data, total coding items were 9, difficulty of new environment, existence of health hazard factors originated in work, performance of basic health management, management of hazard materials in work-site, self care of hazard materials in work-site, discrimination of disaster-compensation originated in work, perception of work stress, motivation of leaving position, satisfaction for present life. The third phase was 5 adaptation process, copying phase for new environment, management phase for health hazard factors, health change phase, life change phase, illegal stay phase. Conclusion: In summary, as a results it was concluded that foreign workers was experienced new environment and then has various problems in working site. But these evidences were not different from korean workers basically, undoubtedly reality of a korean small and medium enterprise. And foreign workers with long time stay have had many health problems probably, but they have want to long stay and so reach an unexpected result, illegal long stay. Therefore, we should make efforts for adequate foreign workers' health management at work-site and overall life in governmental and industrial nursing level.

This study investigates the recent trend of ocean freight rate reductions based on HS codes, with a particular focus on chemical products such as organic compounds (HS 29) and plastics (HS 39). Unlike the traditional FAK (Freight All Kinds) system, some major carriers have started to apply selective rate discounts to non-hazardous, low-weight, high-volume cargo with stable demand. The research employs a triangulated approach combining literature review, product case analysis, and in-depth interviews with carrier representatives and logistics consultants. Findings reveal that freight rate differentiation based on cargo characteristics and HS codes can enhance operational efficiency and customer targeting. The study provides practical implications for shippers, freight forwarders, and carriers seeking cost-effective and strategically tailored logistics solutions in a volatile shipping market.

This paper tries to assess productivity performance in terms of partial factor productivity and total factor productivity growth and tries to depict true snapshot of total factor productivity growth after adjusting economic capacity utilization for the entire period, 1980-81 to 2003-04. The results of partial factor productivity show improvement in productivity of material, but labour and capital productivity are gradually declining. Using translog index, the result on the overall productivity shows declining total factor productivity growth during post-reform period as compared to pre-reform period. Total output growth in Indian chemical industry is found to be mainly input-driven rather than productivity-driven. After adjusting capacity utilization, TFP growth does not affect its overall movement but remarkably mitigates its variation because variations between sub-periods are smaller after adjusting capacity utilization as cyclical factors. The liberalization process is found to have its adverse impact on total factor productivity growth. Finally, analysis of the nature of competition shows that rigidity in the expansion of competition exists in the Indian chemical industry.

Being confronted with the 21th century at hand, a paradigm shift has been a common topic for development in many fields. Among these, a concept of sustainable development is the most important one to resolve conflict and nurture mutualism between science/technology(SCI/TEC) and society/environment(SOC/ENV). Looking briefly over the resent stats of the chemical industry in Japan, in this paper, we will introduce a research program named simple chemistry as an example for such a challenge.

This study examined the impact of preventive environmental management practices on sales growth, manufacturing and environmental performance of the US chemical manufacturing companies. In order to investigate the impact, this study examined the relationship between the degree of preventive environmental programs and sales growth, manufacturing and environmental performances. Using a cross-sectional research design to test three hypotheses. a survey questionnaire was mailed to chemical companies in the USA. To investigate the relationship between the degree of Preventive environmental programs and sales growth, manufacturing and environmental performances. t-tests were used. According to the results of t-tests the higher preventive implementation programs achieved better manufacturing and environmental performances than lower preventive or reactive strategies. But there was no difference in sales growth between tow groups.

This paper proposes a model which predicts the propensity of any pair of firms to form an alliance, based on their position in alliance and technology networks. Juxtaposing alliance network with technology network enables us to investigate the interaction of the two. This study in a global industry network also enables us to ask whether location of the partners, in different countries, made alliances more likely, or less likely. Results from a sample of 103 firms (from the "triad" regions of the U.S., Japan and Europe), over a 11 year period, in the chemical and pharmaceutical sector suggest that the interaction of alliance and technology networks, and partner location explain the propensity of a pair of firms to form an alliance.

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate exposure levels of various chemicals used in wafer fabrication product lines in the semiconductor industry where work-related leukemia has occurred. Methods: The research focused on 9 representative wafer fabrication bays among a total of 25 bays in a semiconductor product line. We monitored the chemical substances categorized as human carcinogens with respect to leukemia as well as harmful chemicals used in the bays and substances with hematologic and reproductive toxicities to evaluate the overall health effect for semiconductor industry workers. With respect to monitoring, active and passive sampling techniques were introduced. Eight-hour long-term and 15-minute short-term sampling was conducted for the area as well as on personal samples. Results: The results of the measurements for each substance showed that benzene, toluene, xylene, n-butyl acetate, 2-methoxy-ethanol, 2-heptanone, ethylene glycol, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid were non-detectable (ND) in all samples. Arsine was either "ND" or it existed only in trace form in the bay air. The maximum exposure concentration of fluorides was approximately 0.17% of the Korea occupational exposure limits, with hydrofluoric acid at about 0.2%, hydrochloric acid 0.06%, nitric acid 0.05%, isopropyl alcohol 0.4%, and phosphine at about 2%. The maximum exposure concentration of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was 0.0870 ppm, representing only 0.1% or less than the American Industrial Hygiene Association recommended standard (100 ppm). Conclusion: Benzene, a known human carcinogen for leukemia, and arsine, a hematologic toxin, were not detected in wafer fabrication sites in this study. Among reproductive toxic substances, n-butyl acetate was not detected, but fluorides and PGMEA existed in small amounts in the air. This investigation was focused on the air-borne chemical concentrations only in regular working conditions. Unconditional exposures during spills and/or maintenance tasks and by-product chemicals were not included. Supplementary studies might be required.

Polyester polymer resin concrete is a type of concrete that incorporates polyester polymer resins as a binder instead oftraditional cement. In this study, concrete was made using three resins: vinyl ester resin, superior vinyl ester resin, andbisphenolresin. The ingredients of polyester polymer resin concrete are three types of polyester resin, 1-2% of Methyl ethylketone peroxide (MEKP) as the catalyst, Cobalt Octoate as the Accelerator and N, N-dimethylaniline as the promoter of 1%is used to make the binding resin. Along with binding resin calcium carbonate as filler and fine aggregate (normal riversand)passing through 2.36 mm sieve and retained on 600-micron sieve and course aggregate of size 6mm were used to make theconcrete. 36 trail batches were carried out for preliminary investigation targeting a compressive strength of 70 MPa. Theshortlisted batches were taken for detailed investigation on mechanical and durability properties. The stress strain behaviourisstudied and dynamic modulus,poisons ratio is calculated with various correlative equations for mechanical properties. Thedurability properties of the resin concrete were assessed as per ACI 515.2R-13 [1966] for the acid and base solutions. Byimmersing the samples in three diluted acids and two alkaline media, such as 10% sulphuric acid, 10% nitric acid, 10%hydrochloric acid, 10% sodium sulphate, and 10% magnesium sulphate, the durability property is assessed. Variations incompressive strength, mass, and the look of the submerged samples, among other variables, have been studied and it foundthat the Vinyl ester resin concrete possesses a higher acid resistance property.